HAND BOOK OF AGRO CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES (INSECTICIDES & PESTICIDES)

AGROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES

• Introduction • Inorganic Insecticides • Lead Arsenate • Calcium Arsenate • Organic Insecticides • Dinitrophenol • Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane (DDT) • Methoxychlor (Methoxy DDT: DMDT) • BHC or Benzene hexachloride • Gammexane • Chlordane • Heptachlor • Aldrin • Endrin • Toxaphene • Malathion • Parathion • Fumigants • Ethylene Dibromide • Ethylene Dichloride • Para dichlorobenzene • Miticides • Rodenticides • Zinc Phosphide (Phosvin) • Fungicides • Eptam • Ferbam • 2,4,6-trichlorophenol • Para-chlorophenol • Glyodin • Herbicides • 2-4 dichlorophenol • Sodium Trichloroacetate • Chloro-IPC • Sesone • MCPA • Synthetic Insecticides

INTRODUCTION OF PESTICIDE

• Introduction • Ideal pesticide • Steps involved in cmmercial development of pesticide starting from laboratory synthesis

• Reasons for use of pesticides • Production of pesticides in organised sector in India • Level of pesticides consumption in various countries • Present consumption and future demand • Cropwise consumption of pesticides • Statewise consumption of pesticides in agriculture • Pesticides registered, not approved for use, banned, restricted for use and under review • List of quality control laboratories in India

INSECTICIDES

• Classification of Insecticides • Based on chemical nature • Based on mode of entry • Based on mode of action • Organochlorine insecticides • Reaction with caustic soda • Structure activity relationships • Methoxychlor • DDD • Perthane • DFDT • Chlorobenzilate • Dilan • HCH • Action with caustic soda • Metabolism of HCH • Use of DDT and HCH in India • The cyclodiene group insecticides • Heptachlor • Chlordane • Aldrin and dieldrin • Endrin • Endosulfan • Structure activity relationship • Use of cyclodiene pesticides in India • Chlorinated terpenes • Mode of action of chlorinated hydrocarbons • Mode of action of DDT and its derivatives • Mode of action of Lindane and HCH • Mode of action of cyclodiene • Mode of action of haloderivatives of aliphatic hydrocarbons • Carbamates • Classification of carbamates • Phenyl carbamates • Carbaryl • Bendiocarb • Baygon • Carbofuran

• N.N-Dimethylcarbamates • Zectran • Dimetan • Mesurol • Isolan • Oxime carbamates • Tamik • Oxamil • Methyomyl • Tirpate • Mode of action • Structure activity relationship of carbamates • Organophosphorus Insecticides • Disadvantages • Michaelis-arbuzoy reaction • Mechanism of the reaction • Derivatives of phosphoric acid • Dichlorovos • Mevinphos • Phosphamidor • Bidrin • Birlana • Gardona • Azodrin • Ruelene • Derivatives of thiophosphoric acid • Parathion • Methyl parathion • methylethyl parathion • Fenitrothion • Chlorothion • Ronnel • Bromophos • Fenthion • Dasanit • Diazinon • Dursban • Quinalphos • Pirimiphos methyl • Phoxim • Demeton • Triazophos • Methyldemeton • Derivatives of Dithlosphosphoric acid • Malathion • Dimethoate • Thimet • Disyston

• Phosalone • Formothion • Ethion • Menazon • Ekatin • Guthion • Cidial • Phosphonic acid derivatives • EPN • Fonophos • Diptrex • Esteramides of Phosphoric acid and phosphorothioic acid • Phospholan • Methamidophos • Acephate • Cyclic phosphates and phosphorothioates • Salithion • Derivatives of pyrophosphoric acid • Tetraethylpyrophosphate • Schradan • Mode of action of organophosphates and carbamates • Structure activity relationship • Phosphates • Thiophosphates • Dithiophosphates • Pyrophosphoric acids • Phosphoric acids • Cyclicesters • Asymmetry • Botanical pesticides • Nicotine • Structure activity relationship • Rotenone • Mode of action • Rotenone • Pyrethrins • Structure activity relationship • synthetic pyrethroids • Disadvantages • Allethrin • Resmethrin and bioresmethrin • Fenvalerate • Permethrin • Cypermethrin • Alphamethrin • Deltamethrin • Cyhalothrin • Cypothrin

• Flucythrinate • Fluvalinate • Cyfluthrin • Tralomethrin • Fenpropathrin • Sumethrin • Structure activity relationship • Mode of action of synthetic pyrethroids

FUNGICIDES

• Fungi • Bacteria • Viruses • Parastic seed plants • Chemical classification • Inorganics • Organics • Requiremens of an ideal fungicide • Sulphur compounds • Mode of action of sulphur • Mercury fungicides • Copper fungicides • Organotin compounds • Brestan • Duter • Mode of action • Organomercurials • Mode of action • Organophosphorous compounds phosphates • Wepsyn • Kitazin P • Conen • Dowco • Edifenphos • Phosphonates • Inejin F 254 • Cerezin • Aliette • Mode of action of organophosphate fungicides • Benzene derivatives • Quintozene • Chlorothalonil • Chloroneb • Dithiocarbamates • Monoalkyldithiocarbamates • Metham • Dazomet • Neviram

• N.N.Ethylene-bisdithiocarbamates • Nabam • Mode of action • Mancozeb • Mode of action • Dialkyldithocarbamates • Compounds containing polyhalogen alkonoic sulfenyl group • Captan • Folpet • Captafol • Mesulfan • Dichlofluanid • Oxathins • Vitavax • Plantvax • Mode of actionQuinones • Chloranil • Dichlone • Dithianon • Mode of action • Carboxamides • Fongarid • Dinitroalkylphenols • DinocapBinapacryl • Dinobuton • Azole compounds • Imidazole and its derivatives • Glyodin • Imazalil • Benzimidazole derivatives • Carbendazim • Benomyl • Thiabendazole • Fuberidazole • Thiophanate methyl • Triazoles • Fluotrimazole • Triadimefon • Heterocyclic fungicides pyridine derivatives • Pyridinitrile • Nitrapyrin • Dowco 263 • Piperalin • Parinol • Piperazine Derivative • Triforine • Pyrimidines • Dimethirimol

• Ethirimol • Bupirimate • Fenarimol • Nuarimol • Quinoline derivatives • 8-hydroxyquinoline • Quinacetol sulphate • Morpholine type fungicides • Morpholine • Antibiotics • Miscellaneous fungicides • Dodine

NEMATICIDES

• Importance • Parasitism • Ectoparasitism and endoparasitism • Methods of Nematode control • Advantages of chemical control • Essentials of a good nematicide • Nematicides are classified into five groups • Halogenated Hydrocarbons • Methyl bromide • Ethylene dibromide • 1,3 Dichloropropane • 1,2-dichloropropane • DD • Nemagon • Isothiocyanates • Metham sodium • Dazomet • Organophosphates • Carbamates • Botanical Nematicides • • RODENTICIDES• • Inorganic compounds • Botanicals • Coumarins • Warfarin • Coumatetralyl • Coumachlor • Coumafuryl • Indanediones • Pindone • Diphacinone • Chlorophacinone

• Organophosphorous • Gophacide • Chlorinated rodenticides • Crimidine • Miscellaneous rodenticides • Vacor • Brodifacoum • Bromadiolone • Norbromide • Problems in rodent control • • MOLLUSCICIDES• • Metaldehyde • Trifenmorph • Bayluscid • Triphenyltinacetate • Copper sulphate • • FUMIGANTS• • Factors influencing fumigation • Ethylene Dibromide • Methyl bromide • Methallyl chloride • Chloropicrin • Aluminium phosphide • Ethylene oxide • Formaldehyde

ACARICIDES

• Chlorinated compounds • Dicofol • Dienochlor • Chlorfenethol • Derivatives containing AC=N OR N=N double bond • Chlorphenamidine • Formetanate • Compounds containing sulphur • Chlorfensulfide • Tetrasul • Tetradifon • Aramite • Organophosphorous compounds • Carbophenethion • Organometallic compounds • Fentin hydroxide • Ltrophenol derivatives

• Dinobuton • Formamidines • Chloridimeform • Fometanate hydrochloride • Heterocylics

HERBICIDES

• How weeds cause damage or losses • How weeds are introduced and spread to new areas • Weedclassification • Methods of weed control • Prevention • Cultural and mechanical control • Biological control • Chemical weed control • Classification of herbicides • Classification based on method of application • Classification based on mode of action • Classification based on chemical affinity and structural similarity • The Organic Herbicides • Petroleum oils • Organic arsenicals • Phenoxyaliphatic acids • 2,4-D • MCPA2,4,5-T • MCPP • 2,4,5-TP • MCPB • 2,4-Des • Erbon • 2,4-DEP • Derivatives of benzoic acid • 2,3,6-TBA • Dicamba • Dinoben • Benzonitriles • Dichlobenil • Chlorthamid • Loxynil • Bromoxynil • Carbamate herbicides • Probham • Chloropropham • Proximpham • Asulam • Phenmedipham • Bi-PC • Barban

• Thiocarbamates • Eptam • Benthiocarb • Diallate • Triallate • Dithlocarbamates • Metham-sodium • Sulfallate • Amides • Allidochlor • Propachlor • Alachlor • Butachlor • Diphenamid • Propanil • Bipyridylium herbicide • Paraquat • Diquat • Dinitrophenols • DNOC • Dinoseb • Tr(azines • Simazine • Atrazine • Prometryne • Organophosphorous compound • Phosphorothiolates • Bensulide • Phosphonates • Glyphosate • Substituted ureas • Monuron • Linuron • Diuron • Neburon • Trimeturon • Meturin • Dichloral urea • Cycluron • Noruron • Monolinuron • Isoprouturon • Dintroanilines • Nitralin • Dipropalin • Butralin • Chlorinidin • Isopropalin

• Fluchloralin • Pendimethalin • Pyridines • Pyrichlor • Azoles • Amitrole • Methazole • Oxadiazon • Sulfonyl urea herbicides • Imdazolinones • Herbicides extenders •• PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS•• Auxins • Synthetic growth inhibitors • Maleic hydrazide • Chlormequat • Daminozide • Glyphosine • Gibberellings • Cytokinins • Inhibitors and retardants • Ethylene generators

REPELLENTS, ATTRACTANTS, PHEROMONES, SYNERGISTS, SYNTHETIC INHIBITORS AND PROINSECTICIDES

• Repellents • Dimethyl phthalate • N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (Deet) • Benzyl benzoate • Butoxypolyproplene glycol • Atractants and pheromones • Pheromones (Sex attractants) • Uses of pheromones • Synergists • Autosynergism • Synthetic Inhibitors • Proinsecticides • Procarbamates • N-acyl-n-methylcarbamates • N-sulphenyl-N methylcarbamates • Propyrethroids • Proinsecticidal organophosphates

TOXICOLOGY AND SAFE USE OF PESTICIDES

• Fundamentals of toxicology

• Toxicity and hazards • Measurement of toxicity • Estimation of toxicity to humans • Classification of pesticides by hazards • Pesticide toxicity and its lable • Information on the leaflet • Safety with pesticides • Safe storage • Safety in application of Pesticides • Before application • During spraying • After spraying • Emergencies • First aid • Inhaled posons • Swallowed poisons • How to induce vomiting • Dilute poson quickly • Universal sponge • Activated charcoal • Home made absorber • Shock • • INSECTICIDE ACT • • Why insection act • Insecticide act • Salient features of the insecticide act • Functions of central insecticides board • Registration committee • Registration procedure • Provisional registration under section 9(3B) • Regular registration under section 9(3) of the Act • Data requirement for repeat registration under section 9(4)

PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS

• • Types of formulations • Dusting powders • Diluent • Carrier • Methods of preparation of dust • Characteristics for suitability of carriers and diluent • Specific gravity • Bulk density • Particle size • Particle shape • Hardness

• Electrostatic charge • pH • Surface density and sorption • Surface acidity • Flowability • Driftless dust • Advantages • Disadvantages • Water dispersible powder and wettable powders • Criteria for WDP • Wetting agents • Spreadability • Dispersibility • Chemical stability • Emulsifiable concentrates • Types of emulsions • Function of the emulsifier • Emulsions • Emulsion concentrate • Granular formulations • Mean size • Selection of Inert carriers • Techniques of formulation • Impregation of unextruded granules • Extruded pesticidal granules • The quality control • Advantages • Encapsulated granules • Floating Granules • Water dispersible granules • Water miscible liquids • Fogging concentrates • Baits • Aerosols • Smokes • Ultralow volume formulation (low volume sprays) • Controlled release formulations • Kind of controlled release technology • Monolithic system • Materials used for controlled release formulation • Adjuvants • Penetrant aids • Stabilizers and deactivators • Anticaping agents • Dry lubricans • Stickers • Antidusting agents • Antifoaming agents

• Viscosity regulators • Surfactants • Anionic surfactants • Cationic surfactants • Nonionic Surfactants

PESTICIDE MIXTURES

• Introduction • Pesticide interaction terms • Compatibility and incompatibility of mixture components • Synergism, antagonism and additivity • Pesticide resistance • Kinds of pesticide mixtures and some of their problems • MPFS analysis • Toxicological aspects of Multicomponent pesticides • examples of pesticide mixtures • Insecticides • Fungicides • Insecticide/fungicide • Herbicides

MODERN EQUIPMENT FOR A PESTICIDE FORMULATION LABORATORY AND PILOT PLANT

• Introduction • Formulation Laboratory to support general production and quality control activities • Formulation development laboratory • Processing equipment • Physical testing equipment • Laboratory for basic formulation research • Pilot plant equipment for the processing of formulations • Conslusion • Appendix A • Appendix B

AEROSOL FORMULATIONS

• Introduction • Advantages and disadvantages • Definition • Aerosol operation and theory • Types of aerosol formulations • Homogeneous systems • Heterogeneous systems • Solvent based systems • Oil out emulsion systems • Water out emulsions • Components of aerosol systems

• Aerosol Intermediates • Active ingredients • Solvents • 3.1.3 Water • 3.1.4 Emulsifiers • 3.1.5 Inhibitors • 3.1.6. Fragrances • 3.2 Aerosol properllants • 3.2.1 General properties • 3.3 Valves and actuators • 3.3.1 Mounting cups and corresponding gaskets • 3.3.2 Valve steam gaskets • 3.3.3. Valve stems • 3.3.4. Springs • 3.3.5 The valve body (Housing) • 3.3.6 Dip tubes • 3.3.7 Valve actuators • 4. Properties of aerosol formulations • 4.1 Spray properties • 4.2 Particle size characteristics • 4.3 Discharge rate • 4.4 Vapour pressure • 4.5 Density and fill weight • 5. Application of aerosol formulations • 5.1 Surface sprays • 5.2 Space sprays • 5.3 Multi purpose spray

ADVANCES IN PESTICIDES FORMULATIONS PACKAGING

• 1 Requirements profile • 1.1 Statutory demands • 1.2 Product compatibility • 1.3 Pak size • 1.4 Closure concept • 1.5 Design • 1.6 Filling process • 1.7 Information on the label • 1.8 Labelling • 1.9 Transportation and storage 1.10 Disposal • 2 Selectrion of packaging materials • 2.1 Solid products • 2.1.1 Water soluble film • 2.2 liquid products • 2.2.1 Glass • 2.2.2 Metal • 2.2.3 Plastics • 2.2.4 Biodegradable plastics • 2.3 Large returnable containers

• 2.4 Transportation packaging • 3. Measures of quality control • 3.1 Storage stability test (4)3.2 Continuous quality checks • 3.3 Control of incoming material • 4. Specifications • 4.1 Package specifications • 4.2 Packaging instructions • 5. Disposal

AEROSOL PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY

• Introduction • Working principle of aerosol • Pack contents (product and propellant) • Propellants fall into two general groups • Aerosol cans • 3-Piece tinplate aerosol cans • 2-Piece aerosol containers • Single piece aluminium cans • Aerosol valve • Standard dip tube • Visco tubing • Capillary tubing • The Mounting cup • The housing • The stem • The spring • The gasket • The actuator • Methods of filling aerosol containers • Product filling • Removal of air in the headspace • Swaging • Propellant filling • compressed gases • Growth potential (productwise) • Legilation • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) • Flammabillity • Developments • New Products • Alternative propellants • Cans • Valves • Conclusion • • PACKAGING IN PESTICIDES INDUSTRY• • Formulation types

• Major features • Packaging • Major factors governing the selection of packaging materials and packages • Chemical compatibility • Requirements of transport and storages • Economics • Legal obligations • Moc of packaging materials • • EMULSIFIER FOR PESTICIDES• • Uses & applicatons • Applications • Plant economics • Plant & machinery • Fixed capital • Raw materials • Total working capital/month • Total capital investment • Turn over/annum

PESTICIDES

• Copper oxy chloride • Wettable Sulphur

PESTICIDE PREPARATION USING NEEM FRUITS AND SEEDS (MARGOSA)

• Manufacturing process of pesticide using neem fruits & seeds • Preparatory steps • Extraction • Distillation • Concentration • Neem formulations • Plant economics • Plant & machinery • Fixed capital • Raw materials • Total working capital/month • Total capital investment • Turn over/annum

INSECTICIDES FOR RATS, TERMITES, RODENTS, MOUSES, COCKROAHES, MONTHICIDE

• Process • Commercial product • Rat repellent • Process

• Mothicide • Cockroach repellent (like laxman rekha) • Process • Plant economics • Plant & machinery • Fixed capital • Raw materials • Total working capital/month • Total capital investment • Turn over/annum

MOSQUITO LARVA DESTROYER

• Uses & applications • Manufacturing process of mosquito larva killer • Plant economics • Land & building • Plant & Machinery • Fixed capital • Raw materials • Total working capital/month • Total capital investment • Turn over/annum

PESTICIDES

• Common name butachlor • Uses • Pyrethriods • Metabolism of pyrethriods in Insects • Synthetic phyrothriods • Process of manufactures • Monocrotophos • Methyl parathion • Manufactures • Mixing and blending • Milling of wettable powders • Plant economics • Plant & machinery • Fixed capital • Total working capital/month • Total capital investment

MOSQUITO COILS AND MATS

• Formulation • Mosquito Repellents • Pyrethrum • Process of manufacture

• Mosquito repellent mats manufacturing • Plant & Machinery • Fixed capital • Raw materials • Total working capital/month • Total capital investment • Turn over/annum

INSECTICIDES FROM NEEM SEEDS, NEEM OILS & NEEM LEAVES

• Manufacturing process • Details of distillation process • Plant economics • Plant & Machinery • Fixed capital • Raw materials • Total working capital/month • Total capital investment • Turn over/annum

AIR FRESHER (ODONIL TYPE)

• Manufacturing of air fresher (odonil type) • Plant economics • Plant & Machinery • Fixed capital • Raw materials • Total working capital/month • Total capital investment • Turn over/annum

PHENYL (BLACK AND WHITE)

• Manufacturing process • Process • Methods of manufacturing of black phenyl • Formulation (white phenyl) • Process • Plant economics • Plant & Machinery • Fixed capital • Raw materials • Total working capital/month • Total capital investment • Turn over/annum

BENZENE HEXACHLORIDE

• Process of manufacture

• Process

AEROSOL & MOSQUITO REPELLANT SPRAY (BAYGON, HIT, MORTEIN TYPE)

• Aerosol insecticide formulation • Manufacturing process • Method of filling of cans • Plant economic • Plant & Machinery • Fixed capital • Raw materials • Total working capital/month • Total capital investment • Turn over/annum

MOSQUITO REPELLANT AGARBATTI (INCENSE STICKS)

• Typical composition of agarbatti of medium quality • Mosquito repellant batti • Manufacturing process • Plant economics • Plant & Machinery • Fixed capital • Raw materials • Total working capital/month • Total capital investment • Turn over/annum

ALLETHRIN MOSQUITO REPELLANT OIL

• LD 50 Valuesto housefly • Process of manufacture • Plant economics • Plant & Machinery • Fixed capital • Raw materials • Total working capital/month • Total capital investment • Turn over/annum

AEROSOL INSECTICIDE SPRAY (BAYGON, HIT, MORTEIN, HESIT TYPE)

• Aerosol components • General properties • Boiling point and vapor pressure • Cost • Flammability • Odor • Purity • Stability

• Toxicity • Solvents • Active ingredients • Operation of an aerosol • Aerosol insecticide formulations • Aerosol insecticide spary (Baygon type) • Aerosol insecticide spray (Hit Type) • Other formulations of house hld aerosols • Detailed manufacturing process • Plant economics • Plant & Machinery • Total working capital/month • Total capital investment • Turn over/annum

RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS

• Introduction • Water dispersible grenules (WDG) • Suspension concentrate (SC) • Concentrate emulsion (CE) • Susposuspension (SS) • Water soluble concentrate/soluble liquid • Concentrated Solution (Cs) • Microemulsion (ME) • Microemulsion concentrate (MEC) • Microencapsulation • Methods of Encapsulation • Microencapsulated suspnsion • Suspoemulsion or suspension emulsion (SE) • Low volume (LV) and ultra low volume (ULV) type • Gel type

CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES

• Classification of pesticides according to the type of pests they control (terms bearing the suffix-cide)

• Classification by effect on pests • Classification of insecticides • Classification by Chemical Nature • Carbamates • Classification of insecticides by mode of action • Classification of fungicides • Classification of fungicides by chemical nature • Inorganic fungicides • Organic fungicides • Organometallic compounds • systemic fungicides • Other organic compounds

• Antibiotics • Classification of fungicides by mode of action • Protectant fungicides • Curative or eradicant fungicides • Systemic Fungicides • Classification of herbicides • Classification by chemical nature • Inorganic herebicides • Organic herbicides • Phenoxy aliphatic acid • Diphenylethers • Substituted ureas • Carbamates • Thiocarbamates • Aliphatic acids • Phenol derivatives • Miscellaneous herbicides • Classification of herbicides by mode of action • Classification of biological pest control agents • Biochemical pest control agents • Microbial pest control agents • Fungal microbial insecticides • Microbial insecticides • Viral microbial insecticides • Nematodes

BIO-PROTECTION IN FIELDS:EXTRACTS FROM NOVEL PESTICIDES

Essential characteristics of effective biocontrol agents Requirements for commercialization

SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND EQUIPMENTS

• Storage tanks • Cooling towers • Boilers • Mixers • Steel tanks stainless • Laboratory Equipments & Suppliers • Distillation columms & towers • Blender:chemical • Grinders • Dryer chemical

SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS

• Naphthalene • Paraffin wax

• Benzoic acid • Fungicides • Ethyl alcohol • Distilled water • Fragrances • Castor oils • Creosote • Linseed oil • Casein • Borax • Rosin

PACKING MATERIALS

• Glass bottles • Aluminium containers • Shrink film • Containers: aerosol • Pet bottles

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