handbook of forensic services - second-view.com

HANDBOOK OF FORENSIC SERVICES, 1999 1

U.S. Department of JusticeFederal Bureau of Investigation

IntroductionThe purpose of the Handbook of Forensic Services is to provide guidance andprocedures for safe and efficient methods of collecting and preserving evidenceand to describe the forensic examinations performed by the FBI Laboratory.

FBI Laboratory Services

The successful investigation and prosecution of crimes requires, in most cases,the collection, preservation, and forensic analysis of evidence. Forensic analysisof evidence is often crucial to demonstrations of guilt or innocence.

The FBI Laboratory is one of the largest and most comprehensive forensiclaboratories in the world. Services of the Laboratory are available to

! FBI Field Offices and Legal Attachés;

! U.S. Attorneys, military tribunals, and other federal agencies for civil andcriminal matters; and

! All state, county, and municipal law enforcement agencies in the UnitedStates and territorial possessions for criminal matters.

All Laboratory services, including expert witness testimonies, are rendered freeof cost, but the following limitations apply:

! No examination will be conducted on evidence that has been previouslysubjected to the same type of examination. Exceptions may be grantedwhen there are reasons for a reexamination. These reasons should beexplained in separate letters from the director of the laboratory that

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conducted the original examination, the prosecuting attorney, and theinvestigating agency.

! No request for an examination will be accepted from laboratories havingthe capability of conducting the examination. Exceptions may be madeupon approval of the FBI Laboratory's Assistant Director or his designee.

! No testimony will be furnished if testimony on the same subject and in thesame case is provided for the prosecution by another expert.

! No request for an examination will be accepted from a nonfederal lawenforcement agency in civil matters.

Violent Crime Versus Property Crime

The FBI Laboratory accepts evidence related to all crimes under investigation byFBI Field Offices. The FBI Laboratory accepts only evidence related to violentcrime investigations from state and local law enforcement agencies. TheLaboratory does not routinely accept evidence in cases involving property crimesfrom state and local law enforcement agencies unless there was personal injuryor intent to cause personal injury. These guidelines help to ensure that the FBILaboratory continues to provide timely forensic assistance to law enforcementagencies investigating crimes of violence or threatened violence. Additionalrestrictions may be imposed on case acceptance to achieve this goal.

At the discretion of the FBI Laboratory's Assistant Director or his designee, theLaboratory may accept evidence from property crime cases. Such exceptions willbe considered on a case-by-case basis and should not be regarded as setting aprecedent for future case acceptance. All accepted cases will be afforded the fullrange of forensic services provided by the FBI Laboratory.

The following are examples of property crimes that are not routinely accepted forexaminations:

! Arson of unoccupied residential and commercial buildings and property;

! Explosive incidents and hoaxes targeting unoccupied residential andcommercial buildings and property;

! Vandalism and malicious mischief directed toward residential orcommercial buildings and property;

Introduction


! Nonfatal traffic accidents involving speedometer and headlightexaminations except in cases involving law enforcement and governmentofficials;

! Hit-and-run automobile accidents not involving personal injury;

! Auto theft except auto theft rings or carjackings;

! Breaking and entering;

! Burglary;

! Minor theft (under $100,000); and

! Minor fraud (under $100,000).

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Introduction



Evidence Submission

Requesting Evidence Examinations

For guidelines for how to package and ship evidence, see Packaging andShipping Evidence .

All requests for evidence examinations should be in writing, addressed to the FBILaboratory Evidence Control Center, and contain the following information:

! The submitting contact person's name, agency, address, and telephonenumber;

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! Previous case identification numbers, evidence submissions, andcommunications relating to the case;

! Description of the nature and the basic facts concerning the case as theypertain to the Laboratory examinations;

! The name or names of and descriptive data about the individual orindividuals involved (subject, suspect, victim, or a combination of thosecategories) and the agency-assigned case identification number; and

! A list of the evidence being submitted herewith (enclosed) or underseparate cover.

" Herewith is limited to small items of evidence that are notendangered by transmitting in an envelope. Write on the envelopebefore placing evidence inside to avoid damaging or altering theevidence. The written communication should state: Submittedherewith are the following items of evidence.

" Separate cover is used to ship numerous or bulky items of evidenceor both. Include a copy of the communication requesting theexaminations. The written communication should state: Submittedunder separate cover by (list the method of shipment) are thefollowing items of evidence .

! State what types of examinations are requested.

! State where the evidence should be returned and where the Laboratoryreport should be sent.

! Attach a statement as to whether the evidence was examined by anotherexpert in the same field, whether there is local controversy, or whetherother law enforcement agencies have an interest in the case.

Evidence Submission


! State the need and reason or reasons for an expeditious examination. Donot request an expeditious examination routinely.

! Submit a separate communication for multiple cases.

Packaging and Shipping Evidence

1. Prior to packaging and shipping evidence, call the pertinent unit of theLaboratory for specific instructions.

2. Take precautions to preserve the evidence.

3. When requesting latent print examinations, place nonporous evidence inindividual protective coverings such as thick transparent envelopes or suspend ina container so that there is minimal surface contact. Place porous evidence inindividual protective coverings such as paper envelopes. Stabilize the evidence toavoid movement or friction during shipment.

4. Wrap and seal each item ofevidence separately to avoidcontamination.

5. Place the evidence in a clean, dry,and previously unused inner container.

6. Seal the inner container with tamper-evident or filament tape.

7. Affix EVIDENCE and appropriate BIOHAZARD orHAZARDOUS MATERIALS labels to the inner container. To viewother hazardous materials labels, click here.

Evidence Submission


Evidence Submission

8. If any of the evidence needs to beexamined for latent prints, labelLATENT on the inner container.

9. Affix the evidence examinationrequest and all case informationbetween the inner and outercontainers.

10. Place the sealed inner container ina clean, dry, and previously unusedouter container with clean packingmaterials. Do not use looseStyrofoamJ.

11. Completely seal the outer container so that opening of the container wouldbe evident.

12. Label the outer container with appropriate BIOHAZARD or HAZARDOUSMATERIALS labels.


Evidence Submission

13. Address the outer container as follows:

FBI LABORATORYATTENTION: EVIDENCE CONTROL CENTER935 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE NWWASHINGTON DC 20535-0001

14. Ship evidence via U.S. PostalService Registered Mail, United ParcelService, or Federal Express. Recordthe method of shipment and thetracking number or numbers on thechain-of-custody form.

15. Rendered-safe explosive devicesmust be shipped via United ParcelService.

16. Live ammunition must be shipped via Federal Express. The followingguidelines must be followed to comply with U.S. Department of Transportationregulations:

! Live ammunition must be packaged and shipped separately from firearms.

! Pack ammunition in a cardboard container.

! Label invoices FEDERAL EXPRESS .

! The shipper's certification for restricted articles must be included.

! The outside of the container must be labeled ORM-D AIR, CARTRIDGESSMALL ARMS .

! The shipping papers must also include the weight in grams.


17. The Interstate Shipment of Etiologic Agents (42 CFR Part 72) providespackaging and labeling requirements for etiologic agents (viable microorganismsor toxins that cause or may cause human disease) shipped in interstate traffic.For additional information, contact the Centers for Disease Control andPrevention in Atlanta, Georgia, at (404) 633-5313 or visit their Web site at

www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/biosfty/shipregs.htm

Package and label etiologic agents in volumesof less than 50 mL in glass tubes sealed withwaterproof tape as shown in the drawings tothe right and below.

Evidence Submission

http://www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/biosfty/shipregs.htm


Affix this regulation label to allshipments of etiologic agents.

Place each tube containing a cultureinside a capped container packedwith absorbent materials. Packagethis primary container within asecondary capped container that islabeled with the specimen record(CDC 3.203). Surround thesecondary container with dry iceand seal it within a capped shippingcontainer marked with thedestination address and theappropriate infectious substance oretiological agent label.

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Evidence Submission



Hazardous Materials Labels


(Source: U.S. Department of Transportation at www.dot.gov)

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Back to Evidence Submissions section


http://www.dot.gov/



HANDBOOK of FORENSIC SERHANDBOOK of FORENSIC SERHANDBOOK of FORENSIC SERHANDBOOK of FORENSIC SERHANDBOOK of FORENSIC SERVICESVICESVICESVICESVICESEvidence Examinations

Use the following links for examinations guidelines:

AbrasivesAdhesivesAnthropologyArsonAudioBank Security DyesBuilding MaterialsComputersControlled SubstancesCordsDNAElectronic DevicesElemental AnalysisExplosivesExplosives ResidueFBI Disaster SquadFirearmsFibersGlassHairsInks

Latent PrintsMetallurgyOdontologyPaintsPharmaceuticalsPhotographic ImagesPolygraphsPolymersQuestioned DocumentsRacketeering RecordsRopesSafe InsulationSerial NumbersShoeprintsSoilTire TreadsToolmarksToxicologyVideoWood

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Abrasives ExaminationsExaminations can determine what type of abrasive material was used tosabotage engines or machinery.

Submitting Abrasives Evidence

Questions concerning abrasives evidence should be directed to 202-324-4344.Follow the Evidence Submission directions including Requesting EvidenceExaminations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

! Employ personnel familiar with engine and machinery operations andmechanics to recover abrasives.

! Abrasives settle in oil and fuel. Submit the oil and fuel from the enginesump and/or filters.

! Abrasives embed in bearings and other parts. Submit the bearings andother parts.

! Submit abrasives in heat-sealed or resealable plastic bags or paint cans.Avoid using paper or glass containers.



Recovered human remains comparedwith a plaster cast.

Anthropology and OdontologyExaminationsAnthropological examinations can determine whether skeletal remains arehuman or animal. Race, sex, approximate height and stature, and approximateage at death can be determined from human skeletal remains.

Personal identifications can be made by comparing teeth with dental records andX-rays.

Submitting Anthropology andOdontology Evidence

Questions concerning anthropology andodontology evidence should be directed to202-324-4344. Follow the EvidenceSubmission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations andPackaging and Shipping Evidence .

! Clean and air dry bones and teeth.Pack in paper bags.

! Collect insect samples found on theremains. Submit insects in leakproofcontainers such as film canisters orplastic pill bottles.

! Submit medical and dental records, ifpossible.



Arson ExaminationsArson examinations can determine the presence of accelerants introduced to afire scene. Examinations of debris recovered from scenes can identify gasoline,fuel oils, and speciality solvents. Examinations generally cannot identify specificbrands.

Search for the following at questioned arson scenes: candles, cigarettes,matchbooks, Molotov cocktails, fused chemical masses, or any electronic ormechanical devices that may have been used to assist the arsonist. Also searchfor cloth or paper burn trails, burn trails on carpeted or hardwood floors, and theremoval of personal property or commercial inventory.

Submitting Arson Evidence

Questions concerning arson evidence should be directed to 202-324-4318.Follow the Evidence Submission directions including Requesting EvidenceExaminations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

! Flammable liquids are volatile and easily lost through evaporation.Preserve evidence in airtight containers such as metal cans, glass jars, orheat-sealed or resealable plastic bags. Do not fill the containers to the top.Pack to prevent breakage.



Audio analog tape recordings.

Audio Examinations

Authenticity

Authenticity examinations are conducted to determine whether audio recordingsare original, continuous, unaltered, and consistent with the stated operation ofthe tape recorder.

Enhancement

Enhancement examinations are conducted to selectively reduce interfering noiseon audio recordings to improve the intelligibility and the understanding of therecordings.

Voice Comparisons


Audio formats.

Audio Examinations

Signal Analysis

Signal analysis examinations are conducted to identify, compare, and interpretsignals such as gunshots and telephone touch tones.

Damaged Media Repair

Audio recordings can be repaired, restored, or retrieved for playback andexamination, if damage is not too extensive.

Submitting Audio Evidence

Questions concerning evidenceshould be directed to 703-632-6191or 703-632-6222. Follow theEvidence Submission directionsincluding Requesting EvidenceExaminations and Packaging andShipping Evidence .

! Submit original audiorecordings.

! Identify known and questionedvoice samples.

! Label the outer container FRAGILE, SENSITIVE ELECTRONICEQUIPMENT or FRAGILE, SENSITIVE AUDIO/VIDEO MEDIA and KEEPAWAY FROM MAGNETS OR MAGNETIC FIELDS .

! Address the outer container as follows:

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATIONENGINEERING RESEARCH FACILITYATTENTION: FORENSIC PROGRAMBUILDING 27958AQUANTICO VA 22135

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Bank Security Dyes ExaminationsSpecific dyes and chemicals used in bank security devices can be identified.Items such as clothing and money can be analyzed for the presence of thesedyes and chemicals.

Submitting Bank Security Dyes Evidence

Questions concerning bank security dyes evidence should be directed to202-324-4318. Follow the Evidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

! Do not submit evidence without visible stains.

! Do not submit large stained evidence. Cut a small sample of the stainedarea and submit in a heat-sealed or resealable plastic bag. Collect anunstained control sample, package separately, and submit it with the dye-stained evidence.

! Transfer questioned stains by rubbing with a clean (dry or wet withalcohol) cotton swab. Use an unstained swab as a control. Air dry theswab and pack in a heat-sealed or resealable plastic bag.



Building Materials ExaminationsExaminations can compare building materials such as brick, mortar, plaster,stucco, cement, and concrete.

Submitting Building Materials Evidence

Questions concerning building materials evidence should be directed to202-324-4344. Follow the Evidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

! When building materials are penetrated or damaged, debris can adhere topersons, clothing, tools, bags, and loot and can transfer to vehicles. Ifpossible, submit the evidence to the Laboratory for examiners to removethe debris. Package each item of evidence in separate paper bags. Do notprocess tools for latent prints.

! Collect known samples from the penetrated or damaged areas.

! Submit known and questioned debris in separate leakproof containerssuch as film canisters or plastic pill bottles. Avoid using paper or glasscontainers. Pack to keep lumps intact.



Computer ExaminationsContent

Examinations can determine what type of data files are in a computer.

Comparison

Examinations can compare data files to known documents and data files.

Transaction

Examinations can determine the time and sequence that data files were created.

Extraction

Data files can be extracted from the computer.

Deleted Data Files

Deleted data files can be recovered from the computer.

Format Conversion

Data files can be converted from one format to another.

Keyword Searching

Data files can be searched for a word or phrase and all occurrences recorded.


Passwords

Passwords can be recovered and decrypted.

Limited Source Code

Source code can be analyzed and compared.

Storage Media

Storage media used with stand-alone word processors (typewriters) can beexamined.

Requesting a Search or Field Examination

Submit requests for a search or field examination at least one week in advance.

Obtain as much of the following information as possible prior to submitting arequest.

! Determine the type of computers and operating systems.

! If applicable, determine the type of network software, the location of thenetwork servers, and the number of computers on the network.

! Determine whether encryption and/or password protection is used.

! Specify whether a seizure of computers and media or an on-siteexamination is required.

Submitting Computer Evidence

Questions concerning computer evidence should be directed to 202-324-9307.Follow the Evidence Submission directions including Requesting EvidenceExaminations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

! For most examinations, submit only the central processing units and theinternal and external storage media.

Computer Examinations


! Use a sturdy cardboard container when shipping computer components. Ifpossible, use the original packing case with the fitted padding. Use large,plastic bubble wrap or foam rubber pads as packing. Do not use looseStyrofoamJ because it lodges inside computers and/or components andcreates static charges that can cause data loss or damage to circuitboards. Seal the container with a strong packing tape.

! Pack and ship central processing units in the upright position. Label theoutside container THIS END UP.

! Disks, cartridges, tapes, and hard drives should be packed to avoidmovement during shipping.

! Label the outer container FRAGILE, SENSITIVE ELECTRONICEQUIPMENT and KEEP AWAY FROM MAGNETS OR MAGNETICFIELDS.

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Computer Examinations



Black tar heroin.

Controlled SubstancesExaminationsControlled substances examinations can establish trace drug presence, identity,and quantity.

Submitting Controlled Substances Evidence

Questions concerning controlled substances evidence should be directed to202-324-4318. Follow the Evidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

! Submit evidence in separate heat-sealed or resealable plastic bags.

! Fold clothing to preserve trace evidence.

! Do not submit used drug field test kits with evidence.



DNA ExaminationsDeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is analyzed in body fluids, stains, and otherbiological tissues recovered from evidence. The results of DNA analysis ofquestioned biological samples are compared with the results of DNA analysis ofknown samples. This analysis can associate victim(s) and/or suspect(s) witheach other or with a crime scene.

Use the following links for guidelines for collecting and submitting DNAevidence:

Blood Examinations

Collecting Known SamplesBloodSaliva

Documenting, Collecting, Packaging, and Preserving DNA Evidence

Submitting DNA EvidenceBlood on a PersonBlood on Surfaces or in Snow or WaterBloodstainsBlood Examination Request LetterSemen and Semen StainsSeminal Evidence From Sexual Assault Victim(s)Saliva and UrineHairTissues, Bones, and Teeth


Blood Examinations

Examinations can determine the presence or absence of blood in stains.Examinations can also determine whether blood is human or nonhuman and candetermine the animal species. Blood examinations cannot determine the age orthe race of a person. Conventional serological techniques are not adequatelyinformative to positively identify a person as the source of a stain.

Collecting Known Samples

Blood

! Only qualified medical personnel should collect blood samples from aperson.

! Collect at least two 5-mL tubes of blood in purple-top tubes with EDTA asan anticoagulant for DNA analysis. Collect drug or alcohol testing samplesin gray-top tubes with NaF (sodium fluoride).

! Identify each tube with the date, time, subject’s name, location, collector’sname, case number, and evidence number.

! Refrigerate, do not freeze blood samples. Use cold packs, not dry iceduring shipping.

! Pack liquid blood tubes individually in StyrofoamJ or cylindrical tubecontainers with absorbent material surrounding the tubes.

! Label the outer container KEEP IN A COOL DRY PLACE,REFRIGERATE UPON ARRIVAL , and BIOHAZARD . To view hazardousmaterials labels, click here.

! Submit to the Laboratory as soon as possible.

Saliva

! Use clean cotton swabs to collect saliva samples. Rub the inside surfacesof the cheeks and gums thoroughly. Air dry the swabs and place in cleanpaper or an envelope with sealed corners. Do not use plastic containers.

DNA Examinations


! Identify each sample with the date, time, subject’s name, location,collector’s name, case number, and evidence number.

! Saliva samples do not need to be refrigerated.

! Submit to the Laboratory as soon as possible.

Documenting, Collecting, Packaging, andPreserving DNA Evidence

If DNA evidence is not properly documented, collected, packaged, andpreserved, it will not meet the legal and scientific requirements for admissibility ina court of law.

! If DNA evidence is not properly documented, its origin can be questioned.

! If it is not properly collected, biological activity can be lost.

! If it is not properly packaged, contamination can occur.

! If it is not properly preserved, decomposition and deterioration can occur.

When DNA evidence is transferred by direct or secondary (indirect) means, itremains on surfaces by absorption or adherence. In general, liquid biologicalevidence is absorbed into surfaces, and solid biological evidence adheres tosurfaces. Collecting, packaging, and preserving DNA evidence depends on theliquid or solid state and the condition of the evidence.

The more that evidence retains its original integrity until it reaches theLaboratory, the greater the possibility of conducting useful examinations. It maybe necessary to use a variety of techniques to collect suspected body fluidevidence.

Submitting DNA Evidence

Questions concerning DNA evidence should be directed to 202-324-5436 or202-324-4354. Follow the Evidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

DNA Examinations


Blood on a Person

! Absorb suspected liquid blood onto a clean cotton cloth or swab. Leave aportion of the cloth or swab unstained as a control. Air dry the cloth orswab and pack in clean paper or an envelope with sealed corners. Do notuse plastic containers.

! Absorb suspected dried blood onto a clean cotton cloth or swabmoistened with distilled water. Leave a portion of the cloth or swabunstained as a control. Air dry the cloth or swab and pack in clean paperor an envelope with sealed corners. Do not use plastic containers.

Blood on Surfaces or in Snow or Water

! Absorb suspected liquid blood or blood clots onto a clean cotton clothor swab. Leave a portion of the cloth or swab unstained as a control. Airdry the cloth or swab and pack in clean paper or an envelope with sealedcorners. Do not use plastic containers.

! Collect suspected blood in snow or water immediately to avoid furtherdilution. Eliminate as much snow as possible. Place in a clean airtightcontainer. Freeze the evidence and submit as soon as possible to theLaboratory.

Bloodstains

! Air dry suspected wet bloodstained garments . Wrap suspected driedbloodstained garments in clean paper. Do not place wet or driedgarments in plastic or airtight containers. Place all debris or residue fromthe garments in clean paper or an envelope with sealed corners.

! Air dry small suspected wet bloodstained objects and submit the objectsto the Laboratory. Preserve bloodstain patterns. Avoid creating additionalstain patterns during drying and packaging. Pack to prevent stain removalby abrasive action or packaging materials during shipping. Pack in cleanpaper. Do not use plastic containers.

! When possible, cut a large sample of suspected bloodstains fromimmovable objects with a clean sharp instrument. Collect an unstainedcontrol sample. Pack to prevent stain removal by abrasive action orpackaging materials during shipping. Pack in clean paper. Do not useplastic containers.

DNA Examinations


! Absorb suspected dried bloodstains on immovable objects onto aclean cotton cloth or swab moistened with distilled water. Leave a portionof the cloth or swab unstained as a control. Air dry the cloth or swab andpack in clean paper or an envelope with sealed corners. Do not use plasticcontainers.

Blood Examination Request Letter

A blood examination request letter should contain the following information:

! A brief statement of facts relating to the case.

! Claims made by the suspect(s) regarding the source of the blood.

! Whether animal blood is present.

! Whether the stains were laundered or diluted with other body fluids.

! Information regarding the victim(s)’ and suspect(s)’ health, such as AIDS,hepatitis, or tuberculosis.

Semen and Semen Stains

! Absorb suspected liquid semen onto a clean cotton cloth or swab. Leavea portion of the cloth or swab unstained as a control. Air dry the cloth orswab and pack in clean paper or an envelope with sealed corners. Do notuse plastic containers.

! Submit small suspected dry semen-stained objects to the Laboratory.Pack to prevent stain removal by abrasive action or packaging materialsduring shipping. Pack in clean paper. Do not use plastic containers.

! When possible, cut a large sample of suspected semen stains fromimmovable objects with a clean sharp instrument. Collect an unstainedcontrol sample. Pack to prevent stain removal by abrasive action orpackaging materials during shipping. Pack in clean paper. Do not useplastic containers.

! Absorb suspected dried semen stains on immovable objects onto aclean cotton cloth or swab moistened with distilled water. Leave a portionof the cloth or swab unstained as a control. Air dry the swab or cloth and

DNA Examinations


place in clean paper or an envelope with sealed corners. Do not useplastic containers.

Seminal Evidence From Sexual Assault Victim(s)

! Sexual assault victim(s) should be medically examined in a hospital or aphysician’s office using a standard sexual assault evidence kit to collectvaginal, oral, and anal evidence.

! Refrigerate and submit the evidence as soon as possible to theLaboratory.

Saliva and Urine

! Absorb suspected liquid saliva or urine onto a clean cotton cloth orswab. Leave a portion of the cloth unstained as a control. Air dry the clothor swab and pack in clean paper or an envelope with sealed corners. Donot use plastic containers.

! Submit suspected small, dry saliva- or urine-stained objects to theLaboratory. Pack to prevent stain removal by abrasive action or packagingmaterials during shipping. Pack in clean paper or an envelope with sealedcorners. Do not use plastic containers.

! When possible, cut a large sample of suspected saliva or urine stainsfrom immovable objects with a clean sharp instrument. Collect anunstained control sample. Pack to prevent stain removal by abrasive actionor packaging materials during shipping. Pack in clean paper. Do not useplastic containers.

! Pick up cigarette butts with gloved hands or clean forceps. Do not submitashes. Air dry and place the cigarette butts from the same location(ashtray) in clean paper or an envelope with sealed corners. Do not submitthe ashtray unless latent print examination is requested. Package theashtray separately. Do not use plastic containers.

! Pick up chewing gum with gloved hands or clean forceps. Air dry andplace in clean paper or an envelope with sealed corners. Do not useplastic containers.

! Pick up envelopes and stamps with gloved hands or clean forceps andplace in a clean envelope. Do not use plastic containers.

DNA Examinations


Hair

! Pick up hair carefully with clean forceps to prevent damaging the roottissue.

! Air dry hair mixed with suspected body fluids.

! Package each group of hair separately in clean paper or an envelope withsealed corners. Do not use plastic containers.

! Refrigerate and submit as soon as possible to the Laboratory.

Tissues, Bones, and Teeth

! Call the Laboratory at 202-324-5436 or 202-324-4354 prior to submittingsuspected tissues, bones, or teeth to ensure that the evidence will beaccepted by the Laboratory. The communication accompanying theevidence must reference the telephone conversation accepting theevidence.

! Pick up suspected tissues, bones, and teeth with gloved hands or cleanforceps.

! Collect 1-2 cubic inches of red skeletal muscle.

! Collect 3-5 inches of long bone such as the fibula or femur.

! Collect teeth in the following order:

1. nonrestored molar

2. nonrestored premolar

3. nonrestored canine

4. nonrestored front tooth

5. restored molar

6. restored premolar

DNA Examinations


7. restored canine

8. restored front tooth

! Place tissue samples in a clean, airtight plastic container without formalinor formaldehyde. Place teeth and bone samples in clean paper or anenvelope with sealed corners.

! Freeze the evidence, place in StyrofoamJ containers, and ship overnighton dry ice.

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DNA Examinations



Personal digital assistants.

Electronic Devices ExaminationsPersonal Digital Assistants

Examinations of personal digital assistants (PDA) provide printouts of user-entered information. In some cases, it is necessary to disassemble the PDAsduring examination.

Interception ofCommunication Devices

Interception of communication (IOC) devices areused to unlawfully intercept oral or wirecommunications. IOC devices consist of radiofrequency transmitters and receivers. IOCexaminations are conducted to identify operatingcharacteristics. In some cases, it is necessary todisassemble the IOC devices duringexamination.

Other Electronic Devices

Examinations are conducted on devicescontaining electronic circuitry such as cellulartelephones, pagers, bomb detonators, and stunguns. The examinations can identify operatingcharacteristics and modifications. In some cases,it is necessary to disassemble the devicesduring examination.


Submitting Personal Digital Assistants, Interception ofCommunication Devices, and Other Electronic Devices Evidence

Questions concerning evidence should be directed to 703-632-6191 or703-632-6200. Follow the Evidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

! Label the outer container FRAGILE, SENSITIVE ELECTRONICEQUIPMENT and KEEP AWAY FROM MAGNETS OR MAGNETICFIELDS.



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Electronic Devices Examinations



Elemental Analysis ExaminationsElemental analysis examinations can identify and compare the chemicalelemental composition of evidence, including firearm projectile lead, bullet jacketalloys, other metals, and unknown substances.

Firearm Projectile Lead

Elemental analysis of the lead component of a firearm projectile is valuable whenthe projectile is too mutilated or lacks sufficient microscopic marks foridentification with a firearm, when no firearm is recovered, or when the firearmcannot be associated with the suspect or suspects.

The concentrations of selected elements in the lead portion of bullets, shotpellets, and other firearm projectiles can chemically characterize the source ofthe lead. Some chemical elements present in leads are intentionally specifiedand/or added by the ammunition manufacturer. Other chemical elements found inleads are unspecified contaminants. Differences in the concentrations ofmanufacturer-controlled elements and uncontrolled trace elements provide ameans of differentiating among the leads of manufacturers, among the leads inindividual manufacturer’s production lines, and among specific batches of lead inthe same production line of a manufacturer.

Bullet Jacket (Copper/Zinc) Alloys

Elemental analysis of the jacket component of firearm projectiles is valuablewhen the projectile has fragmented so that jacket fragments cannot physically beassociated with specific bullets. This analysis is helpful in situations when thereare multiple shooters and multiple types of jacketed ammunition are fired. Theconcentrations of copper and zinc comprising the bullet jacket serve tocharacterize the alloy class of the metal. Although there are a limited number ofcopper/zinc alloys used in the manufacture of bullet jackets, alloy classificationcan provide a means of differentiating among bullet jacket alloys of differentmanufacturers and among the bullet jacket alloys in an individual manufacturer’sproduction lines.


Other Metals

Elemental analysis and comparison of metals such as copper wire, steel, andaluminum can determine whether two metals or metallic objects came from thesame source or from each other. The concentrations of selected elements inobjects made of these metals can chemically characterize the source of themetal. The concentrations of several elements are controlled by themanufacturers to impart specific end-use properties to products. Thesemanufacturer-controlled elements help to chemically characterize a metal objectby placing it in an alloy class. The concentrations of trace elements are generallynot controlled by the manufacturers. Differences in the concentrations ofmanufacturer-controlled elements and uncontrolled trace elements provide ameans of differentiating among metals made by different manufacturers, amongmetals from different product lines of a single manufacturer, and among specificproduction runs of the metal from a single manufacturer.

Gunshot Residue

When a firearm is discharged, vaporous and particulate materials called gunshotresidue (GSR) are expelled. Collecting GSR from a suspect shooter’s hands andanalyzing it for the presence of barium, antimony, and lead, which are majorelemental components of most cartridge primer mixtures, provides data toassociate a suspect with the recent discharge of a firearm or the handling of acontaminated firearm or ammunition component.

The FBI Laboratory does not currently provide GSR examinations; however, arevised program is being field-tested. Contributors will be advised when GSRexaminations are available.

Submitting Elemental Analysis Evidence

Questions concerning elemental analysis evidence should be directed to202-324-4341. Follow the Evidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

! Ammunition components such as bullets, cartridge cases, and shotshellcasings can be sent via registered mail through the U. S. Postal Service.Evidence should be packaged separately and identified by date, time,location, collector’s name, case number, and evidence number.

Elemental Analysis Examinations


! Live ammunition must be shipped via Federal Express. The followingguidelines must be followed to comply with U.S. Department ofTransportation regulations. Pack ammunition in a cardboard container.Label invoices FEDERAL EXPRESS . The shipper’s certification forrestricted articles must be included. The outside of the container must belabeled ORM-D AIR, CARTRIDGES SMALL ARMS . The shipping papersmust also include the weight in grams.

! Do not mark bullets, cartridges and cartridge cases, and shotshells andshotshell casings. The date, time, location, collector’s name, case number,and evidence number should be on the container.

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Elemental Analysis Examinations



Explosives ExaminationsRemains of improvised explosive devices, improvised incendiary devices, andhoax bombs are examined to identify the main charge and components such asswitches, batteries, detonators, tapes, wires, and timing mechanisms. Fabricationtechniques, unconsumed explosives, and the construction of bombs are alsoidentified. Examinations can determine whether the device functioned asdesigned.

Submitting Explosives Evidence

Explosives are hazardous materials and should only be handled by qualifiedpolice or bomb disposal personnel. Special packaging is required, and theamount to be shipped is regulated. An FD-861 form is required for shipping bombcomponents. Call the Laboratory each time an explosive device or a relatedexplosive item needs to be shipped. Questions concerning explosivesevidence should be directed to 202-324-4341.



Explosives Residue ExaminationsInstrumental analyses of explosives residue can determine whether substancesare high explosive, low explosive, or explosive or incendiary mixtures; whetherthe composition of the substances is consistent with known explosive’s products;and the type of explosives. Explosives residue can be deposited on metal,plastic, wood, paper, or glass. Residue may be deposited after handling, storing,or initiating an explosive.

Submitting Explosives Residue Evidence

Questions concerning explosives residue evidence should be directed to202-324-4318. Follow the Evidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

! Some explosives residue is water soluble and must be protected frommoisture. Other residue evaporates quickly and must be collected as soonas possible in airtight containers such as metal cans, glass jars, or heat-sealed or resealable plastic bags. Do not fill the containers to the top. Packto prevent breakage.

! Collect and preserve control samples from the blast site.

! Extreme care should taken to avoid contamination of explosives residueevidence.



FBI Disaster Squad! Prints the deceased at disaster scenes.

! Assists in identifying the deceased.

! Requires consent from the ranking law enforcement official at the scene orfrom a representative of the National Transportation Safety Board orFederal Aviation Administration, a coroner or medical examiner, or otherranking official such as a mayor or governor. Requests from other sourcessubmitted through official channels and from the U.S. Department of Stateare also considered.

! Requests for assistance should be made through the nearest FBI FieldOffice.

See Latent Print Examinations

http://www.fbi.gov/contact/fo/fo.htm

http://www.fbi.gov/contact/fo/fo.htm



Firearms ExaminationsUse the following links for guidelines for specific firearmsexaminations:

FirearmsBulletsCartridge Cases or Shotshell CasingsShot Pellets, Buckshot, or SlugsWaddingUnfired Cartridges or ShotshellsGunshot ResidueShot PatternSilencersGun PartsSubmitting Firearms Evidence

Firearms

Firearms examinations can determine the general condition of a firearm andwhether the firearm is mechanically functional. Trigger-pull examinations candetermine the amount of pressure necessary to release the hammer or firing pinof a firearm. Examinations can determine whether a firearm was altered to fire inthe full-automatic mode. Obliterated and/or altered firearm serial numbers cansometimes be restored. Firearms can be test fired to obtain known specimens forcomparison to evidence ammunition components such as bullets, cartridgecases, and shotshell casings.

Bullets

Fired bullets can be examined to determine the general rifling characteristicssuch as caliber and physical features of the rifling impressions and themanufacturer of the bullets. The microscopic characteristics on evidence bulletscan be compared to test-fired bullets from a suspect firearm to determinewhether the evidence bullet was fired from that firearm.


Rifling characteristics on fired bullets.

Cartridge Cases or Shotshell Casings

Cartridge cases or shotshell casingsexaminations can determine thecaliber or gauge, the manufacturer,and whether there are marks of valuefor comparison. The images ofquestioned cartridge cases andshotshell casings can be scannedinto DRUGFIRE to compare withevidence from other shootingincidents. The microscopiccharacteristics of evidence cartridgecases and shotshell casings can beexamined to determine whether theywere fired in a specific firearm.

Shot Pellets, Buckshot, or Slugs

Examinations of shot pellets, buckshot, or slugs can determine the size of theshot, the gauge of the slug, and the manufacturer.

Wadding

Examinations of wadding components can determine the gauge and themanufacturer.

Unfired Cartridges or Shotshells

Examinations of unfired cartridges or shotshells can determine the caliber orgauge and whether there are marks of value for comparison. Examinations canalso determine whether the ammunition was loaded into and extracted from aspecific firearm. Unfired and fired cartridges or shotshells can be associatedthrough manufacturing marks.

Firearms Examinations


Gunshot residue patterns.

Gunshot Residue

The deposition of gunshot residue onevidence such as clothing varies withthe distance from the muzzle of thefirearm to the target. Patterns ofgunshot residue can be duplicatedusing a questioned firearm andammunition combination fired intotest materials at known distances.These patterns serve as a basis forestimating muzzle-to-garmentdistances.

Shot Pattern

Shot pattern examinations candetermine the approximate distanceat which a shotgun was fired bytesting a specific firearm andammunition combination at knowndistances.

Silencers

Muzzle attachments can reduce the noise of a firearm by suppressing soundduring firing. Testing can determine whether a muzzle attachment can beclassified as a silencer based upon a measurable sound-reduction capability.

Gun Parts

Gun parts examinations can determine the caliber and model of gun from whichthe parts originated.

Submitting Firearms Evidence

Questions concerning firearms evidence should be directed to 202-324-4378.Follow the Evidence Submission directions including Requesting Evidence



Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

! Firearms must be packaged and shipped separately from live ammunition.All firearms must be unloaded.

! The firearm should be submitted. If the firearm cannot be submitted, call202-324-4378 for instructions.

! The firearm should be minimally handled to avoid loss or destruction ofevidence. Do not allow objects to enter or contact the firearm’s barrel,chamber, or other operating surface.

! Firearms and ammunition components such as bullets, cartridge cases, andshotshell casings can be sent via registered mail through the U.S. PostalService. Evidence must be packaged separately and identified by date,time, location, collector’s name, case number, and evidence number.

! Live ammunition must be shipped via Federal Express. The followingguidelines must be followed to comply with U.S. Department ofTransportation regulations. Pack ammunition in a cardboard container. Labelinvoices FEDERAL EXPRESS . The shipper’s certification for restrictedarticles must be included. The outside of the container must be labeledORM-D AIR, CARTRIDGES SMALL ARMS . The shipping papers must alsoinclude the weight in grams.

! Do not mark the firearm. Firearms should be identified with a tag containingthe caliber, make, model, and serial number. The date, time, owner(s)’name(s), location, collector’s name, case number, and evidence numbershould be on the container.

! Do not mark bullets, cartridges and cartridge cases, shotshells andshotshell casings, and other firearms-related evidence. The date, time,location, collector’s name, case number, and evidence number should be onthe container.

! Clothing submitted for gunshot residue examination should be carefullyhandled, air dried, and wrapped separately in paper. Clothing with bloodmust be air dried and labeled BIOHAZARD on the inner and outer



containers. The date, time, location, collector’s name, case number, andevidence number should be on the container. To view hazardous materialslabels, click here.

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Glass ExaminationsGlass comparison examinations can determine whether particles of glassoriginated from a broken source of glass. Glass fracture examinations candetermine the direction and type of the breaking force and the sequencing ofshots.

Submitting Glass Evidence

Questions concerning glass evidence should be directed to 202-324-4344.Follow the Evidence Submission directions including Requesting EvidenceExaminations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

Glass Comparison Examinations

! Submit samples of glass from each broken window or source in leakproofcontainers such as film canisters or plastic pill bottles. Avoid using paperor glass containers.

! Submit samples of laminated glass (such as a windshield) from each sideof the laminate. Label the samples INSIDE and OUTSIDE and packageseparately in leakproof containers such as film canisters or plastic pillbottles. Avoid using paper or glass containers.

! Submit the victim(s)' and suspect(s)' air-dried clothing. Each clothing itemshould be packaged separately in a paper bag.

! Search for particles in the victim(s)' and suspect(s)' hair, skin, and wounds.Submit particles in leakproof containers such as film canisters or plasticpill bottles. Avoid using paper or glass containers.

! Search for particles in vehicles by vacuuming each section of the vehicleseparately. Do not use tape for recovering glass particles. Submit vacuumsweepings in leakproof containers. Avoid using paper or glass containers.

! Do not process evidence for latent prints.


Glass fractures produced by a low-speed impact such as a rock (left; 1 = radial crack,2 = concentric crack) and by a high-speed projectile such as a bullet (right).

Glass Examinations

Glass Fracture Examinations

! Label the sides of the glass in the frame INSIDE and OUTSIDE. Label theglass where it was removed in the frame such as TOP, BOTTOM, LEFT,and RIGHT.

! Submit all glass pieces so that the pieces can be fitted together to identifythe radial cracks near and at the point(s) of impact and to increase theprobability of matching edges. Pack all glass separately and securely toavoid shifting and breaking during transport.

! Submit the entire piece of laminated glass, if possible. Secure the glassbetween plywood or sturdy cardboard. Do not place any objects into theimpact area.

! Do not process evidence for latent prints.

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Microscopic images ofwool fibers.

Polarizing microscopeimage of a nylon fiber.

Hairs indicating forced (left) and natural(right) removal.

Hairs and Fibers ExaminationsHair examinations can determine whether hairsare animal or human. Race, body area, methodof removal, damage, and alteration (that is,bleaching or dyeing) can be determined fromhuman hair analysis. Examinations can associatea hair to a person on the basis of microscopiccharacteristics in the hair but cannot provideabsolute personal identification. The animalspecies and family can be determined from hairanalysis.

Fiber examinations can identify the type of fiber such asanimal (wool), vegetable (cotton), mineral (glass), andsynthetic (manufactured). Questioned fibers can becompared to fibers from victim(s)’ and suspect(s)’clothing, carpeting, and other textiles. A questionedpiece of fabric can be physically matched to knownfabric. Fabric composition, construction, and color canbe compared, and impressions on fabric and from fabriccan be examined. Clothing manufacturers’ informationcan be determined by label searches.

Submitting Hairs and Fibers Evidence

Questions concerning hairs and fibers evidence should bedirected to 202-324-4344. Follow the EvidenceSubmission directions including Requesting EvidenceExaminations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

! Collect at least 25 known hairs from different partsof the head and/or pubic region. Comb and pull outthe hairs. Submit hairs in clean paper or anenvelope with sealed corners.


! When possible, submit the entire garment or textile. Submit fibers in cleanpaper or an envelope with sealed corners.

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Hairs and Fibers Examinations



Ink ExaminationsExaminations can compare the formulation of known and questioned inkincluding typewriter ribbon ink and stamp pad ink. When ink formulations are thesame, it is not possible to determine whether the ink originated from the samesource to the exclusion of others. Examinations cannot determine how long inkhas been on a document.

Submitting Ink Evidence

Questions concerning ink evidence should be directed to 202-324-4318. Followthe Evidence Submission directions including Requesting EvidenceExaminations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

! Pack ink evidence separately from any document or surface with inkmarks.



Preparing specimens for cyanoacrylateprocessing.

Fluorescence examination with a filter.

Latent Print ExaminationsDeveloping Latent Prints at Crime Scenes

The Laboratory is the best place to developlatent prints; however, it is sometimesnecessary to develop latent prints at crimescenes.

! Caution should be taken to preventdestroying latent prints.

! Examine all evidence for visible latentprints before using any latent printdevelopment processes.

! Photograph visible latent prints first.

! Examine evidence with a laser or analternate light source to find latent prints.

! When using latent print developmentprocesses, refer to the manufacturer’sinstructions and the safety data sheets.Use protective equipment.

! Caution should be taken when usingcyanoacrylate processes. Cyanoacrylateglue fumes should not be applied to wetsurfaces.

! Use print powders to develop prints. Useblack and gray powders because othercolors are difficult to photograph. Useblack powders on evidence with a lightbackground. Use gray powders on dark or reflective evidence. Do notapply powders to greasy, bloody, dusty, or putty-covered evidence. Allowwet evidence to dry before applying powders.


Photograph of a latent-bearing surface.

Accelerating a chemicallydeveloped print.

Photographing and Lifting LatentPrints

! Photograph latent prints separately.

! Photograph latent prints developed withfingerprint powders before lifting.

! Use transparent, black, or white rubberlifting tape to lift latent prints. Whentransparent tape is used, the color of thebacking card should contrast with thecolor of the powders.

! Use a medium-format camera withadaptability to one-to-one photography.

! Photograph prints with a scale and anidentification label that includes thereference number, date, collector’s initials,and the location of prints. The scale andlabel should be placed on the same planeas the prints.

! Fill the frame completely.

! Photograph latent prints close to each other in one frame.

! Use T-Max 400J film. Set the f-stop to f/8. Adjust the shutter speed settinguntil the green light appears. Take exposures of each latent print bybracketing. Take three exposures.

" Original exposure.

" Underexposed image.

" Overexposed image.

! Maintain a photographic log that includes the reference number, date,collector’s initials, the location of prints, and other pertinent information.

Latent Print Examinations


Fingerprint card.

Submitting Latent Print Evidence

Questions concerning latent print evidenceshould be directed to 202-324-2163. Followthe Evidence Submission directionsincluding Requesting EvidenceExaminations and Packaging and ShippingEvidence .

! Place nonporous evidence in separate protective coverings such as thicktransparent envelopes or suspend in a container so that there is minimalsurface contact. Place porous evidence in separate protective coveringssuch as paper envelopes. Stabilize the evidence to avoid movement orfriction during shipment.

! Submit the fingerprints and palm prints of all personnel who handled theevidence and of all individuals who are suspects in the investigation withthe evidence. All fingerprint cards must include pertinent information.

! Palm prints should be taken on a separate card, not on the reverse side ofa fingerprint card.

! When fingerprint cards or major case prints are submitted for comparisonswith evidence, the criminal/suspect or noncriminal/elimination nature of theprints should be stated in the communication.

! When inked prints are submitted separately, a communication should besent with the prints referencing previous communications and pertinentnumbers.

! Fingerprints from decomposed bodies are often not classifiable, whichprecludes a search of the FBI’s fingerprint files. An individual fingerprintmay, however, be suitable for identification purposes. If less than tenlegible fingerprints are obtained, submit the available fingerprints and acomplete physical description of the unknown deceased.

! Legible, unknown deceased, ten-print fingerprint cards should besubmitted for identification purposes to the FBI’s Criminal JusticeInformation Services Division at the following address:



Deceased finger preparation.

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATIONCRIMINAL JUSTICE INFORMATION SERVICES DIVISION1000 CUSTER HOLLOW ROADCLARKSBURG WV 26306

Questions concerning ten-print fingerprint card submissions should bedirected to 304-625-2360.

! When printing the deceased, obtain inkedfingerprints and palm prints forcomparison with latent prints. If legibleprints are not obtainable, amputate thehands or the fingers with authority from acoroner or a medical examiner and submitthe evidence to the Laboratory.

! Pack each finger in a separate container,labeled RIGHT THUMB, RIGHT INDEX,and so on. Pack the hands or fingers inunbreakable, watertight, and airtightcontainers with a 70 percent solution ofalcohol. All human remains will bereturned to the contributor.

See FBI Disaster Squad

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Metallurgy Examinations

Use the following links for guidelines for specific metallurgyexaminations:

ComparisonBroken or Mechanically Damaged MetalBurned, Heated, or Melted MetalCut or Severed MetalMetal FragmentsWatches, Clocks, and TimersLamp BulbsObjects Unidentified as to Use or SourceObjects With Questioned Internal ComponentsSubmitting Metallurgy Evidence

Comparison

Comparison examinations can determine whether two metals or metallic objectscame from the same source or from each other. Metal comparisons can identifysurface and microstructural characteristics such as fractured areas andaccidental, damage, and fabrication marks to determine whether the object wascast, forged, hot- or cold-rolled, extruded, drawn, swaged, milled, spun, orblanked. Examinations can determine mechanical properties such as theresponse of a metal to an applied force or load. Examinations can also determinechemical composition including alloying and trace elements.

Broken or Mechanically Damaged Metal

The causes of failure or damage such as stress exceeding the strength or yieldlimit of the metal, a material or manufacturing defect, corrosion, cracking, orexcessive service usage (fatigue) can be determined. The magnitude of the forceor load that caused the failure, how the force or load was transmitted to themetal, and the direction it was transmitted can also be determined.


Thermally damaged box springs.

Burned, Heated, or Melted Metal

Examinations can determine the temperature atwhich a metal was exposed, the nature of the heatsource, and whether a metal was in an electricalshort-circuit situation.

Cut or Severed Metal

Examinations can determine the method by which a metal was severed, such assawing, shearing, milling, turning, arc cutting, or flame cutting. The skill of theperson who made the cut and the length of time it took to make the cut can alsobe determined.

Metal Fragments

Examinations can determine how fragments were formed. If fragments wereformed by high-velocity forces, it can be determined whether an explosive wasdetonated and the magnitude of the detonation velocity. The identification of theobject that was the source of the fragments can also be determined.

Watches, Clocks, and Timers

The conditions causing a watch, clock, timer, or other mechanism to stop ormalfunction, and whether the time displayed represents a.m. or p.m. (calendar-type timing mechanisms only) can be determined.

Lamp Bulbs

Examinations can determine whether a lamp bulb was incandescent at the timethe glass was broken and whether an unbroken lamp bulb was incandescent atthe time it was subjected to an impact force such as a vehicular collision.

Objects Unidentified as to Use or Source

Examinations can determine the possible use for which an object was designed,formed, or manufactured on the basis of the construction and the type of metal.



Radiograph of cogmade of cocaine-

containing polymer.

The possible identification of the manufacturer and specific fabricating equipmentused to form the object can be determined. Identification of the source of theobject if an unusual metal or alloy is involved can be determined.

Objects With Questioned Internal Components

X-ray radiography can nondestructively reveal the interiorconstruction and the presence or absence of defects,cavities, or foreign materials.

Submitting Metallurgy Evidence

Questions concerning metallurgy evidence should be directed to 202-324-4341.Follow the Evidence Submission directions including Requesting EvidenceExaminations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

! Different metals and alloys require specific methods of restoration. Objectscan be too large or heavy to submit. Call the Laboratory for specificinstructions.

! Submit information about environmental conditions when the metal wasrecovered.

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Paints, Polymers, andAdhesives ExaminationsThe color, year, make, and model of an automobile can be determined bycomparing questioned paint with known sources.

Paint on safes, vaults, window sills, and door frames can be transferred to andfrom tools. A comparison can be made between the paint on an object and thepaint on a tool.

The source, use, or manufacturer of plastic evidence usually cannot be identifiedby composition analysis.

Automobile trim can be compared with plastic remaining on the property struck ina hit-and-run case. The year, make, and model of an automobile can bedetermined if a manufacturer’s part number is on the trim.

Plastics in wire insulation and miscellaneous plastics such as buttons can becompared with known sources.

Identifications can be made with the torn or cut end of tape and a roll of suspecttape. Tape composition, construction, and color can be compared with knownsources.

Caulks, sealants, and adhesives can be compared by color and composition withknown sources.

Submitting Paints, Polymers, and Adhesives Evidence

Questions concerning paints, polymers, and adhesives evidence should bedirected to 202-324-4318. Follow the Evidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

! Chip paint from the surface to the foundation or substrate rather thanscrape it off. When paint is chipped, its layer structure remains intact. Eachlayer can be a point of comparison.


! Search the accident or crime scene and the victim(s)’ personal effects tolocate paint fragments. Paint fragments are often found in the clothing of ahit-and-run victim(s). Submit the clothing. Paints can be transferred fromone car to another, from car to object, or from object to car during anaccident or a crime. Submit an entire component such as a fender orbumper if paint transfer is minimal. Car or car parts dealers may haveappropriate containers to ship car components.

! Pack particles in leakproof containers such as pillboxes or envelopes withsealed corners. Do not stick particles on adhesive tape. Do not putparticles in cotton.

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Paints, Polymers, and Adhesives Examinations



Pharmaceutical ExaminationsPharmaceutical examinations can identify constituents, active ingredients,quantity, and weight.

Submitting Pharmaceutical Evidence

Questions concerning pharmaceutical evidence should be directed to202-324-4318. Follow the Evidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

! List the names of the pharmaceuticals and data on use.

! If possible, submit pharmaceuticals in original containers.



Photographic Examinations

Use the following links for guidelines for specific photographicexaminations:

Bank Robbery and Other Surveillance Films and VideotapesPhotographic ComparisonsPhotogrammetryField Office InstructionsLocation, Time, and DateAuthenticitySource and AgeCamerasVideosAutomobile Make and Model IdentificationChild Pornography ExaminationsSubmitting Photographic Evidence

Bank Robbery and Other Surveillance Filmsand Videotapes

(See Photographic Comparisons and Photogrammetry )

Photographic Comparisons

Examinations of bank surveillance films, videotapes, and photographs involvecomparisons of subject(s) depicted in the surveillance images with knownphotographs of suspect(s). Similar comparisons can be conducted between thesubject(s)’ clothing and clothing seized from suspect(s). Comparisons can alsobe conducted of firearms, vehicles, and other objects depicted in surveillanceimages.


Unique characteristics such as tattoos can be used to identify suspects. On the top left is an image from asurveillance videotape depicting an unknown individual’s left arm. An enlargement of the unknown

individual’s arm is shown at lower left. A confirmed photograph of the suspect is shown on thetop right, with an enlargement of that arm shown right bottom.

Photogrammetry

Dimensions can be derived from photographic images through the use ofgeometric formulae or on-site comparison. Examples of photogrammetry includedetermining the height of bank robbery subject(s) and the length of theweapon(s) used by the subject(s) depicted in the surveillance films. The formused to collect information needed to perform a photogrammetric examination isshown on the next page. For more information about FBI Laboratoryphotogrammetry, contact the Special Photographic Unit, 202-324-4483.



Photogrammetric analysis (height determination) of a bank robbercan be conducted analytically using vanishing points.

Location, Time, and Date

Examinations of photographic evidence can determine the location, time, anddate that an image was taken.

Authenticity

Photographic evidence, including film, video, and digital images, can beexamined to determine whether the image is the result of a composite, analteration, or a copy.



Source and Age

Photographic products, including film and prints, can be dated, and the sourcecan be established by examining manufacturing characteristics. This canestablish the time frame during which a photograph was taken.

Cameras

Cameras can be examined and compared with negatives to determine whether aspecific camera exposed a specific image.

Videos

Black-and-white and color photographic images can be produced from videoimages for enlargement and used in courtroom presentations.

Automobile Make and Model Identification

Vehicles depicted in surveillance images can be compared with the NationalAutomotive Image File to determine make and model.

Child Pornography Examinations

The seized images of child pornography can be compared against images in theChild Exploitation and Obscenity Reference File to identify the original source ofthe images.

Submitting Photographic Evidence

Questions concerning photographic evidence should be directed to202-324-4483. Follow the Evidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

! Submit original evidence (film or videotape) whenever possible becausethey contain the greatest level of detail. If the originals are unavailable,submit first generation photographic prints or videotapes.



! Process all film, including bank surveillance film, prior to submission.

! When requesting forensic examinations based on video images, queuethe original videotape to the approximate time of the questionedsequence. State in a communication the date and time of the relevantsequence and use the date-time stamp on the images or the counterindicator (set from the beginning of the tape at 000). If prints from therelevant frames are available, submit them to the Laboratory.

! Always remove the record tab on the back edge of the videocassette.Never use the pause operation when viewing original videotapes. If avideotape must be viewed, use a copy.

! Arrest or known photographs of suspect(s) for comparison with questionedimages should depict the suspect(s) from many angles, specifically anglessimilar to the questioned images. If a facial comparison is requested,ensure that the suspect(s)’ face/head fills more than half of the frame. Ifquestioned images show tattoos or marks on a suspect(s)’ body, includephotographs depicting tattoos or marks on the known body.

! When taking known photographs for comparison with questioned images,use 35-mm black-and-white film. If color film is used, include a color chartin the photographs.

! When submitting clothing, firearms, or other items for comparison, do notmark the exteriors of the items or parts that may be visible in thequestioned images.

! If photogrammetry is requested, include the dimensions of the scene tothe nearest 1/8 inch and include a diagram or print from the surveillancefilm indicating the location of the measurements. Include one diagram orprint for every angle used in the scene. Do not touch or move surveillancecameras except to remove the film.

! Submissions for comparison with the Child Exploitation and ObscenityReference File should be limited to no more than 30 images. Call202-324-4483 for specific instructions.

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Polygraph Examinations

The Polygraph Unit (PU) conducts polygraph examinations in all areas of FBIinvestigative responsibility including criminal and personnel matters. The PUcoordinates and manages all FBI polygraph activities including the selection,training, certification, and supervision of FBI Field Office examiners, theprocurement and maintenance of equipment, test standardization, and caseassignments.

Questions concerning polygraph examinations should be directed to202-324-2985.



Questioned DocumentsExaminations

Use the following links for guidelines for specific questioneddocuments examinations:

Handwriting and Hand PrintingProcedures for Obtaining Known Writing ExemplarsCommon Types of Nongenuine SignaturesTypewritingProcedures for Obtaining Known Typewriting ExemplarsPhotocopiesProcedures for Obtaining Known Photocopy ExemplarsGraphic Arts (Printing)Altered or Obliterated WritingPaperBurned or Charred PaperAge of a DocumentCarbon Paper or Carbon Film RibbonCheckwritersEmbossings and SealsRubber StampsSubmitting Questioned Documents Evidence

Handwriting and Hand Printing

Although not all handwriting is identifiable to a specific writer, the examination ofhandwriting characteristics can sometimes determine the origin or authenticity ofquestioned writing. Traits such as age, sex, personality, or intent cannot bedetermined from handwriting examinations. Some reasons for inconclusiveresults include the following:

! Limited questioned and/or known writing.

! Lack of contemporaneous writing or lapse of time between execution ofquestioned and known writing.


Various handwriting and hand printinganalysis techniques are used to examine

different forms of obliterated writing.

! Distortion or disguise in the questionedand/or known writing.

! Lack of sufficient identifyingcharacteristics.

! Submission of photocopied evidenceinstead of original evidence.

Procedures for Obtaining KnownWriting Exemplars

! The text, size of paper, space availablefor writing, writing instrument, andwriting style (handwriting or handprinting) should be as close to theoriginal writing as possible.

! Give verbal or typewritten instructions concerning the text to be written. Donot give instructions in spelling, punctuation, or arrangement of writing.

! All exemplars should be on separate pieces of paper.

! The writer and witness should initial and date each page of writing.

! Do not allow the writer to see the previous exemplars or the questionedwriting. Remove exemplars from the writer’s sight as soon as completed.

! Obtain exemplars from dictation until normal writing has been produced.Normal handwriting is assessed by determining whether the writing is tooquickly or slowly executed and whether the handwriting is consistent.

! Obtain exemplars from the right and left hands.

! Obtain hand printing exemplars in uppercase and lowercase letters.

! Obtain exemplars written rapidly, slowly, and at varied slants.

! Obtain a sufficient quantity of exemplars to account for natural variation inthe writing.

Questioned Documents Examinations


! Obtain undictated writing such as business records, personalcorrespondence, and canceled checks.

Common Types of Nongenuine Signatures

! Traced signatures are prepared by using a genuine signature as atemplate or pattern.

! Simulated signatures are prepared by copying or drawing a genuinesignature.

! Freehand signatures are written in the forger’s normal handwriting with noattempt to copy another’s writing style.

Typewriting

Questioned typewriting can occasionally be identified with the typewriter thatproduced it. This is most common when the typewriter is a typebar machine. Theidentification can sometimes be based on individual characteristics that developduring the manufacturing process and through use and abuse of the typewriter.

Typewriters with interchangeable elements (ball, printwheel, or thimble) are lesslikely to be associated with questioned typewriting. However, these elements andcarbon film or correction ribbons can sometimes be associated with specific textsby examining individual characteristics of the elements and by correlating the textand ribbons.

Comparison of questioned typewriting with reference standards can sometimesdetermine a possible make and model of the typewriter and/or the typewriterelements.

Carbon film typewriter ribbons can sometimes be read for content or specificwording of questioned material. Carbon film ribbons can sometimes be identifiedwith questioned typewritten impressions. Fabric ribbons cannot be read.



Paper is composed of numerous fibers. The randomness of the paper fibers is an identifying characteristic thatmakes fiber designs unique to a paper sample. The transfer of fiber designs can link a typewriter ribbon to typedtext, which enables examiners to positively link a ribbon to text on a document. In the examples above, carbon

was transferred (left) when the typeface struck the ribbon to the paper. A reverse transfer of the paper fiberdesign (right) is made on the plastic ribbon from the pressure exerted by the typeface.

Procedures for Obtaining Known Typewriting Exemplars

! If the typewriter has a carbon film ribbon, remove it from the typewriter andsubmit it to the Laboratory. Also submit the correction tape. Insert a newribbon in the typewriter prior to obtaining exemplars.

! If the typewriter has a fabric ribbon, remove it from the typewriter and putthe typewriter in the stencil position. Place a sheet of carbon paper over asheet of blank paper and insert both into the typewriter. Allow the typefaceto strike the carbon paper. Submit the fabric ribbon strike and the carbonpaper strike exemplars to the Laboratory.

! Obtain two full word-for-word texts of the questioned text and type theentire keyboard (all symbols, numbers, and upper- and lowercase letters)two times.

! Record the make, model, and serial number of the typewriter on theexemplars. Also record the date the exemplars were obtained and thename of the person who directed the exemplars.

! Obtain the typewriter service and/or repair history.



! It is not normally necessary to send the typewriter to the Laboratory;however, in some cases, the examiner will request the typewriter. It shouldbe packed securely to prevent damage during shipment. Typewriterelements (ball, printwheel, or thimble) should also be submitted to theLaboratory.

Photocopies

Photocopies can sometimes be identified with the machine producing them if theexemplars and questioned copies are relatively contemporaneous. The possiblemake and model of the photocopy machine can sometimes be determined bycomparison with the reference file.

Procedures for Obtaining Known Photocopy Exemplars

! Obtain at least ten exemplars with no document on the glass plate, withthe cover down.

! Obtain at least ten exemplars with no document on the glass plate, withthe cover up.

! Obtain at least ten exemplars with a document on the glass plate, with thecover down.

! Record on each exemplar the date the exemplars were obtained, thename of the person who directed the exemplars, and the conditions underwhich the exemplars were made.

! Record the make, model, and serial number of the photocopy machine,information about the toner supplies and components, whether the papersupply is sheet or roll fed, and options such as color, reduction,enlargement, zoom, mask, trim, or editor board.

! Do not store or ship photocopies in plastic envelopes.



Graphic Arts (Printing)

Printed documents can sometimes be associated as originating from a commonsource or identified with known printing paraphernalia such as art work,negatives, and plates.

Altered or Obliterated Writing

The presence of alterations or obliterated writing can sometimes be determined,and the writing can sometimes be deciphered.

Paper

Torn edges can sometimes be positively matched. The manufacturer cansometimes be determined if a watermark is present. Paper can be examined forindented writing. Do not rub the indentations with a pencil. Do not addindentations by writing on top of the evidence.

Burned or Charred Paper

Information on burned or charred documents can sometimes be deciphered. Thedocument should be minimally handled. The document should be shipped in thecontainer in which it was burned, in polyester film encapsulation, or betweenlayers of cotton in a rigid container.

Age of a Document

The earliest date a document could have been prepared can sometimes bedetermined by examining watermarks, indented writing, printing, and typewriting.

Carbon Paper or Carbon Film Ribbon

Examination of used carbon paper or carbon film ribbon can sometimes disclosethe content of the text.



Checkwriters

A checkwriter impression can sometimes be identified with the checkwriter thatproduced it. Examination of a checkwriter impression can sometimes determinethe brand of the checkwriter.

Embossings and Seals

An embossed or seal impression can sometimes be identified with the instrumentthat produced it.

Rubber Stamps

A rubber stamp impression can sometimes be identified with the rubber stampthat produced it. Submit the rubber stamp to the Laboratory uncleaned.

Submitting Questioned Documents Evidence

Questions concerning documentary evidence should be directed to202-324-4454. Follow the Evidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

! Documentary evidence should be preserved in the condition in which itwas found. It should not be folded, torn, marked, soiled, stamped, writtenon, or handled unnecessarily. Protect the evidence from inadvertentindented writing. Mark documents unobtrusively by writing the collector’sinitials, date, and other information with a pencil.

! Whenever possible, submit the original evidence to the Laboratory. Thelack of detail in photocopies makes examinations difficult. Copies aresufficient for reference file searches.

! Flash paper is a hazardous material. Do not store flash paper nearcombustible materials. Seal flash paper in polyethylene envelopes andrefrigerate. Questions concerning flash paper should be directed to202-324-4454.



! Do not store or ship photocopies in plastic envelopes.

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Cocaine sales records.

Racketeering Records Examinations

Use the following links for guidelines for specific racketeeringrecords examinations:

CryptanalysisDrug RecordsGamblingLoansharkingMoney LaunderingProstitutionRacketeeringSubmitting Racketeering Records Evidence

Cryptanalysis

Cryptanalysis examinations involve the analysisof encrypted clandestine drug and racketeeringdocuments.

Drug Records

Drug records are examined to determine theoverall scope of the businesses, including thehierarchy, type of drugs distributed, gross sales,gross or net weights or quantities, pricestructures, and other pertinent information.

Gambling

Gambling examinations include the interpretation of records from sports andhorse bookmaking businesses, numbers or lottery operations, and othergambling businesses.


Prostitution records.

Money laundering records.

Loansharking

Loansharking records are examined todetermine the amounts of the loans, amountspaid in interest and principal, number of loans,and interest rates.

Money Laundering

Money laundering records are examined todetermine the scope of the operations, theamounts laundered, how the funds werelaundered, and any other illegal activities.

Prostitution

Prostitution records are examined to determinethe scope of the businesses, including thenumber of employees, their roles, gross and netrevenues, and other financial and organizationalinformation.

Racketeering

Racketeering records are examined to determine the roles of the suspect(s); theirsalaries, commissions, or shares of the operation’s profit; the dates and amountsof wagers, loans, and percentage rates; and income from video gamblingoperations.

Submitting Racketeering Records Evidence

Questions concerning racketeering records evidence should be directed to202-324-2500. Follow the Evidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

! Documentary evidence should be preserved in the same condition it wasfound. It should not be folded, torn, marked, soiled, stamped, written on, or



handled unnecessarily. Documents should be marked unobtrusively byplacing the collector’s initials, date, and other information with a pencil.

! Flash paper is a hazardous material. Do not store flash paper nearcombustible materials. Seal flash paper in polyethylene envelopes andrefrigerate. Questions concerning flash paper should be directed to202-324-4454.

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Ropes and Cords ExaminationsA piece of rope or cord can be compared with a questioned rope or cord. Thecomposition, construction, color, and diameter can be determined. If a tracer ispresent, the manufacturer can be determined.

Submitting Ropes and Cords Evidence

Questions concerning ropes and cords evidence should be directed to202-324-4344. Follow the Evidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

! Submit the entire rope or cord. If the rope or cord must be cut, specifywhich end was cut during evidence collection.

! Label the known and questioned samples.

! Handle the sections of rope or cord carefully to prevent loss of tracematerial or contamination.

! Submit in heat-sealed or resealable plastic or paper bags.



Safe insulation exposed by peelinga safe door.

Safe Insulation ExaminationsSafe insulation can be compared to a known source. Examinations of safeinsulation can sometimes determine the manufacturer.

Submitting Safe Insulation Evidence

Questions concerning safe insulation evidenceshould be directed to 202-324-4344. Follow theEvidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations andPackaging and Shipping Evidence .

! Collect safe insulation samples fromdamaged areas.

! Safe insulation can adhere to persons, clothing, tools, bags, and loot andcan transfer to vehicles. If possible, submit the evidence to the Laboratoryfor examiners to remove the debris. Package each item of evidence inseparate paper bags. Do not process tools for latent prints.

! Submit known and questioned debris in leakproof containers such as filmcanisters or plastic pill bottles. Avoid using paper or glass containers. Packto keep lumps intact.



Serial Number ExaminationsObliterated serial or identification numbers are often restorable, includingmarkings on metal, wood, plastic, and fiberglass.

Casting Stamped Numbers

! Make a cast before number restoration. Use an acrylic surface replica castkit. Different formulas are used in different temperatures. If possible, movethe evidence to a warm area.

! Casts will duplicate foreign material in the stamped characters. Clean thearea before proceeding. Remove paint and dirt with a solvent such asacetone, gasoline, or paint remover. Use a soft brush. Do not use a wirebrush. Use Naval JellyJ to remove rust.

! Build a dam around the stampedcharacters to retain the acrylic liquid whileit hardens. The dam material should besoft and pliable such as modeling clay.Ensure there are no voids in the dam.

! Following instructions in the kit, mix theliquid and powder for one minute andpour it into the dam.

! The acrylic liquid will take thirty minutes toharden. Remove the cast when it is hard.If paint and rust are on the cast, makeadditional casts and submit the cleanestcast to the Laboratory.

Submitting Serial Number Evidence

Questions concerning serial number evidence should be directed to202-324-4374. Follow the Evidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

Preparation for castingstamped numbers.


! If possible, remove the piece of frame rail containing the serial number,indicate where on the vehicle the cut was taken, and submit it to theLaboratory.

! Indicate where on the vehicle the cast was taken. Pack the cast to preventbreakage.

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Serial Number Examinations



Shoeprint and Tire TreadExaminationsShoeprint or tire tread impressions are routinely left at crime scenes. Theseimpressions are retained on surfaces in two-dimensional and three-dimensionalforms. Almost all impressions, including partial impressions, have value forforensic comparisons. The examination of detailed shoeprint and tire treadimpressions often results in the positive identification of the suspect(s)’ shoe(s) ortire(s) from the suspect(s)’ vehicle(s).

Use the following links for guidelines for collecting and submittingshoeprint and tire tread evidence:

Photographing Shoeprint and Tire Tread ImpressionsGeneral Crime Scene PhotographsExamination-Quality PhotographsPhotographing Impressions in Snow

Recovering the Original EvidenceCasting Three-Dimensional Impressions

Mixing Dental Stone in a BagMixing Dental Stone in a Bucket or BowlPouring Dental Stone

Lifting Two-Dimensional ImpressionsElectrostatic LiftsStorage of Electrostatic Lifting FilmGelatin and Adhesive Lifts

Lifting MaterialsShoeprint and Tire Tread FilesSubmitting Shoeprint and Tire Tread Evidence


Photographing Shoeprint and Tire Tread Impressions

General crime scene photographs should be taken to relate the impressions tothe crime scene. Examination-quality photographs should then be taken to obtainmaximum detail for forensic examination. All impressions should bephotographed using both methods.

General Crime Scene Photographs

General crime scene photographs of shoeprint or tire tread impressions shouldinclude close-range and long-range photographs. ISO 400 color film should beused. The photographs should show the relationship of the impressions to thesurrounding area. General crime scene photographs are not suitable for footwearor tire examinations.

Examination-Quality Photographs

Examination-quality photographs should be taken directly over the impressionsusing a tripod and lighting. A scale should be in every photograph. The purposeof these photographs is to produce a detailed negative that can be enlarged tonatural size. These photographs should be taken as follows:

1. Place a linear scale such as a ruler next to and on the same plane as theimpression. Place a label in the picture to correlate the impression withcrime scene notes and general photographs.

2. Images should be taken using a 35-mm or medium-format film camera.Low cost digital cameras do not provide sufficient image detail forexamination-quality photographs. Use a manual focus camera and black-and-white film with an ISO 400 or less.

3. Place the camera on a tripod and position it directly over the impression.Adjust the height of the camera or adjust the zoom lens so the frame isfilled with the impression and scale. Position the camera so the film planeis parallel to the impression.

4. Set the f-stop on f/16 or f/22 for a greater depth of field.

5. Attach an electronic flash with a long extension cord to the camera.

6. Block out bright ambient light with a sunscreen to maximize the light fromthe flash.

Shoeprint and Tire Tread Examinations


Shoe impressions in snow: Shoeprint examiners havedifficulty analyzing low-contrast photographs such asthe one on the left. The shoeprint on the right has beensprayed with colored paint to increase contrast, which

produces a more detailed photograph.

7. Focus on the bottom of the impression, not on the scale. Take an existingor reflected light photograph.

8. Position the flash at a very low angle (10 to 15 degrees) to the impression.This will enhance the detail of the impression. For consistent exposure,hold the flash at least five to seven feet from the impression. Shoot severalexposures, bracketing toward overexposure to obtain maximum imagedetail.

9. Take the exposures, move the light to another position, adjust the sunscreen, and repeat Steps 7 and 8.

Photographing Impressionsin Snow

Impressions in snow are difficult tophotograph because of lack ofcontrast. To increase the contrast,snow impressions can be lightlysprayed with Snow Print WaxJ, amaterial used for casting snowimpressions, or with other coloredspray paint. The spray can should beheld at least two to three feet from theimpression so the force of the aerosoldoes not damage the impression. Alight application of spray should bedirected at an angle of about 30 to 45degrees so the colored paint onlystrikes the high points of theimpression. Highlighted impressionswill absorb heat from the sun andshould be shielded until photographedand cast to prevent melting.

Recovering the Original Evidence

Submit the evidence bearing the original impression to the Laboratory, if possible.If the evidence cannot be submitted to the Laboratory, use the followingtechniques to recover the evidence.



Shoeprint cast in dental stone.

Casting Three-Dimensional Impressions

Casting a three-dimensional impression in soil,sand, or snow is necessary to capture detail forexamination. Dental stone, with a compressivestrength of 8,000 psi or greater, should be usedfor casting all impressions. The compressivestrength is listed on the container along with theproper ratio of powder to water used for mixing.Dental stone is available through local dentalsupply houses. Colored dental stone ispreferred.

Plaster of paris, modeling plasters, and dentalplasters are not sufficiently hard, do not resistabrasion when cleaned, and should not be used.

Mixing Dental Stone in a Bag

Store dental stone in resealable plastic bags. Aneight-by-twelve-inch resealable plastic bag canstore two pounds of dental stone powder. Withpremeasured bags, casting impressions at thecrime scene involves only adding water. The bagcontaining the dental stone powder can be usedto mix and pour the dental stone.

To make a cast, add the appropriate amount ofwater to the bag and close the top. Mix thecasting material by vigorously massaging it forthree to five minutes through the bag. Ensurethat the material in the corners of the bag is alsomixed. After mixing, the material should have theconsistency of pancake batter.

Mixing Dental Stone in a Bucket or Bowl

If the impressions are numerous or large, it may be necessary to mix largerquantities of dental stone in a bucket or bowl. The dental stone should be slowlyadded to the water and continuously stirred for three to five minutes. After mixing,the material should have the consistency of pancake batter.



Shoeprint collected using anelectrostatic lifting device.

Pouring Dental Stone

Casting material has sufficient weight and volume to erode and destroy detail if itis poured directly on top of the impression. The casting material should bepoured on the ground next to the impression, allowing it to flow into theimpression. The impression should be filled with casting material until it hasoverflowed.

If the mixture is too viscous to flow into the impression, vibrate a finger or a smallstick on the surface to cause the dental stone to flow into the impression. Do notput the stick or finger more than 1/4 inch below the surface of the castingmaterial because it can damage the impression.

Before the cast completely hardens, write the date, the collector’s initials, andother identifying information onto it. The cast should be left undisturbed for atleast twenty to thirty minutes in warm weather. In cold weather, the cast shouldbe left undisturbed longer. Casts have been destroyed or damaged when liftedtoo soon. If the cast is in sand or loose soil, it should lift easily. Casts in mud orclay may require careful treatment and excavation when being removed.

Allow the cast to air dry for at least forty-eight hours. Package the cast in paper,not in plastic. An examiner should clean the cast.

Lifting Two-Dimensional Impressions

Lifting an impression allows for the transfer of atwo-dimensional residue or dust impression to alifting film. It also allows the impression to betransported to the Laboratory for photographyand examination.

Electrostatic Lifts

An electrostatic lifting device lifts footwearimpressions from porous and nonporoussurfaces without damaging the impressions. Thisdevice works on dry dust or residue impressionson clean surfaces but will not work if theimpressions were wet or become wet.Electrostatic lifting devices have instructionsregarding usage.



Shoeprint collected using a gelatin lifter.

Storage of Electrostatic Lifting Film

Lifted impressions are easily damaged if the film is not properly stored. The filmhas a residual charge that attracts dust and debris and causes the film to cling toanother surface. To preserve and store the lifting film containing an impression,tape one edge of the film securely in a clean, smooth, quality paper folder or tapethe edges securely in a shallow, photographic paper box. Low-grade cardboardboxes such as pizza boxes should not be used because the residual charge onthe film will pull dust from the boxes and contaminate the impression.

Items that contain a dry residue footwear impression should not be wrapped orstored in plastic because a partial transfer of the impression to the plastic willoccur.

Gelatin and Adhesive Lifts

Gelatin lifters can be used to lift impressionsfrom porous and nonporous surfaces. Blackgelatin lifters work well for lifting light-colored dryor wet impressions. White gelatin lifters can beused to lift impressions developed withfingerprint powders or impressions dark enoughto contrast with a white background.

Adhesive lifters can only be used to liftimpressions from smooth porous and nonporoussurfaces. White adhesive lifters can be used tolift impressions developed with fingerprintpowders. Transparent adhesive lifters can beused to lift impressions developed withfluorescent powders. Transparent tapes such astwo-inch fingerprint lifting tape can also be usedto lift powdered impressions if they aretransferred to a white card.



Shoeprint and Tire Tread Files

A file of shoe manufacturers’ designs and a file of tire treads and other referencematerial can be searched to determine brand names and manufacturers.

Submitting Shoeprint and Tire Tread Evidence

Questions concerning shoeprint and tire tread evidence should be directed to202-324-4492. Follow the Evidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .


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! For shoeprint and tire tread comparisons, submit original evidencewhenever possible (shoes, tires, photographic negatives, casts, lifts).

! For shoeprint and tire tread file searches, submit quality photographs ofthe impressions. If photographs are not available, submit casts, lifts, or theoriginal evidence. Detailed sketches or photocopies are acceptable.

! Unobtrusively write the collector’s initials, dates, and other relevantinformation on the evidence.

! Air dry and package evidence separately in bubble wrap; clean, smoothquality paper or laminated folders; or paper bags.

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Layers of soil exposed at a grave site.Each layer must be sampled.

Soil ExaminationsSoil is the natural accumulation ofweathering rocks, minerals, anddecomposing plants. Soil maycontain manmade materials such asbrick, roof shingle stones, concrete,glass, and paint.

Soil development is influenced bygeologic parent material, relief,climate, biological activity, man, andtime. Soil examinations candetermine whether soils share acommon origin by comparing color,texture, and composition.

Submitting Soil Evidence

Questions concerning soil evidence should be directed to 202-324-4344. Followthe Evidence Submission directions including Requesting EvidenceExaminations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

! Collect soil samples as soon as possible because the soil at the crimescene can change dramatically.

! Collect soil samples from the immediate crime scene area and from thelogical access and/or escape route(s).

! Collect soil samples where there are noticeable changes in color, texture,and composition.

! Collect soil samples at a depth that is consistent with the depth from whichthe questioned soil may have originated.

! If possible, collect soil samples from alibi areas such as the yard or workarea of the suspect(s).


! Submit a map identifying soil sample locations.

! Do not remove soil adhering to shoes, clothing, and tools. Do not processtools for latent prints. Air dry the soil and the clothing and packageseparately in paper bags.

! Carefully remove soil adhering to vehicles. Air dry the soil and packageseparately in paper bags.

! Submit known and questioned soil in separate leakproof containers suchas film canisters or plastic pill bottles. Avoid using paper envelopes orglass containers. Pack to keep lumps intact.

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Soil Examinations



Microscopic toolmark comparison.

Toolmark ExaminationsToolmarks

Tools can bear unique microscopiccharacteristics because of manufacturingprocesses and use. These characteristics can betransferred to surfaces that contact the tools.Evidence toolmarks can be compared torecovered tools. In the absence of a questionedtool, toolmark examinations can determine thetype of tool(s) that produced the toolmark andwhether the toolmark is of value for comparison.

Fractures

Fracture examinations can determine whether evidence was joined together andsubsequently broken apart.

Submitting Toolmark Evidence

Questions concerning toolmark evidence should be directed to 202-324-4378.Follow the Evidence Submission directions including Requesting EvidenceExaminations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

! If possible, submit the toolmarked evidence. The Laboratory will make acast of the toolmark, if needed.

! If it is not possible to submit the toolmarked evidence, submit a cast of thetoolmark. For details about producing casts, see the Casting Three-Dimensional Impressions section of Shoeprint and Tire TreadExaminations .

! Photographs locate toolmarks but are of no value for identificationpurposes.


! Obtain samples of any material deposited on the tools.

! To avoid contamination, do not place the tool against the toolmarkedevidence.

! Submit the tool rather than making test cuts or impressions.

! Mark the ends of the evidence and specify which end was cut duringevidence collection.

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Toolmark Examinations



Chemist analyzes blood fordrugs and poisons.

Toxicology ExaminationsToxicology examinations can disclose the presence ofdrugs or poisons in biological specimens. Theexaminations can determine the circumstancessurrounding drug- or poison-related homicides, suicides,or accidents.

Because of the large number of potentially toxicsubstances, it may be necessary to screen for classesof poisons. Examples are as follows:

! Volatile compounds (ethanol, methanol,isopropanol)

! Heavy metals (arsenic)

! Nonvolatile organic compounds (drugs of abuse,pharmaceuticals)

! Miscellaneous (strychnine, cyanide)

Submitting Toxicology Evidence

Questions concerning toxicology evidence should be directed to 202-324-4318.Follow the Evidence Submission directions including Requesting EvidenceExaminations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

! The quantity of biological specimens submitted depends on whether theidentity of a toxic substance is known, the route of administration, the timeafter exposure that biological specimens are collected, and whethersubjects(s) or victim(s) are living or deceased.

! Each biological specimen must be placed in separate, labeled, sealedglass tubes, plastic cups, or heat-sealed or resealable plastic bags. AffixBIOHAZARD labels to the inside and outside containers. To viewhazardous materials labels, click here.


! To avoid deterioration, biological specimens must be refrigerated or frozenduring storage and shipping. Pack so that no breakage, leakage, orcontamination occurs.

! Submit a copy of the autopsy or incident report.

! Describe the symptoms of the suspect(s) or victim(s) at the time of thecrime or prior to the death.

! List any known or questioned drugs consumed by or prescribed for thesuspect(s) or victim(s).

! Describe any known or questioned environmental exposure to toxicsubstances by the suspect(s) or victim(s).

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Toxicology Examinations



Video formats.

Video Examinations

Authenticity

Authenticity examinations are conducted to determine whether analog videorecordings are original, continuous, and unaltered.

Enhancement

Video processors and time-base correctors can be used to maximize the clarityof videotapes.

Video Image Processing

Enhanced prints can be produced from images depicted on videotapes.

Standards Conversion

Videotapes can be converted fromone standard to another such asfrom PAL to NTSC or SECAM.

Format Conversion

Videotapes can be converted fromone format to another such as fromBeta to VHS.

Synchronization

Audio and video signals can be combined to produce one composite recording.


Special Effects

Special effects such as a mosaic can be added to videotapes to protect aperson’s identity.

Damaged Media Repair

Videotapes can be repaired, restored, or retrieved for playback and examinationif damage is not too extensive.

Submitting Video Evidence

Questions concerning evidence should be directed to 703-632-6191 or703-632-6222. Follow the Evidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

! Submit original video recordings.

! Identify the location(s) of the image(s) on the video recordings anddescribe the image(s).

! Label the outer container FRAGILE, SENSITIVE ELECTRONICEQUIPMENT or FRAGILE, SENSITIVE AUDIO/VIDEO MEDIA and KEEPAWAY FROM MAGNETS OR MAGNETIC FIELDS .



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Video Examinatons



Wood ExaminationsWood examinations can match sides, ends, and fractures; can determine woodspecies; and can compare wood particles found on clothing, vehicles, and otherobjects with wood from the crime scene.

Submitting Wood Evidence

Questions concerning wood evidence should be directed to 202-324-4344.Follow the Evidence Submission directions including Requesting EvidenceExaminations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence .

! Submit wood in heat-sealed or resealable plastic or paper bags.




Crime Scene SafetyUse the following links for guidelines for crime scene safety:

Routes of ExposureInhalationSkin ContactIngestionInjection

SafetyBloodborne Pathogen SafetyChemical SafetyLight Source SafetyConfined Space Safety

Personal Protective EquipmentHand ProtectionEye ProtectionFoot ProtectionRespiratory ProtectionHead Protection

Hazardous Materials TransportationReferences

Personnel have the ultimate responsibility to recognize chemical, biological, andphysical hazards while processing a crime scene. However, it is the responsibilityof the organization to develop policies and programs on health and safetypractices and to provide training on the application of these principles.

This section will provide a familiarity of the hazards, safety precautions, safe workpractices, and personal protective equipment (PPE) recommended for personnelprocessing routine crime scenes. Always consult local, state, and federalenvironmental and occupational health and safety laws when collecting andtransporting forensic evidence.

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Routes of Exposure

Among the inherent risks associated with crime scene investigations andevidence collection is exposure to potentially infectious human blood and bodyfluids, chemicals, and physical hazards such as hypodermic needles, brokenglass, and other sharp objects. This section provides a brief discussion of thedifferent routes of exposure by which a contaminant enters the body resulting inan injury or illness.1

Inhalation

Airborne contaminants at a crime scene can be in the form of a dust, aerosol,smoke, vapor, gas, or fume. Depending on the contaminant, immediaterespiratory irritation or destruction might ensue upon inhalation. Some airbornecontaminants can enter the bloodstream via the lungs when inhaled. Once in thebloodstream, the contaminant can circulate throughout the body and causechronic damage to the liver, kidneys, central nervous system, heart, and blood-forming organs. Proper work practices along with adequate ventilation canminimize airborne contaminant inhalation. In extreme cases, respiratoryprotection is required.

Skin Contact

Skin contact is a frequent route of entry into the body that can result in localizedor systemic health effects. Localized effects can result in irritation or damage tothe tissues at the point of contact. These effects can include irritation, redness,swelling, or burning. The severity of the injury will depend on the concentration ofthe substance and the duration of contact. Systemic effects, such as dizziness,tremors, nausea, blurred vision, liver and kidney damage, shock, or collapse, canoccur once the substances are absorbed through the skin and circulatedthroughout the body. Exposure can be prevented by the use of appropriategloves, safety glasses, goggles, face shields, and protective clothing.

Ingestion

Ingestion is a less common route of exposure. Ingestion of a corrosive materialcan cause damage to the mouth, throat, and digestive tract. When swallowed,toxic chemicals can be absorbed by the body through the stomach andintestines. To prevent entry of chemicals or biological contaminants into themouth, wash hands before eating, smoking, or applying cosmetics. Also, do notbring food, drink, or cigarettes into areas where contamination can occur.

Crime Scene Safety


Injection

Needle sticks and mechanical injuries from contaminated glass, metal, or othersharp objects can inject contaminants directly into the bloodstream. Extremecaution should be exercised when handling objects with sharp or jagged edges.

Safety

Bloodborne Pathogen Safety

On December 6, 1991, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA) issued Title 29, part 1910.1030 of the Code of Federal Regulations(CFR)COccupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens (BBP).2 Thoseoccupations at risk for exposure to bloodborne pathogens include lawenforcement, emergency response, and forensic laboratory personnel.

Fundamental to the BBP standard is the concept of Universal Precautions. Thisconcept is the primary mechanism for infection control. It requires employees totreat all human blood, body fluids, or other potentially infectious materials as ifinfected with bloodborne diseases such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis Cvirus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The following protectivemeasures should be taken to avoid direct contact with these potentially infectiousmaterials:

! Use barrier protection such as disposable gloves, coveralls, and shoecovers when handling potentially infectious materials. Gloves should beworn, especially if there are cuts, scratches, or other breaks in the skin.Change gloves when torn, punctured, or when their ability to function as abarrier is compromised.

! Wear appropriate eye and face protection to protect against splashes,sprays, and spatters of infectious materials. Similar precautions should befollowed when collecting dried bloodstains.

! Place contaminated sharps in appropriate closable,leakproof, puncture-resistant containers whentransported or discarded. Label the containers with aBIOHAZARD warning label. To view other hazardousmaterials labels, click here. Do not bend, recap, remove,or otherwise handle contaminated needles or othersharps.

Crime Scene Safety


! Prohibit eating, drinking, smoking, or applying cosmetics where humanblood, body fluids, or other potentially infectious materials are present.

! Wash hands after removing gloves or other PPE. Remove gloves andother PPE in a manner that will not result in the contamination ofunprotected skin or clothing.

! Decontaminate equipment after use with a solution of household bleachdiluted 1:10, 70 percent isopropyl alcohol, or other disinfectant.Noncorrosive disinfectants are commercially available. Allow sufficientcontact time to complete disinfection.

In addition to Universal Precautions, engineering controls and prudent workpractices serve to reduce or eliminate exposure to potentially infectious materials.Engineering controls can reduce potential hazards by isolating or removing thehazard from the work environment. Some examples of engineering controlsinclude puncture-resistant containers used for storage and disposal of sharpsand paint stirrers and long-handled mirrors for use in locating and retrievingevidence in confined or hidden spaces.

Chemical Safety

Depending on the type of material encountered, a variety of health and safetyhazards can exist. Some of those hazards are identified by the followingcategories.1,3

! Flammable or combustible materials, such as gasoline, acetone, andether, ignite easily when exposed to air and an ignition source, such as aspark or flame.

! Over time, some explosive materials, such as nitroglycerine andnitroglycerine-based dynamite, deteriorate to become chemically unstable.In particular, ether will form peroxides around the mouth of the vessel inwhich it is stored. All explosive materials are sensitive to heat, shock, andfriction, which are employed to initiate explosives.

! Pyrophoric materials, such as phosphorus, sodium, and barium, can beliquid or solid and can ignite in air temperatures less than 130 degreesFahrenheit (540 degrees Celsius) without an external ignition source.

! Oxidizers, such as nitrates, hydrogen peroxide, and concentrated sulfuricacid, are a class of chemical compounds that readily yield oxygen to

Crime Scene Safety


promote combustion. Avoid storage with flammable and combustiblematerials or substances that could rapidly accelerate its decomposition.

! Corrosive materials can cause destruction to living tissue or objects suchas wood and steel. The amount of damage is dependent upon theconcentration and duration of contact.

Remember, when working with chemicals, be aware of hazardous properties,disposal techniques, personal protection, packaging and shipping procedures,and emergency preparedness. This awareness comes from the informationcontained in a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) and appropriate training. TheMSDS provides information on the hazards of a particular material, so thatpersonnel can work safely and responsibly with hazardous materials.

Light Source Safety

When using ultraviolet (UV) lights, lasers, and other light sources,4 the eyes mustbe protected from direct and indirect exposure. Prolonged exposure to the skinshould also be avoided. Protective eyewear appropriate for the light source in useshould be worn by all personnel in the vicinity of the light source.

Goggles must have sufficient protective material and fit snugly to prevent lightfrom entering at any angle and be clearly labeled with the optical density andwavelength. Not all laser beams are visible, and irreversible eye damage canresult from exposure to direct or indirect light from reflected beams. Laserprotective eyewear must be approved by the American National StandardsInstitute (ANSI), and the optical density must be great enough to offer protectionagainst the maximum operating wavelength of the laser source.

Confined Space Safety

A confined space is an enclosed area large enough for personnel to enter andwork. It has limited or restricted means for entry or exit and is not designed forcontinuous occupancy (for example, open pits, tank cars, and vats). Confinedspaces can expose personnel to hazards including toxic gases, explosive oroxygen-deficient atmospheres, electrical dangers, or materials that can engulfpersonnel entering.5 Conditions in a confined space must be considereddangerous and must not be entered unless tested with a calibrated direct-readinginstrument for oxygen content, flammable gases and vapors, and potentially toxicair contaminants.

Crime Scene Safety


Remember the following practices when working in a confined space:

! Never enter before all atmospheric, engulfment, and mechanical hazardshave been identified, and procedures have been developed to abate thosehazards.

! Always remove all unwanted energy sources or hazardous substances.

! Always provide forced-air ventilation. Ensure ventilation equipment doesnot interfere with entry, exit, and rescue procedures.

! Never introduce hazards such as welding or cleaning solvents without firstmaking provisions for these hazards.

! Continuously monitor for oxygen, combustibles, and toxins even after initialtesting confirms a safe atmosphere for entry. Remember, conditions canchange at any time.

! Always provide barriers to warn unauthorized personnel and to keepentrants safe from external hazards.

! Always provide constant communication between the personnel enteringthe crime scene and outside personnel. Have back-up communication ifusing two-way radios.

! Always wear appropriate PPE, be familiar with the use and limitations ofthat equipment, and ensure its proper maintenance.

! Always use the buddy system when entering a confined space.

! Never attempt a rescue unless you are part of a designated rescue teamand have the proper knowledge, training, skills, and equipment to performa safe rescue.

! Use of safety belts and harnesses is mandatory.

For additional information, refer to the OSHA standard for Permit-RequiredConfined Spaces, 29 CFR 1910.146.6

Crime Scene Safety


Personal Protective Equipment

Hand Protection

Hand protection should be selected on the basis of the type of material beinghandled and the hazard or hazards associated with the material.7,8 Detailedinformation can be obtained from the manufacturer. The following is generalinformation about glove material types and their functions:

! Nitrile provides protection from acids, alkaline solutions, hydraulic fluid,photographic solutions, fuels, lubricants, aromatics, petroleum, andchlorinated solvents. It also offers some resistance to cuts and snags.

! Neoprene offers resistance to oil, grease, acids, solvents, alkalies, bases,and most refrigerants.

! Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is resistant to alkalies, oils, and limitedconcentrations of nitric and chromic acids.

! Latex (natural rubber) resists mild acids, caustics, detergents, germicides,and ketonic solutions. Latex will swell and degrade if exposed to gasolineor kerosene. When exposed to prolonged, excessive heat or directsunlight, latex gloves can start to degrade, causing the glove materials tolose their integrity.

! Powder-free gloves with reduced protein content will lower the risk ofdeveloping latex allergies. Personnel allergic to latex can usually wearnitrile or neoprene.

Guidelines for glove use:

! Prior to donning, inspect the gloves for holes, punctures, and tears.Remove rings or other sharp objects that can cause punctures.

! When working with heavily contaminated materials, it is prudent to wear adouble layer of gloves.

! Change gloves when torn or punctured or when their ability to function asa barrier is compromised.

Crime Scene Safety


! To avoid contamination of unprotected skin or clothing, remove disposablegloves by grasping the cuffs and pulling them off inside out. Discarddisposable gloves in designated containers. Do not reuse.

Eye Protection

Appropriate eye protection, such as safety glasses and goggles, should be wornwhen handling biological, chemical, and radioactive materials.1,9 Face shieldsoffer better protection to the face when there is a potential for splashing or flyingdebris. Face shields must be worn in combination with safety glasses or gogglesbecause face shields alone are not considered appropriate eye protection.

Contact lens users should wear safety glasses or goggles to protect the eyes. Inthe event of a chemical splash into the eye, it can be difficult to remove thecontact lens to irrigate the eye.

For personnel who wear prescription glasses, protective eyewear is available andshould be worn over prescription glasses.

Foot Protection

Shoes that completely cover and protect the foot are essential.7,10 Protectivefootwear should be used at crime scenes when there is a danger of foot injuriesdue to falling or rolling objects or to objects piercing the sole and when feet areexposed to electrical hazards. The standard recognized by OSHA for protectivefootwear is the American National Standard for Personal Protection—ProtectiveFootwear, ANSI Z41-1991. In some situations, nonpermeable shoe covers canprovide barrier protection to shoes and prevent contamination outside of thecrime scene.

Respiratory Protection

Certain crime scenes, such as bombings and clandestine laboratories, canproduce noxious fumes and other airborne contaminants that require respiratoryprotection.1,7,11

At a minimum, compliance with Title 29 CFR 1910.13412 is mandatory wheneverrespirators are used by personnel. Critical elements for the safe use ofrespirators include a written program, training, medical evaluation, fit testing, anda respirator maintenance program. Without these elements, the wearer does notreceive the degree of protection anticipated.

Crime Scene Safety


Head Protection

In certain crime scenes, such as bombings where structural damage can occur,protective helmets should be worn. The standard recognized by OSHA forprotective helmets is ANSI’s Requirements for Industrial Head Protection,Z89.1-1997.

Hazardous Materials Transportation

Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations codifies specific requirements thatmust be observed in preparing hazardous materials for shipment by air, highway,rail, or water. More specifically, the International Air Transport Association, incooperation with the International Civil Aviation Organization, publishes theDangerous Goods Regulations annually. All air transporters follow theseregulations, which describe how to package and prepare hazardous materials forair shipment.

Title 49 CFR 172.101, provides a Hazardous Materials Table, which identifiesitems considered hazardous for the purpose of transportation, special provisions,hazardous materials communications, emergency response information, andtraining requirements. Training is required to properly package and shiphazardous materials employing any form of commercial transportation.

References

1. National Research Council, Committee on Hazardous Substances in theLaboratory. Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories.National Academy, Washington, DC, 1981.

2. Title 29 CFR Section 1910.1030, Occupational Exposure to BloodbornePathogens: Final Rule. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety andHealth Administration, Washington, DC, 1991. Available: www.osha-slc.gov/OshStd_data/1910_1030.html

3. Upfal, M. J. Pocket Guide to First Aid for Chemical Injuries. Ed., J. R. Stuart.Genium, Schenectady, New York, 1991.

4. American National Standard for the Safe Use of Lasers (ANSI Z136.1-1993).American National Standards Institute, New York, 1993.

Crime Scene Safety

http://www.osha-slc.gov/OshStd_data/1910_1030.html

http://www.osha-slc.gov/OshStd_data/1910_1030.html


5. Conforti, J. V. Confined Space Pocket Guide. Ed., C. Gorman. Genium,Schenectady, New York, 1992.

6. Title 29 CFR Section 1910.146, Permit-Required Confined Spaces. U.S.Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration,Washington, DC, 1991.

7. Laboratory Survival Manual. Environmental Health and Safety Office,University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia. Available:www.keats.admin.virginia.edu/lsm/home.html

8. Choose the Proper Gloves for Chemical Handling, Best’s Safety Directory1990 (30th ed.). Pioneer Industrial Products, Willard, Ohio, 1990. Available:www.ambest.com/safety/about/index.html

9. American National Standard Practice for Occupational and Educational Eyeand Face Protection (ANSI Z87.1-1989). American National Standards Institute,New York, New York, 1989.

10. Title 29 CFR Section 1910.136, Foot Protection. U.S. Department of Labor,Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, DC, 1991.

11. Hazardous Waste Handling Pocket Guide. Ed., C. Gorman. Genium,Schenectady, New York, 1991.

12. Title 29 CFR Section 1910.134, Respiratory Protection. U.S. Department ofLabor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, DC, 1991.

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Crime Scene Safety

http://www.keats.admin.virginia.edu/lsm/home.html

http://www.ambest.com/safety/about/index.html




Crime Scene SearchA crime scene search is a planned, coordinated, and legal search by lawenforcement officials to locate physical evidence.

Use the following links for guidelines for conducting a crime scenesearch:

Basic PremisesPreparationApproachSecure and ProtectPreliminary SurveyEvaluate Physical Evidence PossibilitiesNarrativePhotographySketchCrime Scene Search, Record, and Physical Evidence CollectionFinal SurveyRelease

Basic Premises

! The best search options are typically the most difficult and time-consuming.

! Physical evidence cannot be overdocumented.

! There is only one chance to search the scene properly.

! There are two search approaches:

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" Conduct a cautious search of visible areas, avoiding evidence lossor contamination; and

" After the cautious search, conduct a vigorous search of concealedareas.

Preparation

! Obtain a search warrant, if necessary.

! Discuss the search with involved personnel before arrival at the scene, ifpossible.

! Establish a command headquarters for communication and decisionmaking in major or complicated crime scene searches.

! Ensure that personnel are aware of the types of evidence usuallyencountered and the proper handling of the evidence.

! Make preliminary personnel assignments before arrival at the scene, ifpossible.

! Ensure that assignments are in keeping with the attitude, aptitude,training, and experience of personnel. Personnel may be assigned two ormore responsibilities.

" Person In Charge

# scene security

# administrative log

# preliminary survey

# narrative description

# problem resolution

# final decision making

Crime Scene Search


" Photographer

# photography and log

" Sketch Preparer

# sketch and log

" Evidence Recorder

# evidence custodian and log

! Establish communication between medical examiners, laboratorypersonnel, and prosecutive attorneys so that questions during the crimescene search can be resolved.

! Coordinate agreements with all agencies in multijurisdictional crime scenesearches.

! Accumulate evidence collection and packaging materials and equipment.

! Prepare the paperwork to document the search.

! Provide protective clothing, communication, lighting, shelter,transportation, equipment, food, water, medical assistance, and securityfor personnel.

! In prolonged searches, use shifts of two or more teams. Transferpaperwork and responsibility in a preplanned manner from one team tothe next.

Approach

! Be alert for evidence.

! Take extensive notes.

! Consider the safety of all personnel.

Crime Scene Search


Secure and Protect

! Take control of the scene immediately.

! Determine the extent to which the scene has been protected. Obtaininformation from personnel who have knowledge of the original condition.

! Designate one person in charge for final decision making and problemresolution.

! Continue to take extensive notes.

! Keep out unauthorized personnel.

! Record who enters and leaves.

Preliminary Survey

The survey is an organizational stage to plan for the search.

! Cautiously walk through the scene.

! Maintain administrative and emotional control.

! Select a narrative technique such as written, audio, or video.

! Take preliminary photographs.

! Delineate the extent of the search area. Usually expand the initialperimeter.

! Organize methods and procedures.

! Recognize special problem areas.

! Identify and protect transient physical evidence.

! Determine personnel and equipment needs. Make specific assignments.

! Develop a general theory of the crime.

Crime Scene Search


! Take extensive notes to document the scene, physical and environmentalconditions, and personnel movements.

Evaluate Physical Evidence Possibilities

This evaluation begins upon arrival at the scene and becomes detailed in thepreliminary survey stage.

! Ensure that the collection and packaging materials and equipment aresufficient.

! Focus first on evidence that could be lost. Leave the least transientevidence last.

! Ensure all personnel consider the variety of possible evidence, not onlyevidence within their specialties.

! Search the easily accessible areas and progress to out-of-view locations.Look for hidden items.

! Evaluate whether evidence appears to have been moved inadvertently.

! Evaluate if the scene appears contrived.

Narrative

The narrative is a running description of the crime scene.

! Use a systematic approach in the narrative.

! Nothing is insignificant to record if it catches one’s attention.

! Under most circumstances, do not collect evidence during the narrative.

! Use photographs and sketches to supplement, not substitute for, thenarrative.

! The narrative should include

" Case identifier;

Crime Scene Search


" Date, time, and location;

" Weather and lighting conditions;

" Identity and assignments of personnel; and

" Condition and position of evidence.

Photography

! Photograph the crime scene as soon as possible.

! Prepare a photographic log that records all photographs and a descriptionand location of evidence.

! Establish a progression of overall, medium, and close-up views of thecrime scene.

! Photograph from eye level to represent the normal view.

! Photograph the most fragile areas of the crime scene first.

! Photograph all stages of the crime scene investigation, includingdiscoveries.

! Photograph the condition of evidence before recovery.

! Photograph the evidence in detail and include a scale, the photographer’sinitials, and the date.

! When a scale is used, first take a photograph without the scale.

! Photograph the interior crime scene in an overall and overlapping seriesusing a wide-angle lens.

! Photograph the exterior crime scene, establishing the location of thescene by a series of overall photographs including a landmark.Photographs should have 360 degrees of coverage. Consider using aerialphotography.

Crime Scene Search


! Photograph entrances and exits.

! Photograph important evidence twice.

" A medium-distance photograph that shows the evidence and itsposition to other evidence.

" A close-up photograph that includes a scale and fills the frame.

! Acquire prior photographs, blueprints, or maps of the scene.

Sketch

The sketch establishes a permanent record of items, conditions, and distanceand size relationships.

! Sketches supplement photographs.

! Sketch number designations should coordinate with the evidence lognumber designations.

! Sketches are normally not drawn to scale. However, the sketch shouldhave measurements and details for a drawn-to-scale diagram, ifnecessary.

! The sketch should include

" Case identifier;

" Date, time, and location;

" Weather and lighting conditions;

" Identity and assignments of personnel;

" Dimensions of rooms, furniture, doors, and windows;

" Distances between objects, persons, bodies, entrances, and exits;

Crime Scene Search


Spiral

Strip or Lane

Grid

" Measurements showing the location of evidence. Each objectshould be located by two measurements from nonmovable itemssuch as doors or walls; and

" Key, legend, compass orientation, scale, scale disclaimer, or acombination of these features.

Crime Scene Search, Record, andPhysical Evidence Collection

! Use a search pattern such as a grid, strip or lane,or spiral.

! Search from the general to the specific forevidence.

! Be alert for all evidence.

! Search entrances and exits.

! Photograph all items before collection and notatethe photographic log.

! Mark evidence locations on the sketch.

! Complete the evidence log with notations for eachitem of evidence. If feasible, have one person serveas evidence custodian.

! Two persons should observe evidence in place,during recovery, and being marked foridentification. If feasible, mark directly on theevidence.

! Wear gloves to avoid leaving fingerprints.

! Do not excessively handle the evidence after recovery.

! Seal all evidence packages at the crime scene.

Crime Scene Search


! Obtain known standards such as fiber samples from a known carpet.

! Make a complete evaluation of the crime scene.

! Constantly check paperwork, packaging, and other information for errors.

Final Survey

The final survey is a review of all aspects of the search.

! Discuss the search with all personnel.

! Ensure all documentation is correct and complete.

! Photograph the scene showing the final condition.

! Ensure all evidence is secured.

! Ensure all equipment is retrieved.

! Ensure hiding places or difficult access areas have not been overlooked.

Release

! Release the crime scene after the final survey.

! Crime scene release documentation should include the time and date ofrelease, to whom released, and by whom released.

! Ensure that the evidence is collected according to legal requirements,documented, and marked for identification.

! Consider the need for specialists such as a blood-pattern analyst or amedical examiner to observe the scene before it is released.

! Once the scene has been released, reentry may require a warrant.

! The scene should be released only when all personnel are satisfied thatthe scene was searched correctly and completely.

Crime Scene Search


! Only the person in charge should release the scene.

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Crime Scene Search