hand in 13.1/13.2 notes bone and joint problems 13.3 and 13.4
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Hand in 13.1/13.2 Notes Bone and Joint Problems 13.3 and 13.4. Bone Fracture. A fracture is a break in a bone. There are three most common types of fractures. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Hand in 13.1/13.2 Notes
Bone and Joint Problems13.3 and 13.4
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Bone Fracture•A fracture is a
break in a bone.• There are three
most common types of fractures
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Greenstick fracture: a partial break in a bone; common in babies and young children due to the
cartilage the bone does not break completely.
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Closed fracture: occurs when the bone breaks completely but the broken ends do not pierce the
skin.
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Open fracture: also called compound fracture; the broken ends of the bone pierce the skin surface.
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Other Common Breaks
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Joint Injuries
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Sprain: most common joint injury; a tear in a ligament caused by stretching it too far
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Dislocation: the end of one bone is pulled out of the joint and the ligaments are severely stretched or torn.
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Bursitis: an inflammation of a sac near a joint; the inflammation may be caused by an injury, an infection
, overuse, or repeated strain on a joint.
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Arthritis: an inflammation of a joint.
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Osteoarthritis: the cartilage in a joint gradually wear away, exposing the bone surfaces. The bones rub against each
other and against other tissues of the joint
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Osteoporosis
• The thinning and weakening of the bones caused by the loss of calcium
from bone tissue.• Eventually the bones become so weak
and brittle that they fracture very easily from a fall, an impact or even
physical effort like lifting.
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Scoliosis
•A sideways curve of the spine.
•Commonly develops during early adolescence.
•Signs include an uneven shoulder or hip level
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Rickets
•A softening of the bones caused by inadequate amounts of vitamin D and calcium in the diet.•Occurs in children as their bones grow.•Can be treated by adding calcium and vitamin D to the diet.
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MusclesChapter 13Section 4
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Functions of Muscles
• There are more than 600 muscles in the body. • Movement: Move the bones, pump blood, and
control the size of the pupil in your eye. • Maintenance of Posture: Keeps the skeleton
upright.• Protection of Body Heat: The constant muscle
contractions in your body helps to maintain the normal body temperature.
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Types of Muscle
• Skeletal Muscle: attached to the bones in your skeleton; produce all movements that you can control; also called voluntary muscles.• Smooth Muscle: produces movement in
your internal organs; also called involuntary muscles• Cardiac Muscles: a type of involuntary
muscle that forms the walls of the heart.
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How Muscles Work
•Each muscle is capable of only two actions--contraction and relaxation.•Tendon; a cord of tissue that connects a muscle to a bone, made mostly of collagen
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Muscle Tone
• The slight, but constant contraction of skeletal muscles• Poor muscle tone places
additional strain on your skeletal system, tendons and ligaments.• Regular exercise helps
maintain good muscle tone.
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Muscle Injuries and Disorders
• Cramp: an intense and prolonged muscle contraction that causes pain.• Strain: a tear in a muscle or tendon• Tendonitis: the overuse of a muscle causing a
tendon to become inflamed,irritated and swollen.• Hernia: occurs when part of the intestine pushes
through the weak spot in the layer of the skeletal muscle that covers the abdomen and groin area.
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Review 13.3
1. Identify the major differences between a closed fracture and an open fracture.
2. What are the three common symptoms of a sprain?
3. Osteoporosis starts to develop in middle age or later. What two factors can you control now to help prevent osteoporosis when you are older?
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Review 13.41. Why are skeletal muscles also called
voluntary muscles?2. Why is good muscle tone
important?3. How often does cardiac muscle
work?