handbook —rmrco.com/proj/shiprad/handbook_shiprad_v1.pdf · november 26, 2016 shiprad handbook v1...

Remote Measurements & Research Company214 Euclid Av.Seattle WA [email protected]

TR16xx v1 November 26, 2016

— HANDBOOK —ShipRad, Shipboard Radiation Package

Version 1

Three ShipRad sensor plates ready for testing. From left, GPS antenna B, Shaded SPNradiometer, PIR, Unshaded SPN radiometer, VN300 INS/GPS in weatherproof box,and GPS antenna A. Note the middle VN300 box is open and shows the small VN300IMU. The mounting plate is fabricated from Type 5052 aluminum and hard anodized.

Abstract The ShipRad is designed to provide a precision measure of down-welling shortwave radiation, both diffuse and total irradiance, from a slowlymoving platform such as a ship or buoy. The instrument combines a collectionof commercial radiometers with a GPS based inertial navigation system (INS),all mounted onto a single plate (photo above). An electronic box with powercontrol and data logger accompanies each sensor plate. The data logger,Campbell CR1000, accepts the

November 26, 2016 ShipRad Handbook v1 2

Acronyms and Abbreviations

CAT5 A standard ethernet cable with four twisted pairs of wires.

CR1000 The datalogger made by Campbell Scientific.

DAQ Data Acquisition system, generic term.

DIN A DIN rail is a metal rail of a standard type widely used for mounting circuit breakersand industrial control equipment inside equipment racks.

Ethernet Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies commonly used in localarea networks (LANs)

GPS Global positioning system. Also the name for the hardware/software module usingthe GPS receiver.

FRSR Fast-Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (FRSR).

IMU Inertial measurement units (IMU) is a synonym for INS.

INS An inertial navigation system (INS) is a navigation aid that uses a computer, mo-tion sensors (accelerometers) and rotation sensors (gyroscopes) to continuouslycalculate via dead reckoning the position, orientation, and velocity (direction andspeed of movement) of a moving object without the need for external references.

Irradiance The sum of radiation falling on a point from all directions in a hemisphere.

Longwave Radiation in the wave lengths 40–50 µm.

Loggernet A family of programs for writing and executing programs in Campbell data loggers.

MARCUS ARM project in the Southern Ocean, scheduled for 2017–2018

PIR The Precision Infrared Radiometer, Pyrgeometer measures the global downwellinglongwave irradiance in the waveband 4–50 µm

Radiance Radiation falling on a point from a specific spherical angle.

RJ25 A special 6-pin termination used with the A2 encoder.

RJ45 Standard 8-pin termination for the Cat5 cable.

Shortwave Visible light approximately in the wave bands 300–3000 nm.

SPN The Sunshine Pyranometer uses an array of seven, miniature thermopile sensorsand a computer-generated shading pattern to measure the direct and diffuse com-ponents of incident solar radiation.

SPNu An unshaded version of the SPN

VN300 The GPS enhanced INS made by VectorNav, Inc.

—


Notes on this Manual

“toc” appears along the right margin throughout this handbook. These jump to the table of contents. All entriesin the table of contents are links to that section. Also, all references to figures and sections are links. By usingthe links one can move rapidly through the handbook.

Handbooks for the VN300, SPN, PIR, and CR1000 datalogger accompany this document. These are allthorough and complete. We assume the user is familiar with these components so that this handbook can bebrief and concentrate on operation of the ShipRad itself.

(toc)


Contents

1 Product Information 51.1 Instrument Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.2 Mentor Contact Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.3 Vendor/Developer Contact Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.4 Other Technical Contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 System 62.1 System sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.2 Sensor plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.3 Data acquisition electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.4 Serial Numbers, November 26, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3 Connections 10

4 CR1000 data logger 11

5 Operation 125.1 Connecting it together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.2 CF memory card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.3 Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Appendices 13

A Cables 14

B CR1000 program 19

C Mounting Plate 23

D Railing Frame 24

(toc)


1 Product Information

1.1 Instrument Title

Shipboard Radiometer System (ShipRad)

The ShipRad is designed to provide a precision measure of downwelling shortwave radiation, both diffuse andtotal irradiance, from a slowly moving platform such as a ship or buoy. The instrument combines a collection ofcommercial radiometers with a GPS based inertial navigation system (INS), all mounted onto a single plate.

The basic sampling rate is 1 Hz. Raw samples are collected by the Campbell CR1000. Final estimates arecomputed in post-processing analysis.

1.2 Mentor Contact Information

For questions and information on ShipRad and its applications.

Michael ReynoldsRemote Measurements & Research Co.214 Euclid Ave.Seattle WA [email protected]

For information on the data analysis contact

Dr. Charles (Chuck) LongWMO BSRN Project ManagerNOAA ESRL GMD/CIRES325 Broadway Street, Boulder, CO [email protected]

1.3 Vendor/Developer Contact Information

Remote Measurements & Research Co.214 Euclid Ave.Seattle WA [email protected]

1.4 Other Technical Contacts

Ray [email protected] circuits

(toc)

mailto:[email protected]





2 System

2.1 System sketch

Figure 1: ShipRad system sketch. Two primary components are the sensor plate and the data acquisition box (DAQ).The radiation sensors are mounted firmly to the plate. Once the system is calibrated they cannot be moved withoutcompromising data accuracy. The DAQ contains power control and the data logger, a Campbell CR1000.

(toc)


2.2 Sensor plate

Figure 2: Sensor plates. Three plates mounted on a board for testing. From left to right are GPS antenna B, theshaded SPN, the PIR, the unshaded SPN, the VN300 IMU, and GPS antenna A. On the center plate the VN300 box isopen so the IMU is visible.

Three identical sensor plates were built. Each plate was made from aluminum folded into a strong cross-section and hard anodized (See Fig. 6). When deployed one plate will be placed on the port side and one onthe starboard side. A third system will be available as a spare in the event of failure.

The three systems will be calibrated for tilt and solar angle and once that “characterization” is complete it isimportant that no sensor of INS component be moved. Hence the third system.

(toc)


2.3 Data acquisition electronics

Figure 3: Data Acquisition system (DAQ).

The Data Acquisition system (DAQ) is a weathertight enclosure with the CR1000 data. All sensors on the plateand a T/RH sensor & aspirator combination plug into the box for power and data recording. A network interfaceallows data collection by the AMF data system.

In the event the AMF data collection fails a 2 GB compact flash (CF) card can collect up to 91 days of data.

(toc)


2.4 Serial Numbers, November 26, 2016

SR1 S/N Calibspn A1555spnu A1567pir 33061F3 4.00vn300 96t/rh M1510141aspirator n/amoxa TAEJE1000886cr1000 2456NL116 3585SR2spn A349spnu A1565pir 30056F3 3.55vn300 95t/rh M1510142aspirator n/amoxa TAEJE1000866cr1000 26932NL116 3588SR3spn A925spnu A1566pir 33060F3 3.89vn300 97t/rh M1510140aspirator n/amoxa TAEJE1000849cr1000 2455NL116 3583

(toc)


3 Connections

Each sensor on the plate, the T/RH and aspirator connect to the DAQ with Bulgin Buccaneer Series 400 IP68connectors. A connector catalog is included with the documents with this handbook.

The cables to the DAQ are 1.5 m long. They were made short purposely because the VN300 INS serial outputis high (115200 bps) and also because ships are electrically noisy and short cables minimize radio frequencyinterference.

NOTE: We have found the Bulgin 400 connectors to be weak and prone to failure. When plugging in theseconnectors be sure to line up the keyway and avoid twisting the backshell as much as possible.

(toc)


4 CR1000 data logger

Figure 4: CR1000 panel.

(toc)


5 Operation

This section provides a general guideline for connecting the system and beginning operation.

5.1 Connecting it together

• Mount the plate in its frame or test fixture. Do not connect cables until last.

• Mount DAQ and T/RH/Aspirator in a firm spot. Be sure the AC switch is off.

• Finally connect sensor cables. Be gentle and careful.

• Connect the AC power.

5.2 CF memory card

• Remove the CF card and reformat. This will remove all the data.

• Plug the CF card into the datalogger.

5.3 Initialization

• Turn on the AC switch. The data logger will reformat the CF card for data collection. This can take an houror so.

(toc)


APPENDICES

(toc)


A Cables

Figure 5: Summary of connectors.

External

1

#1 Cable_SPN

Cable_SPN_Analog 24.2.6PATHWAY SPN to Bulgin (DAQ Exterior) Bulgin bulkhead to dataloggerCONNECTORS 8-pole M12 waterproof connector using cable type SPN1/w-05 Bulgin PX0410/12P/6065 PX0412/12S

1 Total Total output, 1mV = 1 W.m-2 White 1 1 White 1

2 Diffuse Diffuse output, 1mV = 1 W.m-2 Brown 2 2 Brown 2

3 SigGND Signal ground (connected to DL-Gnd internally) Green 3 3 Green gnd

4 Sun Contact closure on sunshine Yellow 4 4 Yellow n.c.

5 DL-Gnd Datalogger power ground Grey 5 5 Grey Power OutGnd

6 DL-Power Datalogger power supply 4 - 15V 2mA Pink 6 6 Orange Power Out

12V 7 Htr- Heater ground Blue 7 7 Blue External -V

8 Htr+ Heater power supply, 12V 1.5A max Red 8 8 Red External +V

Shield Cable screen and SPN1 body Purple 9 9 Purple Case gnd

10 1011 1112 12

#2 Cable_SPN_Serial 24.2.8

PATHWAY SPN to Bulgin (DAQ Exterior) Bulgin bulkhead to dataloggerCONNECTORS SPN1-RS-10 (use w/ PC or Serial Device) Bulgin PX0410/06P/6065 PX0412/06S

1 Gnd Ground Brown 1 1 Brown Power Out Gnd2 Power in Power from PC DTR line White 2 2 White Power Out 12V3 RX in RS232 RX in to SPN1 Blue 3 3 Blue C54 SDI-12 Not used Black 4 4 Black nc5 TX out RS232 TX out of SPN1 Grey 5 5 Grey C66 6 6

#3 Cable_PIR 24.2.4

PATHWAY PIR to Bulgin Plug (DAQ Exterior) Bulgin bulkhead to datalogger

PIR PLUG DAQ PLUG DAQ RECEP

CONNECTORS PT06W-12-10S PX0410/08P/6065 PX0410/08S CR1000

External

2

H Case Shield (note: H to 1) Black 1 1 Black Case gnd

A PIR- PIR- White 2 2 White 3/L

C PIR+ PIR+ Red 3 3 Red 3/H

D TCase+ TCase+ Green 4 4 Green 7

E TCase- TCase- Blue 5 5 Blue gnd

F TDome+ TDome+ Brown 6 6 Brown 8

G TDome- TDome- Yellow 7 7 Yellow gnd

8 8 -

10K 0.01% VX1 to 7

10K 0.01% VX1 to 8

#4 Cable_Nav 24.20.?

PATHWAY Internal VN300 to Bulgin Plug (DAQ Exterior) External VN to DAQ Bulgin bulkhead to datalogger

CONNECTORS 24.02.01 Harwin M80-5001042

HARWINM80-4861005

Bulgin PX0410/10P/6065Plug

PX0412/10SReceptacle CN1000

1 VCC 3.3V to +17V red 1 1 red 12V

2 TX1RS-232 voltage levels data output from the sensor. (Serial UART #1).

wht 2 2 wht com1/rx

3 RX1RS-232 voltage levels data input from the sensor. (Serial UART #1).

orn 3 3 ylw com1/tx

4 SYNC_OUT

Output signal used for synchronization purposes. Software configurable to pulse when ADC, IMU, or attitude measurements available.

tbd 4 n.c n.c

5 GND Ground blk 5 5 blk com1/gnd

6 RESTORE

If high at reset, the device will restore to factory default state. Internally held low with10k resistor.

tbd 6 n.c n.c n.c

7 SYNC_IN

Input signal for synchronization purposes. Software configurable to either synchronize the measurements or the output with an external device.

TBD 7 n.c n.c n.c

8 TX2_TTLSerial UART #2 data output from the device at TTL voltage level (3V).

TBD 8 n.c n.c n.c

External

3

9 RX2_TTLSerial UART #2 data into the device at TTL voltage level (3V).

TBD 9 n.c n.c n.c

10 GPS_PPS

GPS pulse per second output. This pin is a TTL voltage level (3V) output directly connected to the PPS (pulse per second) pin on GPS receiver A.

TBD 10 n.c n.c n.c

#5 Cable_T/RH 24.2.14

PATHWAY T/RH to DAQ (external) Bulgin bulkhead to dataloggerCONNECTORS Bulgin PX0410/10P/6065 PX0412/10S

1 V out 1 Temp, 0-1V, -40 to 60, T = v*100 - 40 White 1 1 White 10

2 RS485-B Brown 2 2 Brown3 A Ground Green 3 3 Green Agnd

4 V out 2 Humidity. 0-1 vRH = v * 100 Yellow 4 4 Yellow 9

5 - - Grey 5 56 RS485-A Pink 6 6 Pink7 V cc Blue 7 7 Blue Pwr 12V continuous8 GND Red 8 8 Red Pwr GND !! Note red is ground

SHIELD Black 9 9 Black

#6 Cable_ASP 24.2.16

PATHWAY Aspirator to DAQ (external) Bulgin bulkhead to dataloggerCONNECTORS Bulgin PX0410/04P/6065 PX0412/04S

1 Tach Green 1 1 Green 112 Pos 14-27 VDC Red 2 2 red External -V3 Neg Black 3 3 blk External +V

#7 Cable_SPNU_analog 24.2.10

SPN to Bulgin (DAQ Exterior) Bulgin bulkhead to dataloggerCONNECTORS SPN1/w-05 (use w/ Datalogger) Bulgin PX0410/12P/6065 PX0412/12S

1 Total Total output, 1mV = 1 W.m-2 White 1 1 White 3

2 Diffuse Diffuse output, 1mV = 1 W.m-2 Brown 2 2 Brown 4

3 SigGND Signal ground (connected to DL-Gnd internally) Green 3 3 Green gnd

External

4

4 Sun Contact closure on sunshine Yellow 4 4 Yellow n.c.

5 DL-Gnd Datalogger power ground Grey 5 5 Grey Power OutGnd

6 DL-Power Datalogger power supply 4 - 15V 2mA Pink 6 6 Orange Power Out 12V

7 Htr- Heater ground Blue 7 7 Blue External -V

8 Htr+ Heater power supply, 12V 1.5A max Red 8 8 Red External +V

Shield Cable screen and SPN1 body Screen 9 9 Screen Case gnd

10 1011 1112 12

#8 Cable_SPNU_serial 24.2.12

PATHWAY SPN to Bulgin (DAQ Exterior) Bulgin bulkhead to dataloggerCONNECTORS SPN1-RS-10 (use w/ PC or Serial Device) Bulgin PX0410/06P/6065 PX0412/06S

1 Gnd Ground Brown 1 1 Brown Power Out Gnd2 Power in Power from PC DTR line White 2 2 White Power Out 12V3 RX in RS232 RX in to SPN1 Blue 3 3 Blue C74 SDI-12 Not used Black 4 4 Black nc5 TX out RS232 TX out of SPN1 Grey 5 5 Grey C86 6 6


B CR1000 program

’ShipRad v3

’date: 161025

’program author: rmrco

’all inputs

’Declare Constants

’Example:

’CONST PI = 3.141592654 or Const PI = 4*ATN(1)

Public PTemp, battv

Public pir,bc,bd,pirv

Public spnstr As String * 30, splitstrings(3) As String * 6, tot1ser, dif1ser, flag1

Public Nstr1

Public spnstr2 As String * 30, splitstrings2(3) As String * 6, tot2ser, dif2ser, flag2

Public Nstr2

Public vnstr As String * 150, vnfield(16) As String * 16

Public Nstr

Public tot1, dif1 ’shaded

Public tot2, dif2 ’unshaded

Public rc,rd

Public lnr

Public d

Public tc,td, lw, C1, C2

Public tair, rh

Public tach

Const sigma=5.6704e-8

Const kpir=3.25e-6

’steinhart-hart coefs

Const a=0.001017394

Const b=0.000241046

Const c=0.000000149

Const tabs=273.15

Units battv=Volts

Units PTemp=degC

Units pirv=volts

Units bc=mV/mV

Units bd=mV/mV

Units tc=degC

Units td=degC

Units tot1=W/m^2

Units dif1=W/m^2

Units tot2=W/m^2

Units dif2=W/m^2

Units tot1ser=W/m^2

Units dif1ser=W/m^2

Units tot2ser=W/m^2

Units dif2ser=W/m^2

Units lw=W/m^2

Units tair=degC

Alias vnfield(4)=mode


Alias vnfield(5)=yaw

Alias vnfield(6)=pitch

Alias vnfield(7)=roll

Alias vnfield(8)=lat

Alias vnfield(9)=lon

Alias vnfield(10)=alt

’Declare Other Variables

’Example:

’Dim Counter

DataTable (rad,1,10000) ’Set table size to # of records, or -1 to autoallocate.

CardOut (1,-1 )

DataInterval (0,1,Sec,10)

Minimum (1,battv,FP2,False,False)

Sample (1,PTemp,FP2)

’Sample(1,pirv,IEEE4)

Sample(1,tot1ser,IEEE4)

Sample(1,dif1ser,IEEE4)

Sample(1,tot2ser,IEEE4)

Sample(1,dif2ser,IEEE4)

Sample(1,pir,IEEE4)

Sample (1,bc,IEEE4)

Sample(1,bd,IEEE4)

Sample (1,tc,IEEE4)

Sample (1,td,IEEE4)

Sample(1,lw,IEEE4)

Sample (1,tot1,IEEE4)

Sample (1,dif1,IEEE4)

Sample (1,tot2,IEEE4)

Sample (1,dif2,IEEE4)

Sample (1,tair,IEEE4)

Sample (1,rh,IEEE4)

Sample (1,tach,FP2)

Sample (1,vnfield(4),UINT2)

Sample(1,yaw,IEEE4)

Sample(1,pitch,IEEE4)

Sample(1,roll,IEEE4)

Sample(1,lat,IEEE4)

Sample(1,lon,IEEE4)

Sample(1,alt,IEEE4)

EndTable

DataTable (spnser,1,-1)

Sample(1,spnstr,String)

EndTable

DataTable (spnser2,1,-1)

Sample(1,spnstr2,String)

EndTable

DataTable (vn300,1,-1)

CardOut (1,-1 )

Sample (1,vnstr,String)

EndTable

’Define Subroutines

’Sub

’EnterSub instructions here


’EndSub

BeginProg

SerialOpen(Com1,115200,0,0,150)

SerialOpen(com3,9600,0,0,20)

SerialOpen(com4,9600,0,0,20)

Scan (1,Sec,0,0)

PanelTemp (PTemp,250)

Battery (battv)

’PIR

VoltDiff (pirv,1,mV2_5,3,False,0,250,1.0,0)

pir=pirv / kpir / 1000

BrHalf (bc,1,mV2500,7,Vx1,1,2500,True ,0,250,1.0,0)

’steinhart-hart for case

rc=10000*(bc/(1-bc))

lnr=LN(rc)

d=a+b*lnr+c*lnr*lnr*lnr

tc=1/d

BrHalf (bd,1,mV2500,8,Vx1,1,2500,True ,0,250,1.0,0)

’steinhart-hart for dome

rd=10000*(bd/(1-bd))

lnr=LN(rd)

d=a+b*lnr+c*lnr*lnr*lnr

td=1/d

’Compute LW

C1=pir+sigma*tc*tc*tc*tc

C2=td*td*td*td - tc*tc*tc*tc

lw=C1-4*sigma*C2

’temps in degC

tc=tc-tabs

td=td-tabs

’SPN SERIAL

SerialOutBlock(com3,"R",1)

Delay(0,10,msec)

SerialOutBlock(com3,"S",1)

Delay(0,10,msec)

SerialInRecord(com3,spnstr,0,15,13,Nstr1,01)

SplitStr(splitstrings(),spnstr,",",3,0)

tot1ser=splitstrings(1)

dif1ser=splitstrings(2)

’SPNu SERIAL

SerialOutBlock(com4,"R",1)

Delay(0,10,msec)

SerialOutBlock(com4,"S",1)

Delay(0,10,msec)

SerialInRecord(com4,spnstr2,0,15,13,Nstr2,01)

SplitStr(splitstrings2(),spnstr2,",",3,0)

tot2ser=splitstrings2(1)

dif2ser=splitstrings2(2)


’VecNav

SerialInRecord (Com1,vnstr,&h24,0,&h0D0A,Nstr,01)

SplitStr(vnfield(),vnstr,",",16,5)

’SPN1

VoltSe (tot1,1,mV2500,1,1,0,250,1.0,0)

VoltSe (dif1,1,mV2500,2,1,0,250,1.0,0)

’SPN2 unshaded

VoltSe (tot2,1,mV2500,3,1,0,250,1.0,0)

VoltSe (dif2,1,mV2500,4,1,0,250,1.0,0)

’T/RH HMP155

VoltSe (rh,1,mV2500,9,1,0,250,.1,0)

VoltSe (tair,1,mV2500,10,1,0,250,.1,-40)

’ASPIRATOR TACH

PeriodAvg (tach,1,mV5000,11,1500,1,2,100,1.0,0)

CallTable rad

CallTable spnser

CallTable spnser2

CallTable vn300

NextScan

EndProg

(toc)


C Mounting Plate

47.24

1.00TYP X3

1.75 TYP X2

.38 TYPX 15

R.50 TYP

1.280TYP

.150THRU X 8

.219 THRU X6on 4.25 BCD

6.00

1.75 TYP .189 THRU X2

R.50 3.00 TYP

X2

.15 THRU X3on 4,75 BCD

2.05

4.45

.125

13.34

Part Name: Shiprad_plate_layout_v3 unfolded

Notes:Material is: 6061 AL1.Qty Needed: 1 /Assembly2.Surface finish:3.

DRAWING VIEW REVISIONS :

ENGINEER: XXX DATE: XX/05 ZONE: XXA.DESCRIPTION:

D

C

B

A

B

C

D

678

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

A

1

Meyer Manufacturing

OF

CHECKED

UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED

.X 0.05.XX 0.02

.XXX 0.005

1

PROJECT

CAD FILEShiprad_plate_layout_v3

Ship radiometer Plate

9/5/2016

DRAWN

RAM

TOLERANCES ARE:DATE

THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION

NO MODIFICATION OF SPECIFIEDDIMENSIONS OR MATERIALS IS ALLOWED UNLESS APPROVED BY NOAA ENGINEERS.

BREAK SHARP EDGES 0.005 MINMACHINED FILLETS 0.015 MAX

SURFACE FINISH 125

DO NOT SCALE DRAWING

ANGLES 1FRACTIONS 1/16DECIMALS PLOT DATE

XXX XXXDATE9/5/16

SHEET

SHEET NAMESheet1

DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES

Figure 6: ShipRad plate.

(toc)


D Railing Frame

Figure 7: ShipRad frame.

Indexcat5, 2contact information, 6cr1000, 1

daq, 2, 6datalogger, 1

gps, 1, 2

imu, 2ins, 1, 2

mentor, 6

notes, 3

pir, 1, 2

rj25, 2rj45, 2

shiprad, 1, 6spn, 1, 2spn-unshaded, 2system design, 6

technical contacts, 6

vender info, 6vn300, 1vn300,pir, 3

25

handbook —rmrco.com/proj/shiprad/handbook_shiprad_v1.pdf · november 26, 2016 shiprad handbook v1...

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