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Types of ScrewdriversSlottedPhillipsSquareRobertsonHexTorxTri-WingTorq-setOne-way - ClutchPolydriveBristolSpline driveDouble hex

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TECHNICAL ENGLISH BBC 2012

SCREWDRIVER HEAD TYPES

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SCREWS AND SCREWDRIVERS

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SAFETYScrewdrivers, like any other hand tool, are dangerous when not used properly. Therefore, the following safety precautions should always be followed:Never use a screwdriver to check an electrical circuit.Never try to turn a screwdriver with a pair of pliers.Do not hold work in your hand while using a screwdriverif the point slips, it can cause a bad cut. Hold the work in a vise, with a clamp, or on a solid surface. NEVER GET ANY PART OF YOUR BODY IN FRONT OF THE SCREWDRIVER BLADE TIP.

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Used to grip, cut, crimp, hold, and bend various partsNever use pliers when another type tool will workPliers can nick and scar a partPLIERS

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PLIERSStandard Pliers

Slip jaws (channel locks) pliers

Side Cutters

Linemans

Vise Grip

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PLIERSNeedle nose

Wire stripper pliersCrimping pliers

Water pump pliers

Combination pliers

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Combination (Slip Joint) Pliers

Snap Ring PliersPLIERS

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SAFETYTwo important rules for using pliers are:Do not make pliers work beyond their capacity. The long-nosed variety is especially delicate. It is easy to spring or break them, or nick the edges. If this occurs, they are practically useless.Do not use pliers to turn nuts. In just a few seconds, a pair of pliers can damage a nut more than years of service.

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Chiselsused for cutting off damaged or badly rusted nuts, bolts, and rivet headsPunchesused to mark or make an indentation in metal or to drive parts like pins or bolts out of holesCHISELS AND PUNCHES

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PUNCHES

Punches are used :to locate centers for drawing circles, to start holes for drilling, to punch holes in sheet metal, to transfer location of holes in patterns, to remove damaged rivets, pins or bolts. Solid or hollow punches are the two types generally used.Solid punches are classified according to the shape of their points.

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PUNCHESPin punch

Solid PunchCenter punch

Automatic center punch

Whitney punch

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CHISELSPrick Punch

Standard Chisel

Slot cutting chisel

Diamond point Chisel

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SAFETYImportant rules for using punches:Strike the face of the punch squarely with a ball peen or machinists hammer. Never strike with a nail hammer. Always strike the punch with a light, cautious blow when starting a job to determine the relative hardness of the material being punched. Always wear safety goggles when using a punch.

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Used to install and remove nuts and boltsAvailable in both conventional (inch) and metric (millimeter) sizessize is stamped on the side of the wrenchWrench size is determined by measuring across the wrench jawsWRENCHES

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WRENCHESThe wrenches most often used in aircraft maintenance are classified as open-end, box-end, socket, adjustable, ratcheting and special wrenches. The Allen wrench, although seldom used, is required on one special type of recessed screw. One of the most widely used metals for making wrenches is chrome-vanadium steel. Wrenches made of this metal are almost unbreakable. Solid, nonadjustable wrenches with open parallel jaws on one or both ends are known as open-end wrenches. The wrenches are designed to fit a nut, bolt head, or other object, which makes it possible to exert a turning action.

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WRENCHESAdjustable wrench

Box end wrenchOpen end wrench

Combination wrench

Allen wrench

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WRENCHESCylinder wrenches

Tubing wrench

Pipe wrench

Crowfoot wrench

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WRENCHESFlare nut wrench

Torque wrench

Dial indicating torque wrench

Strap wrench

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SPECIALTY WRENCHESRatchet wrench

Flex-Combination

Half-moon

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SAFETYDo not use push on a wrench - losing your balance is more likely if the wrench slips.Do not use a wrench that is bent handle or damaged.Do not use worn adjustable wrenches. Inspect the knurl, jaw and pin for wear.Do not pull on an adjustable wrench that is loosely adjusted.Do not use pipe wrenches on nuts or bolts.Do not use pipe wrenches for lifting or bending pipes.Do not use a wrench on moving machinery.Do not use the wrong tools for the job. Never use pliers instead of a wrench or a wrench as a hammer.

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SAFETYDo not use a make-shift wrench.Do not insert a shim in a wrench for better fit.Do not strike a wrench (except a "strike face" wrench) with a hammer, or similar object, to gain more force.Do not increase the leverage by adding sleeved additions (e.g., a pipe) to increase tool handle length.Do not expose a wrench to excessive heat (like from a blow torch) that could affect the temper of the metal and ruin the tool.Keepwrenchescleanandfreefromoil.Returnthemtothecaseatthecompletionof eachjob.

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SOCKET SETSSockets have a square drive on one end for a socket wrench to turn the socket.The other end is designed to fit a fastener.The most common square drives are , 3/8, and drives. There are bigger drives available.Sockets come in different styles; regular length, deep well (longer), impact strength, 6 point, 8 point, 12 point

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SOCKET HANDLESThere are 4 basic handles for turning a socketRatchet handle, allows turning without removing the tool from the fastener.Breaker bar or pull bar has a hinged square drive and allows more force to be used.T-bar handle has a sliding head on a straight bar that will allow different amounts of leverage to be used.Speed wrench is a two handed fast wrench but allow very little leverage.

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SOCKET ACCESSORIESExtensions add length and allows access to bolts that deep in an assembly or to rise above an obstruction.Socket adapters allow 2 different square drives to be used together.U-joints allow the wrench to be used in obstructed areas.Universal sockets are u-joints built into the socket end.Crows foot wrenches-open end wrench head driven by a ratchet

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Socket Sets

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Socket wrench set

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A socket is a cylinder-shaped, box-end tool for removing or installing bolts and nuts. One end fits over the fastener. The other end has a square hole that fits on a handle used for turning. A socket's drive size is the size of the square opening for the ratchet or tool handle.

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DIFFERENT SOCKET TYPES.

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Socket HandlesSocket handles fit into the square opening in the top of the socket.A ratchet is the most commonly used and versatile socket handle. It has a small lever that can be moved for either loosening or tightening bolts. A flex bar, or breaker bar, is the most powerful and strongest socket handle. It should be used when breaking loose large or extremely tight bolts and nuts. A speed handle is the fastest hand operated socket handle. After a bolt is loosened, a speed handle will rapidly spin out the bolt.

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Socket HandlesRatchetBreaker bar or flex handle

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Socket HandlesSpeed handleT-handle

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Socket HandlesTorque wrenchFlexible driver

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TORQUE WRENCHESAre used to tighten fasteners to a specific tightness (torque) value.There are several styles;Click type, gives an audible sound with the desired torque is reached.Beam type, uses a needle to indicate torque value.Dial type which indicates torque value on a dial.

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EXTENTIONSExtensions are used between a socket and its handle. They allow the handle to be placed farther from the workpiece, giving you room to swing the handle and turn the fastener. A universal joint is a swivel that lets the socket wrench reach around obstructions, it is used between the socket and drive handle, with or without an extension. Avoid putting too much bend into a universal joint, or it may bind and break.

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EXTENSIONSUsed between a socket and its handle

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UNIVERSAL JOINTSwivel that lets the socket wrench reach around obstructions

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METAL CUTTING TOOLSMany types of tool materials, ranging from high carbon steel to ceramics and diamonds, are used as cutting tools in todays metalworking industry. A cutting tool must have the following characteristics in order to produce good quality and economical parts:HardnessToughnessWear Resistance

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METAL CUTTING TOOLSsheet metal snips

Aviation snips

Power shears

Nibblers

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METAL CUTTING TOOLSHacksaws

Shears

Notchers

Bench mounted shear

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METAL CUTTING TOOLSBolt Cutters

Shears/Tin Snips

Utility Knife

Bulldog Snips

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METAL CUTTING TOOLSCompound Lever Shears

Circle Snips

Hawks Bill Snips

Trojan Snips

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SAWSKeep control of sawsDo not use an adjustable blade sawDo not use a saw that has dull saw blades Oil saw blades after each use of the saw Keep your hands and fingers away from the saw blade while you are using the saw Do not carry a saw by the blade When using the hand saw, hold the workpiece firmly against the work table

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SNIPSWear your safety glasses or safety goggles when using snips to cut materials Wear your work gloves when cutting materials with snips Do not use straight cut snips to cut curves Keep the blade aligned by tightening the nut and bolt on the snips Do not use snips as a hammer, screwdriver or pry bar Use the locking clip on the snips after you have finished using them

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HAND FILESHand files are used in the workshop to smooth rough edges. They can be used to smooth a range of materials including metals such as brass and steel. They are made from high carbon steel and they are heat treated so that they are tougher than the steel or other materials that they are to be applied to.Files have wooden or plastic handles with a metal body. On the metal body are thousands of tiny teeth. In smooth files, these teeth are small. In rough files, these teeth are larger.

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HAND FILESFiles are used for removing material from either metal, wood or plastic, to create a smooth edge or to create a new profile (shape).The material being filed should be secured in a vice.Files come in a wide range from very rough to very smooth files.Files come in a range of cross sections for different jobs. Files can be Flat, Round, Half Round and Three Square.A Rasp is used when a lot of material needs to be removed quickly.

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HAND FILESROUND FILE (rat tail)

FLAT FILE

HALF ROUND FILE

THREE SQUARE FILE (Triangular)

RASP

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CARING FOR FILESDo not use a file as a pry bar, hammer, screwdriver or chiselWhen using a file or a rasp, grasp the handle in one hand and the toe of the file in the other Do not hammer on a file Choose the right file for the material and work to be performed.Keep all files racked and separated so they do not bear against each other.Keep the files in a dry placerust will corrode the teeth points, dulling the file.

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CARING FOR FILESKeep files clean. Tap the end of the file against the bench after every few strokes, to loosen and clear the filings. Use the file card to keep files cleana dirty file is a dull file. A dirty file can also contaminate different metals when the same file is used on multiple metal surfaces.

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DRILLS & TWIST DRILLSThere are generally four types of portable drills used in aviation for holding and turning twist drills. Holes inch in diameter and under can be drilled using a hand drill. This drill is commonly called an egg beater.

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DRILLS & TWIST DRILLSThe breast drill is designed to hold larger size twist drills than the hand drill. In addition, a breastplate is affixed at the upper end of the drill to permit the use of body weight to increase the cutting power of the drill.

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DRILLS & TWIST DRILLSElectric and pneumatic power drills are available in various shapes and sizes to satisfy almost any requirement.

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DRILLS & TWIST DRILLSPneumatic drills are preferred for use around flammable materials, since sparks from an electric drill are a fire or explosion hazard.

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SAFETY RULES

Wear safety glasses to protect your eyes from debris.Keep the work area clean and uncluttered.Loose fitting clothes, jewelry, or hair that is not tied back can get tangled in the drill and cause serious injury.Drilling boards with nails, paint, gravel, staples, or other foreign materials can dull the drill bit.Using the drill with out first clamping the work firmly in place is very dangerous.Hold the portable electric drill motor firmly with both hands at all times when drilling.Make sure the chuck key has been removed before turning the power on.Use the proper speed for the material you are drilling.

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SAFETY RULES

Feed the drill into the material at a constant rate.Never make adjustments or attempt to change bits while the drill is plugged in or running.Keep others away from the machine and out of the safety zone.Have the instructor check your set up before using the machine.Wearing gloves while using the drill is unsafe.Drilling into a container that mayhave once contained or does contain flammable materialscould cause a fire or explosion.If you drill into an electric wire or cord you will probably get shocked.Use a "V" block to hold round or cylindrical stock.Raise the drill bit off the wood until the machine has been turned on and reached full speed.

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SAFETY RULES

Turn off the drill and wait for it to come to a complete stop before clearing sawdust off the table.Check the trigger on the portable electric drills that have cords to be sure it is in the off position before plugging the drill into the power source.A cordless drill should be in the off position (between forward and reverse) or have the battery removed when changing bits or when it is not in use.

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TWIST DRILLS A twist drill is a pointed tool that is rotated to cut holes in material. It is made of a cylindrical hardened steel bar having spiral flutes (grooves) running the length of the body, and a conical point with cutting edges formed by the ends of the flutes.Twist drills are made of carbon steel or high-speed alloy steel. Carbon steel twist drills are satisfactory for the general run of work and are relatively inexpensive. The more expensive high-speed twist drills are used for the tough materials such as stainless steels.

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TWIST DRILLS Twist drills have from one to four spiral flutes. Drills with two flutes are used for most drilling; those with three or four flutes are used principally to follow smaller drills or to enlarge holes.

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TWIST DRILLS OR DRILL BITSThe twist drill or drill bit is made from High Speed Steel, tempered to give maximum hardness throughout the parallel cutting portion. Flutes are incorporated to carry away the chips of metal and the outside surface is relieved to produce a cutting edge along the leading side of each flute.Twist drills have from one to four spiral flutes. Drills with two flutes are used for most drilling; those with three or four flutes are used principally to follow smaller drills or to enlarge holes.

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TWIST DRILL

Twist drills are available with parallel shanks up to 16mm diameter and with taper shanks up to 100mm diameter and are made from high-speed steel. Standard lengths are known as jobber-series twist drills, short drills are known as stub series, and long drills as long series and extra long series.Different helix angles are available for drilling a range of materials

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DRILL BIT

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DRILL BIT FEATURES

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Drill Bit Features The point of the drill is ground to an angle of 118 degrees each side is ground back to give " relief " of about 12 degrees to each cutting edge as shown

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Helix types Standardquick helixslow

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Drill Bit

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Wood bitsmasonrysteel

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Hole Cutters for Used SheetsWhen cutting large holes in sheet stock, a hole cutter is usedHole cutters have a pilot drill in the center used to accurately locate the centerAlso called a hole saw

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COUNTERBORING, COUNTERSINKING, AND SPOT FACINGCounterboring: Follows a drilling operation, or in with drilling with a custom tool. Purpose is to produce a flat bottom so that bolt head or nut is below the surface with enough clearance for a tool.Countersinking: Similar to counterboring, but with a 60, 82, or 90 beveled bottom to accommodate flat-head screw or rivet.Spot facing: Machine minimum depth and diameter around hole to ensure full seating of a bolt head. Used on rough stock surfaces where corrosion or fatigue requirements require full seating

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COUNTERBORING AND COUNTERSINKING TOOLS(a) Surfacesproduced by counterboring,countersinking, and spot facing.(b) Counterboring tools: Interchangeable counterbore;solid, taper-shank counterbore with integral pilot;replaceable counterbore and pilot; replaceable counterbore, disassembled.

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REAMINGReams remove small amounts of material to ensure exact hole size and improve hole surface finishReams are either hand operated or machined at slow speedReam typesShell reamsExpansion reamsAdjustable reamsTapered reams

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TYPES OF REAMSStraightfluted rose reamer,straight-fluted chucking reamer, straight-fluted taper reamer, straight-fluted hand reamer, expansion reamer,shell reamer, adjustable insertblade reamer.

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TAPS AND DIESA tap is used to cut threads on the inside of a hole, while a die is for cutting external threads on round stock. They are made of hard tempered steel and ground to an exact size. There are four types of threads that can be cut with standard taps and dies. They are: Coarse, Fine, Extra Fine, and Pipe.

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HAND TAPS

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TYPES OF DIES

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DIESTOCK AND TAP WRENCHES

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