Faculty of Arts & LettersUniversity of Santo Tomas, Espana, Manila

Hand out: LAND-BASED KINGDOMS Subject: HST 310 Southeast AsiaSections: 1HST1 & 1HST2 Course Facilitator/Prepared by: Ms. Henson

MARKS OF CIVILIZATION

ANGKOR & CAMBODIA EARLY JAVANESE KINGDOMS EASTERN JAVA

LOCATION/SITE - Lower Mekong River near Tonle Sap or Great Lake

- Modern Jakarta - Eastern Java- Brantas River Valley

SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

- kingdoms with subdued smaller principalities & unified realm

- Dewaraja/god-king

- rulers associated with gods like Vishnu

- ruling family called Sailendra/lord of the mountain

- rulers with control on trade- established kingdoms such

as Kediri, Singhasari & Kertanegara

FORM OF TECHNOLOGY

- artificial irrigation of rice, Angkor, Phnom Bakheng, monasteries, waterworks, observatory, concept of time & calendar, Bayon temple, hospitals & inns

- canals, candi, Borobudur, monument-building, Prambanan

- rice irrigation

FORM OF RELIGION

- Hinduism & Buddhism- all temples built for religious

purposes

- Hinduism & Buddhism- Tantrism- worship of deities- all temples built for religious

purposes

- Sivaism, Buddhism, Tantrism & other beliefs

-

SYSTEM OF RECORDING

- inscription of 732 praises -

DIVISION OF LABOR/FORM OF SPECIALIZATION

- farmers, slaves, priests, monks, craftsmen, artists & labourers

- nobles, labourers, artists, sculptors, traders, farmers & priests

- traders, farmers, priests, labourers & ship-builders

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MARKS OF CIVILIZATION

MAJAPAHIT PAGAN & BURMA TAI KINGDOMS

LOCATION/SITE - Eastern Java, Bali, New Ginea, spice islands of Sumatra & Malayan Peninsula

- Irrawaddy River - Ava- present-day Thailand

SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

- established territorial mandala- ruled by kings & queen- had chief minister for

expansion of dominions

- established kingdoms ruled by kings

- kingdoms led by kings- established controlled

territories- composed of mandala or

galactic polity of centre & peripheries cemented by pyramids or patrons & clients

- power was based on prestige

FORM OF TECHNOLOGY

- monetary system, tax system, use of clay, production of terracotta objects, irrigation system & pottery

- Shwezigon pagoda, Ananda temple & other edifices

- rice irrigation

FORM OF RELIGION

- Hinduism, Buddhism & Islam- all temples built for religious

purposes

- Hinduism, Mahayana Buddhism & Theravada Buddhism

- all edifices built for religious purposes

- Theravada Buddhism

SYSTEM OF RECORDING

- poem Negarakertagama -

DIVISION OF LABOR/FORM OF SPECIALIZATION

- traders, farmers, slaves, priests, monks, craftsmen, artists & labourers

- nobles, labourers, artists, monks, farmers & priests

- traders, farmers, priests, labourers & military men

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MARKS OF CIVILIZATION

AYUDHYA

LOCATION/SITE - Chaophraya RiverSYSTEM OF

GOVERNMENT- adopted Khmer institutions- ruled by kings- realm was given more structured

authority- power is based on military strength

FORM OF TECHNOLOGY

FORM OF RELIGION

SYSTEM OF RECORDINGDIVISION OF

LABOR/FORM OF SPECIALIZATION

- traders, farmers, craftsmen, artists & labourers

SOURCE: Heidhues, Mary Somers. Southeast Asia: A Concise History. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, 2000.

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