half a century of land use changes in andalusia. sealing soils. analysis of urban expansion and...

HALF A CENTURY OF LAND USE CHANGES IN ANDALUSIA.Sealing soils. Analysis of urban expansion and perspective for future monitoring. Sealing soils. Analysis of urban expansion and perspective for future monitoring.

REGIONAL MINISTRY FOR ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING. Junta de Andalucia.

Red de Información Ambiental de Andalucía (REDIAM).

1. Andalusian Region. Geographical localization.

2. Land Management.

3. Land Administration Systems (LAS). Fundamental Experiences in Andalucia.

4. Program of monitoring changes in Andalusian land use. “Fit For Purpose”.

5. SENTINELS. New sources of information.

6. Forecasts for mapping land uses (urban ...) and indicators of evolution.

7. SIOSE Andalusia (Urban). Information Sources for production.

1. Andalusian Region. Geographical localization

Andalusia= 87.200 Km2

772 municipalities.

8.440.000 inhabitants

2. Land Management.

A global land management perspective (Williamson et al, 2010)

The global agenda has changed over the recent decades:

� 1990s, the focus was on sustainable development. (UN Agenda 21. A global action plan for

sustainable development into the 21st century);

� 2000s the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were adopted as the overarching agenda;

� 2010s: increasing focus on climate change and related challenges (natural disasters, food shortage

and environmental degradation.)

� Finally, rapid urbanization has appeared as a general topic that in itself has a significant impact on

climate change and sustainability.

IMAGE & CORINE LAND COVER. Pan European Land Use Data Base.

3. Land Administration Systems (LAS). Fundamental Experiences in Andalusia.

Andalusia, pilot area in 1987

CLC1990 and update in 2000.

� 1:100.000.

� DataModel: 44 class hierarchical nomenclature, polygon minimum

size of 25 ha.

� Land Use Change Data Bases between versions according to reference

year:

�CORINE Land Cover 1990 (CLC90)

�Image & CORINE Land Cover 2000 (I&CLC2000)

�CORINE Land Cover 2006 (CLC2006)

LAND USE AND VEGETATION COVER INFORMATION PRODUCTION PROGRAMME. ANDALUCIA.

� Versions: 1991-1995-1999 (1:50.000)

� Versions: 2003-2007 (1:25.000)

� Versions: 1956-1977-1984 (1:25.000)

� In project: 2011 (1:25.000)


� In project: 2011 (1:25.000)

� Reference: CLC 1999.

� Data Model:

112 hierarchical classes

+ taxonomy

� 4 great classes:

� Altered and Built Surfaces

� Agricultural Surfaces

� Natural and Forest Surfaces

� Wetlands and Water bodies

• 1: 25.000

• 2005-2009-2011

• Update in process up to 2013

SIOSE: Sistema Información de Ocupación del suelo e n España


• Update in process up to 2013

• Minimum Surface Unit:

� Urban Areas and Water Bodies: 1 ha

� Crops, Wetlands, Beaches, Riparian vegetation: 0,5 ha

� Resto of classes: 2 ha

• ETRS 89 (CSG �� INSPIRE)

� Modelo de datos: 56 simple clases and 58 predefined composite

classes

SIOSE ANDALUSIA

� 1:10.000

� 2005-2009-2011.

� Update in process up to 2013


Update in process up to 2013

� Integrated approach to territorial initiatives

� Land Use Information System of the Regional

Government

� Useful for project management and future

updates

� References MUCVA 1:25.000 y SIOSE 1:25.000

� More extense Classification.

� Compatible with the National SIOSE

Land Monitoring Projects: GSE Land, GeolandecLand Monitoring Services

Otros proyectos de interés a tomados en consideración.

GUS. GMES Urban Services

4.1. Important Milestones:

� 1956. Approval the first Law concerning Land Use in Spain: primera Ley del Suelo Española.

� 1975. New political era in Spain, National Constitution and great natiowide social and economical

changes.

� 1977. Economical expansive cycle due to tourism… worldwide crisis period.

� 1989. Natural Protected Areas Law Ley de Espacios Naturales Protegidos (EENNPP)

� 1989. Andalusian Forest Management Plan Plan Forestal de Andalucía (updated in 1997-2001; 2003-

2007).

4. MONITORING LAND USE CHANGES IN ANDALUSIA.

2007).

� 1984. Spain joins the European Union. Great investments in public infrastructures and applicationon

the Common Agricultural Policy.

� 1999. National economical crisis, moment from when a new economical expansion period arises

based on real estate speculation.

� 2006. Social, Economical, Financial and political Crisis.

The Regional Government establishes

ANDALUSIAN LAND USE CHANGE MONITORING PROGRAMME 1:25.000.

ORTOPHOT OS: 1998, 04, 07.

ORTOPHOTOS: 1956, 77, 84 Historical sources of information

(satellite images and aerial photos)

that have been transformed by the

use of new technologies in geographic

information to obtain the land use

distribution covering the whole

territory.

4.2. Satellite images/orthophoto and tools to produce land use mapping

SPOT: 2005, 2009, 2011, 2013.

LANDSAT: 1999, 2003, 2007

4.3. Updating Cartographic DataBases to produce Land Use Mapping.

1:10.000

2009

SPOT 5

2005SIOSE

2011

2013

2009

2009

2011

2013

4.5. IMPACT OF URBAN EXPANSION over the last 10 years…

� Intense territorial occupation surrounding urban areas.

�Reduction of periurban agricultural areas

�Failure in the centric commerce system

�Lack on behalf of citizens of identifying themselves with daily areas

�Rise in the needs regarding mobility due to the dispersion of the urban tissue. Greater

rate of traffic.

�Rise in energetic costs: fuel, public lighting on roadways, residential areas, etc…�Rise in energetic costs: fuel, public lighting on roadways, residential areas, etc…

�Rise in the consumption of water resources (driking water, public and private gardens,

swimming pools…).

� Rise in waste generation.

� Rupture of the traditional Urban / Rural model

These consequences observed in Andalusia match those of the OSE 2010 (SPANISH

SUSTAINABILITY REPORT )

IMPORTANT CONCLUSION: Urban Expansion Issues cannot be assesed simply

by the Urban Planning approach. It requires a Territorial Planning approach

4.4. Indices and indicators developed for the analysis of urban expansion.

INDICES AND INDICATORS DEVELOPED:

1. Index on altered land during year x.

2. Constructed Municipal Surface

3. Constructed Surface per inhabitant and year

� 18 Indices and indicators on different levels (AOI):

1. Agricultural Territoies.

2. Wetlands and Water Bodies.

3. Natural and Forest Areas.

4. Infrastructures and Built Surfaces.

� The Monitoring Programme

covers 4 categories:

AOI:�Regional

�Provincial 3. Constructed Surface per inhabitant and year

4. Constructive Expansion Index.

5. Sealed Soil Index m2/inhab/year.

6. Rise in Urban Surface between periods.

7. Third Sector Index.

8. Residencial Areas Surface.

9. Urban Dispersion Index.

10. Constructed Urban Surface on Coastal Zone.

11. Altered Coastal Zone Land Index.

12. Sealed Coastal Zone Land Index.

13. Urban Surface within and without NPAs.

14. Evolution Usage Construction Models.

15. Urban Shape Evolution Index

16. Distance between City Central Areas to the rest of Urban uses.

17. Evolution of Distances according to the time employed for traveling.

18. Evolution of Distances according to the time employed to reach other Cities.

A few

examples.

�Provincial

�Municipal

�Local:

�Capitals

�Cities

�NPAs

�Coastal Zone

I. SEALED SOILS. Altered Land Index.

Purpose: Analize the territorial impact of the space altered by human activity over the

years (mining, reservoirs, constructed areas…).

Conclusions: The amount of soil consumed per inhabitant in Andalusia has increased four times over,

going from 87 m2 (1956) to over 337 (2007).

0,00

50,00

100,00

150,00

200,00

250,00

300,00

350,00

400,00

450,00

500,00

Ind_Sell_56 Ind_Sel l_77 Ind_Sel l_84 Ind_Sel l_99 Ind_Sell_03 Ind_Sell_07

Almería

Córdoba

Cádiz

Granada

Huelva

Jaén

Málaga

Sevil la

AOI:�Regional

�Provincial

�Municipal.

1956 1977 1984

1999 2003 2007

II. Constructed Surface Analize the territorial impact of the land specifically altered by construction.

200,00

250,00

300,00

350,00

Almería

Cádiz

Córdoba

Representation of the Constructed land Index per province

(Surface year X/(nº inhabitants year X)Constructed Surface per Provinces between 2003 y 2007.

0,00

50,00

100,00

150,00

Ind.

Sellado

1956

Ind.

Sellado

1977

Ind.

Sellado

1984

Ind.

Sellado

1999

Ind.

Sellado

2003

Ind.

Sellado

2007

Granada

Huelva

Jaén

Málaga

Sevilla

Begining in 1977, the rise of this Index is common to the whole region, duplicating and even triplicating its value. It shows there

has been a massive migration to major cities and the coastal zone, favoured by the important communication and transport

infrastructures which cross through the region, causing the loss of population in less favoured areas.

200,00

250,00

300,00

Representation of the Contructed Surface Index per year in Andalusia

(Surface year X/(nº inhabitants year X)European Situation in 2000

AOI:�Regional

�Provincial

�Municipal.

II. Constructed Surface

0,00

50,00

100,00

150,00

Ind. Sellado

1956

Ind. Sellado

1977

Ind. Sellado

1984

Ind. Sellado

1999

Ind. Sellado

2003

Ind. Sellado

2007

Andalucía

Change in Spain’s situation in the year2007

The average percentage of Urban Soil Occupation in Andalusia is 1,9%; while Europe has 4% and Spain 2,1%. There are

Municipalities who have reached a total of 90% of soil sealing!!.

1956 1977 1984

1999 2003 2007

III. Third Sector. Analysis of the distribution and functional segmentation between areas: commerce,

transportations, communications, industry, leisure, culture,…

1999 2003 2007

1977 marks the begining with little changes until 1984. But 1999 shows us a generalized increase in the amount of

municipalites affected and the index values. Only remote mountanous areas escape from the trend.

Cities have lost their degree of compactiveness, specializaing in third sector services making it necessary for

citizens to seek services away from the city centers. This entails a loss in the proximity of services, rise in the

consumption of energy resources and most probably environmental ones as well. In Province capitals, the Index

value has increased over four times.

AOI:�Regional

�Provincial

�Municipal.

IV. COASTAL URBAN AREA

An enrmous change has affected the Coastal Zone Urban Model. In 1956 7% of the zone was constructed. In 2007 up

to 38% is affected.

During the past years, while the drive of the residential-tourism sector continued to cover the first

line of the coastal zone, the expansive influence of the real estate sector ept on penetrating to the

more proximate areas to the Coastal Zone. Butit seems that protected natural areas helped slow

down this process, although in a lower manner than expected.

AOI:�Local

� Littoral

100,00

200,00

300,00

400,00

500,00

600,00

Aumento superficie

construida dentro de los

EENNPP

Aumento superficie

construida fuera de los

EENNPP

V. BUILT URBAN SURFACE IN NATURAL PROTECTED AREAS

This figure has increased

but in a more moderate

fashion, meaning that

even though speclative

drives have been present,

it has been in a much

more controlled manner.

AOI:�Local

� NPAs

0,00

1956 1977 1984 1999 2003 2007

Evolución de la superficie urbana en EENNPP, Andalu cía

Año 1956 1977 1984 1999 2003 2007Superf_ha 2.959,41 4.715,76 5.391,70 6.974,97 7.789,89 8.889,16

% aumento superf desde 1956 100,00 159,35 182,19 235,69 263,22 300,37

Evolución de la superficie urbana fuera del los EEN NPP, Andalucía

Año 1956 1977 1984 1999 2003 2007Superf_ha 41.297,78 99.449,04 119.630,93 159.804,65 177.705,75 212.454,42

% aumento superf desde 1956 100,00 240,81 289,68 386,96 430,30 514,45

more controlled manner.

The intense rise in the amount

of dispersed residential areas is

slowly cut short during the 90s

(at the same time that most of

the legislation for the

protection of natural areas

comes into force).

VI: URBAN DISPERION AND TRAVEL DISTANCES

The rise in the amount of residential areas all over the territory has has also caused for the change in the distances existing.

The growth in urban areas has shortened

the distances to residential areas, making

them into dormitory towns.

Media en Andalucía de las distancias del casco urba no principal a las URBANIZACIONES RESIDENCIALES

4.400,00

4.600,00

4.800,00

5.000,00

5.200,00

5.400,00

Dis

tanc

ia (

m)

URBANIZACIONESRESIDENCIALES

5.100,00

5.200,00

5.300,00

5.400,00

5.500,00

5.600,00

5.700,00

5.800,00

5.900,00

Dis

tanc

ia e

n m

etro

s

Años de la serie

Media en Andalucía de las distancias del casco urb ano principal al resto de tejido urbano

TEJIDO URBANO

The new disperse urban model is

evidenced when observing the growth of

the distances in reaching or accessing the

different areas within the municipalities

4.000,00

4.200,00

4.400,00

1 2 3 4 5 6

Años de la serie

1956 2007

SEVILLA

RESULTS:

� QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERIZATION.

� Detailed knowledge of the Territory.

� Understanding of the occured changes and the evolution

Sentinel-1. SAR data are not always the primary source for basic land-cover classification

(forest, agricultural crops, urban areas, etc.) if multi-channel optical imagery with high

spatial resolution is available. However, SAR is commonly used as a complementary or

alternative data source under adverse atmospheric conditions such as cloud cover.

Sentinel 1. Launched on 3 April

2014

Sentinel 2A on 2015

5. SENTINELS. New Sources of Information.

Sentinel-2 combines a large swath, frequent revisit, and systematic acquisition of all land surfaces at high-spatial

resolution and with a large number of spectral bands, all of which makes a unique mission to serve Copernicus. In

order to support operational services for at least 15 years from the launch of the first satellites, a series of four

satellites is planned, with two operating in orbit and a third in ground storage as backup. The key mission objectives

for Sentinel-2 are:

(1) To provide systematic global acquisitions of high-resolution multi-spectral imagery with a high revisit frequency

(2) To provide enhanced continuity of multi-spectral imagery provided by the SPOT (Satellite Pour l'Observation de la

Terre) and LANDSAT series of satellites, and

(3) To provide observations for the next generation of operational products such as land-cover maps, land change

detection maps, and geophysical variables.

Sentinel 2A on 2015

Sentinel 2B on 2016

6. Forecasts for mapping land uses (urban ...) and indicators of evolution:

Analyzing Territorial Changes based on Mapping Data Bases from:

Pan-European

Component

COPERNICUS: CORINE LAND COVER + HRL (imperviousness)

CLC: 1999-2003-2006 (1:100.000)

Updated: 2012,...

HRL (Imperviosness): 2006, 2009, 2012.

Updated : 2015, 2018, (anual).

Source: LANDSAT, SPOT, IRS, Rapid Eye. Possibly 2015…: Sentinel 2

Mapa de Usos y Coberturas Vegetales de Andalucía (MUCVA) 1:25.000.

Available: 1999-2003

Update: 2011, 2015

Source: LANDSAT,…

Possibly 2015: Sentinel 2

Regional

Component

SIOSE. Urban Coverage. 1:25.000

Available: 2005-2009-2011

Updated: 2013, 2016,…

Source: SPOT, Orthophotographs PNOA. Possibly 2016: Sentinel 2

National

Component

Local Component

COPERNICUS Land Monitoring Services. URBAN ATLAS.

Available: 2006-2012

2006. Cities with > 100.000 hab.

2012. Cities with > 50.000 hab.

17 urban classes with MMU 0.25 ha; nomenclature changes

10 Rural Classes with MMU 1ha


SIOSE ANDALUCIA Urban Scope.Available: 2005-2009-2011

Update: 2013 (in process), 2016…

Source: SPOT 5, Orthophotographs PNOA,…

Possibly 2016: Sentinel-2

10 Rural Classes with MMU 1ha

Update: 2015, 2018, yearly frequency…

Source: Rapid Eye, SPOT,… Possibly 2015: Sentinels-2

Local Component

Source: Geospatial World 2014. Data are referenced over a total of 70

national agencies responsible for cadastral maps and land registry of

the world.

Importance of detailed information for

monitoring land use changes (urban expasion)


Availability of Maps (scale).

Frequency of re-surveyFeatures on cadastre maps

o Geometry: Urban Cadastral Mapping (D.G. Cadastral, PropertyRegistry, IECA. Andalusia): Street limits and main axis, polygongeneration

Geometry: Andalusia Topographical Map (MTA) 1:10.000 (IECA).

SIOSE ANDALUCIA URBANO.

Information Sources:

6. SIOSE Andalusia (Urban). Information Sources for production.

o Geometry: Andalusia Topographical Map (MTA) 1:10.000 (IECA).

% surface of buidings, blocks, water layers.

o Thematic: Orthophotographs 1:5.000. Photointerpretation of

Uses and Urban Coverages (future tri-annual updates).

o Chage Maps: Analysis of Sattelite images (SPOT / SENTINEL 2)

Monthly frequency.

o Other referential information (NDVI…). (SPOT / SENTINEL 2)…

HALF A CENTURY OF LAND USE CHANGES IN ANDALUSIA.Sealing soils. Analyses of urban expansion and perspective for future monitoring.

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Clint Garcia Alibrandi

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half a century of land use changes in andalusia. sealing soils. analysis of urban expansion and...

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