Handbook of Thermal Science andEngineering

Francis A. KulackiEditor-in-Chief

Sumanta Acharya • Yaroslav ChudnovskyRenato Machado Cotta • Ram DevireddyVijay K. Dhir • M. Pinar MengüçJavad Mostaghimi • Kambiz VafaiSection Editors

Handbook of ThermalScience and Engineering

With 1375 Figures and 184 Tables

Editor-in-ChiefFrancis A. KulackiDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA

Section EditorsSumanta AcharyaArmour College of EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical, Materials andAerospace EngineeringIllinois Institute of TechnologyChicago, IL, USA

Yaroslav ChudnovskyGas Technology InstituteDes Plaines, IL, USA

Renato Machado CottaUniversidade Federal do Rio deJaneiro – UFRJRio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Ram DevireddyDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringLouisiana State UniversityBaton Rouge, LA, USA

Vijay K. DhirMechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA

M. Pinar MengüçCekmeköy CampusÖzyegin UniversityÇekmeköy - Istanbul, Turkey

Javad MostaghimiCentre for Advanced Coating TechnologiesDepartment of Mechanical and IndustrialEngineeringFaculty of Applied Science + EngineeringUniversity of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada

Kambiz VafaiDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaRiverside, CA, USA

ISBN 978-3-319-26694-7 ISBN 978-3-319-26695-4 (eBook)ISBN 978-3-319-28573-3 (print and electronic bundle)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26695-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018935388

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In memoriam: Professor Emil PfenderWe dedicate the section on plasma heat transfer to the memory ofProfessor Emil Pfender (1925–2016) of the Department ofMechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, for hisoutstanding and lasting contributions to the field of thermal plasmaheat transfer and materials processing by thermal plasmas.During his lifetime, Professor Pfender spearheaded pioneering studieson particle heat and mass transfer in thermal plasmas, anodeboundary layer, and free burning arcs including the electroderegions, as well as nonequilibrium effects in arc plasma torches. Hestudied extensively plasma synthesis of ultrafine powders, later called“nanoparticles,” and developed processes for deposition of thin films,e.g., diamond films, by thermal plasma technology. His extensiveresearch on plasma spray coating process has had applicationsranging from jet engine turbine blades and combustors to medicalhip implants.

Professor Pfender received a Diploma in Physics in 1953, followedby Dr. Ing. in Electrical Engineering in 1959 at the Technical Universityof Stuttgart. He then became Chief Assistant and Lecturer at theInstitute for Gaseous Electronics at the same university. He spent ayear (1961) as a Visiting Scientist at the Plasma Physics Branch of theAir Force Research Laboratories, at Wright Patterson Air Force Base inOhio. In 1964, Professor Pfender was recruited by Professor ErnstR.G. Eckert and joined the Department of Mechanical Engineering atthe University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. There, heestablished the High Temperature Laboratory (HTL), which quicklybecame one of the highest regarded laboratories in the field.

Professor Pfender was the recipient of many honors and awards. In1986, he was elected as a member of the US National Academy of

Engineering. He was a Fellow of the ASME, the recipient of theAlexander von Humboldt Award of the German Government, theGold Honorary F. Krizik Medal for Merits in the Field of TechnicalSciences of the Czech Academy of Sciences, the Honorary Doctor’sdegree from the Technical University of Ilmenau, Germany, and thePlasma Chemistry Award from the International Union for Pure andApplied Chemistry (IUPAC). In 1980, he co-founded the Journal ofPlasma Processing and Plasma Chemistry and remained itsco-Editor-in-Chief until 2005.

On a personal level, it was an honor to have been his student(1976–1982) and to have learned from his vast knowledge. He wasgenerous, courteous, amiable, and a true gentleman.

Preface

Thermal engineering and science touches almost all branches of modern industrialactivity, from the production and refining of mineral resources, to processing andproduction of basic food stuffs, to manufacturing processes, to energy conversiondevices and systems, to environmental engineering, and to biological engineering. Inall of these fields, technologies involve the transport of thermal energy, or heat, andin many cases mass transfer. I cannot think of an area of human activity that does notinvolve either the removal of thermal energy or the addition of thermal energy to anengineering process or manufactured product. The applied thermal sciences andengineering now apply to processes and systems from the near-atomic scale to thefamiliar macro-scales of industry and the environment. The topics in this handbookhave been selected with this view in mind, and the goal has been to include topicsthat hitherto have not appeared in similar handbooks on heat and mass transfer inthe past.

The theory of heat on the macroscale is now well developed. This developmentbegan haltingly in the sixteenth century and blossomed in the nineteenth centurywith the expansion of process industries and the perfection of energy conversiondevices and systems. The design of familiar thermal systems and equipment – heatexchangers, heat-treating equipment, and gas turbines for power and propulsion,refrigeration systems, conventional electronic cooling equipment, and energy con-version devices – all rest on this foundation. Nowadays, we have highly developedtheoretical and empirical foundations for describing and reducing to practice knowl-edge of the basic modes of thermal energy transport: diffusion or heat conduction;convection; thermal radiation; and phase-change processes, principally boiling andcondensation. Various levels of analysis and empiricism pertain to each, and somesubfields remain resistant to complete mathematical description. We continue to relyon ad hoc closure models for predicting turbulent convective heat transfer coeffi-cients, and heat at the nano-scale is a subject of fundamental investigation on thedominant transport mechanisms in various applications. But what is different todayis the co-mingling of our understanding of the fundamental modes of heat and masstransfer and thermal physics with knowledge from widely different disciplines. In areal sense, the necessity of determining thermal effects across a range of processesand applications has brought transdisciplinarity to the forefront of thermal engineer-ing. The applied thermal sciences at the micro- and nanoscales have also advanced

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rapidly from their theoretical and empirical foundations established in the twentiethcentury to where engineering applications – devices and manufactured products –are an emergent reality. While thermal energy transport at the nanoscale is certainly afocus of much applied and fundamental research today, the development of submi-cron sized devices means that thermal engineering of a wholly different charactermay well be needed, and a chapter focusing on thermal transport in micro- andnanoscale systems is included.

The handbook is intended for researchers, practitioners, and graduate students. Agood number of chapters are focused on fundamental descriptions of all modes ofthermal energy transport, and this makes the handbook a general reference andintroduction to the field. Applications to new and developing technologies andapplied topics are also included. The section on heat transfer in biology andbiological systems elaborates the techniques and several active topical areas at theintersection of biology and medicine with heat and mass transfer. A section on heattransfer in plasmas provides a comprehensive picture of contemporary industrialapplications of ionized gases and their use in materials engineering.

I extend my appreciation and thanks to all of those who have contributed to thishandbook. The section editors have superbly managed an extraordinary wide rangeof topics, and authors of the chapters have skillfully summarized both classical andcontemporary developments of their subjects. We hope the range of topics will servenot only current thermal engineers and scientists but also those to come in the yearsahead.

We have dedicated the section on heat transfer in plasmas to the memory ofDr. Emil Pfender. He was a colleague and friend to his colleagues and the manystudents who studied under him at the University of Minnesota. His research andprofessional contributions continue to have a major influence on the field of plasmaheat transfer.

Francis A. KulackiUniversity of MinnesotaEditor-in-Chief

viii Preface

Contents

Volume 1

Part I Heat Transfer Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1 Macroscopic Heat Conduction Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Leandro A. Sphaier, Jian Su, and Renato Machado Cotta

2 Analytical Methods in Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Renato Machado Cotta, Diego C. Knupp, and João N. N. Quaresma

3 Numerical Methods for Conduction-Type Phenomena . . . . . . . . . 127Bantwal R. Baliga, Iurii Lokhmanets, and Massimo Cimmino

4 Thermophysical Properties Measurement and Identification . . . . . 179Helcio R. B. Orlande and Olivier Fudym

5 Design of Thermal Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219Yogesh Jaluria

6 Thermal Transport in Micro- and Nanoscale Systems . . . . . . . . . . 277Tanmoy Maitra, Shigang Zhang, and Manish K. Tiwari

7 Constructal Theory in Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329Luiz A. O. Rocha, S. Lorente, and A. Bejan

Part II Convective Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

8 Single-Phase Convective Heat Transfer: Basic Equations andSolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363Sumanta Acharya

9 Turbulence Effects on Convective Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391Forrest E. Ames

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10 Full-Coverage Effusion Cooling in External Forced Convection:Sparse and Dense Hole Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425Phil Ligrani

11 Enhancement of Convective Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447Raj M. Manglik

12 Electrohydrodynamically Augmented Internal ForcedConvection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479Michal Talmor and Jamal Seyed-Yagoobi

13 Free Convection: External Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527Patrick H. Oosthuizen

14 Free Convection: Cavities and Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603Andrey V. Kuznetsov and Ivan A. Kuznetsov

15 Heat Transfer in Rotating Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647Stefan aus der Wiesche

16 Natural Convection in Rotating Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691Peter Vadasz

17 Visualization of Convective Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759Pradipta K. Panigrahi and K. Muralidhar

Volume 2

Part III Single-Phase Heat Transfer in Porous and ParticulateMedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805

18 Applications of Flow-Induced Vibration in Porous Media . . . . . . . 807Khalil Khanafer, Mohamed Gaith, and Abdalla AlAmiri

19 Imaging the Mechanical Properties of Porous BiologicalTissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831John J. Pitre Jr. and Joseph L. Bull

20 Nanoparticles and Metal Foam in Thermal Control and Storageby Phase Change Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859Bernardo Buonomo, Davide Ercole, Oronzio Manca, andSergio Nardini

21 Modeling of Heat and Moisture Transfer in Porous TextileMedium Subject to External Wind: Improving ClothingDesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885Nesreen Ghaddar and Kamel Ghali

x Contents

Part IV Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917

22 A Prelude to the Fundamentals and Applications of RadiationTransfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919M. Pinar Mengüç

23 Radiative Transfer Equation and Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933Junming M. Zhao and Linhua H. Liu

24 Near-Field Thermal Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979Mathieu Francoeur

25 Design of Optical and Radiative Properties of Surfaces . . . . . . . . . 1023Bo Zhao and Zhuomin M. Zhang

26 Radiative Properties of Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069Vladimir P. Solovjov, Brent W. Webb, and Frederic Andre

27 Radiative Properties of Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1143Rodolphe Vaillon

28 Radiative Transfer in Combustion Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1173Pedro J. Coelho

29 Monte Carlo Methods for Radiative Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1201Hakan Ertürk and John R. Howell

30 Inverse Problems in Radiative Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1243Kyle J. Daun

Part V Heat Transfer Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1293

31 Introduction and Classification of Heat Transfer Equipment . . . . 1295Yaroslav Chudnovsky and Dusan P. Sekulic

32 Heat Exchanger Fundamentals: Analysis and Theoryof Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315Ahmad Fakheri

33 Heat Transfer Media and Their Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1353Igor L. Pioro, Mohammed Mahdi, and Roman Popov

34 Single-Phase Heat Exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1447Sunil S. Mehendale

35 Two-Phase Heat Exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1473Vladimir V. Kuznetsov

36 Compact Heat Exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1501Dusan P. Sekulic

Contents xi

37 Evaporative Heat Exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1521Takahiko Miyazaki

38 Process Intensification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1535Anna Lee Tonkovich and Eric Daymo

39 Energy Efficiency and Advanced Heat Recovery Technologies . . . 1593Helen Skop and Yaroslav Chudnovsky

40 Heat Exchangers Fouling, Cleaning, and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . 1609Thomas Lestina

Volume 3

Part VI Heat Transfer with Phase Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1643

41 Nucleate Pool Boiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1645Vijay K. Dhir

42 Transition and Film Boiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1695S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan

43 Boiling on Enhanced Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1747Dion S. Antao, Yangying Zhu, and Evelyn N. Wang

44 Mixture Boiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1795Mark A. Kedzierski

45 Boiling in Reagent and Polymeric Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1823Raj M. Manglik

46 Fundamental Equations for Two-Phase Flow in Tubes . . . . . . . . . 1849Masahiro Kawaji

47 Flow Boiling in Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1907Yang Liu and Nam Dinh

48 Boiling and Two-Phase Flow in Narrow Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1951Satish G. Kandlikar

49 Single- and Multiphase Flow for Electronic Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . 1973Yogendra Joshi and Zhimin Wan

50 Film and Dropwise Condensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2031John W. Rose

51 Internal Annular Flow Condensation and Flow Boiling:Context, Results, and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2075Amitabh Narain, Hrishikesh Prasad Ranga Prasad, and Aliihsan Koca

xii Contents

52 Heat Pipes and Thermosyphons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2163Amir Faghri

53 Phase Change Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2213Navin Kumar and Debjyoti Banerjee

Volume 4

Part VII Heat Transfer in Biology and Biological Systems . . . . . . . 2277

54 Thermal Properties of Porcine and Human Biological Systems . . . 2279Shaunak Phatak, Harishankar Natesan, Jeunghwan Choi,Robert Sweet, and John Bischof

55 Microsensors for Determination of Thermal Conductivity ofBiomaterials and Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2305Xin M. Liang, Praveen K. Sekar, and Dayong Gao

56 Heat Transfer In Vivo: Phenomena and Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2333Alexander I. Zhmakin

57 Heat and Mass Transfer Processes in the Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2381Arunn Narasimhan

58 Heat and Mass Transfer Models and Measurements forLow-Temperature Storage of Biological Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2417Shahensha M. Shaik and Ram Devireddy

59 Gold Nanoparticle-Based Laser Photothermal Therapy . . . . . . . . 2455Navid Manuchehrabadi and Liang Zhu

60 Thermal Considerations with Tissue Electroporation . . . . . . . . . . 2489Timothy J. O’Brien, Christopher B. Arena, and Rafael V. Davalos

Part VIII Heat Transfer in Plasmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2521

61 Heat Transfer in DC and RF Plasma Torches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2523Javad Mostaghimi, Larry Pershin, and Subramaniam Yugeswaran

62 Radiative Plasma Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2599Alain Gleizes

63 Heat Transfer in Arc Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2657Anthony B. Murphy and John J. Lowke

64 Heat Transfer in Plasma Arc Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2729Valerian Nemchinsky

Contents xiii

65 Synthesis of Nanosize Particles in Thermal Plasmas . . . . . . . . . . . 2791Yasunori Tanaka

66 Plasma Waste Destruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2829Milan Hrabovsky and Izak Jacobus van der Walt

67 Plasma-Particle Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2885Pierre Proulx

68 Heat Transfer in Suspension Plasma Spraying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2923Mehdi Jadidi, Armelle Vardelle, Ali Dolatabadi, and Christian Moreau

69 Droplet Impact and Solidification in Plasma Spraying . . . . . . . . . 2967Javad Mostaghimi and Sanjeev Chandra

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3009

xiv Contents

About the Editor

Dr. Francis A. Kulacki is Professor of MechanicalEngineering at the University of Minnesota. He receivedhis education in mechanical engineering at the IllinoisInstitute of Technology and the University of Minne-sota. His research and scholarly interests includecoupled heat and mass transfer in porous media,two-phase flow in micro-channels and micro-gaps, boil-ing of dilute emulsions, natural convection heat transfer,heat transfer in metal foams, hybrid renewable energysystems, thermal energy storage technology, energy pol-icy, and management of technology. He is widely rec-ognized for his development of fundamental knowledgeof the natural convection in heat-generating fluids, and awide range of fundamental experiments on convectionin saturated porous media. His advisees include 20, 47master’s degree students, and 14 undergraduate researchscholars. He is Editor of the SpringerBriefs in ThermalEngineering and Applied Science, and the SpringerMechanical Engineering Series.

His administrative work includes appointments asdepartment Chair at the University of Delaware, Deanof engineering at the Colorado State University, andDean of the Institute of Technology (now the Collegeof Science and Engineering) at the University of Min-nesota. In each of these positions, he was instrumental ininitiating and expanding computer-aided engineeringand technology-based instructional activities, increasingresearch funding, and establishing new multi-disciplinary degree programs, research initiatives, cen-ters, and specialized research facilities. He had served asChair of the Heat Transfer Division of the AmericanSociety of Mechanical Engineers and was member ofthe ASME Board on Professional Development, Board

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on Engineering Education, and Board of the Center forEducation. He chaired an ASME Task Force on Gradu-ate Education and was a member of the ASME Vision2030 project, which addressed the body of knowledgefor mechanical engineers in the twenty-first century. Healso chaired the Education Advisory Group of theNational Society for Professional Engineers and was amember of the NSPE Task Force on Education andRegistration.

Dr. Kulacki has served on the advisory boards ofengineering programs at Swarthmore College, the Uni-versity of Kentucky, the University of Maryland Balti-more County, and Florida International University. In1996, he was a member of the DOE Peer Review Panelon Thermal and Hydrological Impacts of the YuccaMountain Repository. From 1998 to 2001, he was anASME Distinguished Lecturer. From 1996 to 1998, heserved as the Executive Director of the Technology-Based Engineering Education Consortium, an initiativeof the William C. Norris Institute. In 2002, he served asthe Director of graduate studies for the MS in Manage-ment of Technology program at Minnesota and haslectured on energy policy and related issues in theMOT program and at the Hubert H. Humphrey Institutefor Public Affairs.

Dr. Kulacki is a Fellow of ASME and the AmericanAssociation for the Advancement of Science. He hasreceived the ASME Distinguished Service Award andthe George Taylor Distinguished Service Award of theInstitute of Technology at the University of Minnesota.In 2015, he received the ASME’s Heat Transfer Memo-rial Award. In 2017, he received ASME’s E. F. ChurchAward, which recognized his scholarly and administra-tive achievements in engineering education.

xvi About the Editor

Section Editors

Sumanta Acharya received his Ph.D. from the Univer-sity of Minnesota and his Bachelor’s degree from theIndian Institute of Technology in Mechanical Engineer-ing. He is currently Professor and Department Chair ofMechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering atthe Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago. From2010 to 2014, he served as the Program Director ofthe Thermal Transport Program in the Directorate ofEngineering at the National Science Foundation (NSF).From 2014 to 2016, he was the Ring Companies Chairand Department Chair of the Mechanical EngineeringDepartment at the Herff College of Engineering. Hisacademic career prior to 2014 was at Louisiana StateUniversity (LSU) where he was the L. R. Daniel Pro-fessor and the Fritz & Francis Blumer Professor in theDepartment of Mechanical Engineering. He was theFounding Director in 2003 of the Center for TurbineInnovation and Energy Research (TIER), whichfocused on energy generation and propulsion research.His scholarly contributions include mentoring nearly85 postdoctoral researchers and graduate students, andpublishing nearly 200 refereed journal articles and bookchapters and over 230 refereed conference/proceedingspapers. Professor Acharya was awarded the 2015 AIAAThermophysics Award, the 2014 AIChE DonaldQ. Kern Award, the 75th ASME Heat Transfer DivisionMedal in 2013, and the 2011 ASME Heat TransferMemorial Award in the Science category. He served asthe Chair of the Heat Transfer Division (HTD) at ASMEin 2016–2017 and currently serves in the HTD’s Exec-utive Committee. He has served as the Associate Tech-nical Editor (ATE) of the ASME Journal of Heat

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Transfer, ASME Journal of Energy Resources Technol-ogy, and currently is the ATE of the ASME Journal ofValidation, Verification and Uncertainty Quantifica-tion.

Yaroslav Chudnovsky is a senior member of the R&DStaff at the Gas Technology Institute (GTI), an indepen-dent not-for-profit R&D organization serving research,development, and training needs of industrial and energymarkets since 1941. For over three decades, he success-fully developed and led comprehensive R&D programscombinedwith teaching in enhanced heat transfer, processheating and cooling, power generation and energyharvesting, waste heat recovery and energy efficiency,wastewater reuse, advanced clean combustion, and prod-uct quality improvement, related to cost-effective indus-trial and commercial innovations and advanced technicalsolutions. He has been working for GTI Energy Utiliza-tion Group since 1995 and has a diversified practicalexperience in thermal-fluid and energy systems, energyefficiency, and clean environmental and industrial tech-nologies. Prior to joining GTI Dr. Chudnovsky was aDirector of Heat and Mass Transfer Research laboratoryat Moscow Bauman Technical University. During hisprofessional career, he has earned an extensive record offederal, state, and private industry funded high-risk inno-vative research, early-stage development, pre-commercialdemonstration, cost-effective deployment, and successfulcommercialization of a wide spectrum of technologies.Dr. Chudnovsky earned a Ph.D. in Thermal Sciences(1990), an M.S. in Cryogenic Engineering (1982), and aB.S. in Mechanical Engineering (1980) from the BaumanTechnical University. He is an Editorial Board member ofa number of professional journals, Fellow of ASME,Member of ASTFE, ABS, AIChE, AIAA, and AFRC,as well as author/coauthor of over 200 professional pub-lications including books, archival articles, conferenceproceedings, technical reports, and patents.

xviii Section Editors

Renato Machado Cotta received his B.Sc. in Mechan-ical/Nuclear Engineering from the Federal University ofRio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1981, and the Ph.D. inMechanical and Aerospace Engineering, from theNorth Carolina State University, Raleigh, in 1985. Hejoined the Mechanical Engineering Department at theFederal University of Rio de Janeiro in 1987. He hasauthored 500 technical papers, 9 books, and supervised80 Ph.D. and M.Sc. theses. Dr. Cotta is a member of theHonorary Advisory Board of International Journal ofHeat and Mass Transfer, International Communicationsin Heat and Mass Transfer, International Journal ofThermal Sciences, International Journal of NumericalMethods in Heat and Fluid Flow, and ComputationalThermal Sciences. He is a Regional Editor of HighTemperatures - High Pressures and Associate Editor ofthe Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences. Heserved as President of Brazilian Association of Mechan-ical Sciences, ABCM, 2000–2001, Member of Scien-tific Council of the International Centre for Heat andMass Transfer, since 1993, Executive Committee ofICHMT since 2006, presently Chairman of the Execu-tive Committee of ICHMT, Congress Committee mem-ber of the International Union of Theoretical andApplied Mechanics (IUTAM) since 2010, and Execu-tive Committee member of the Brazilian Academy ofSciences from 2012 to 2015. Dr. Cotta received theICHMT Hartnett-Irvine Award in 2009 and 2015 andwas elected member of the National Order of ScientificMerit, Brazil, 2009. He is an elected member of theBrazilian Academy of Sciences, 2009, National Engi-neering Academy of Brazil, 2011, and the World Acad-emy of Sciences, Trieste, Italy, 2012. Dr. Cotta served asthe President of the National Commission of NuclearEnergy, CNEN/Brazil, 2015–2017, and presently isTechnical Counselor to the General Directorate forNuclear and Technological Development of theBrazilian Navy.

Section Editors xix

Ram Devireddy is the DeSoto Parish Chapter Univer-sity Alumni Professor and the Louisiana Land andExploration Company Endowed Chair Professor ofMechanical Engineering at Louisiana State University,Baton Rouge. Dr. Devireddy received his Ph.D. fromthe University of Minnesota, M.S. from the Universityof Colorado, Boulder, and his bachelor’s degree fromthe University of Madras, India, in Mechanical Engi-neering. He is interested in a wide variety of biologicalphenomena at low temperatures with emphasis onphase-change phenomena with particular emphasis onconservation of endangered species, rational design ofovarian tissue cryopreservation protocols, adult stemcell bio-preservation, tissue engineering, macro- andmicro-scale simulation of bio-membrane-cryoprotec-tive agent interactions, and nano- and macroscale heattransfer phenomena. Dr. Devireddy has coauthored sev-eral book chapters, over 80 archival journal publica-tions, and 80 conference proceedings and abstracts. Thequality of his publications has been recognized by bestpaper awards from the ASME Journal of Heat Transfer,Mid-West Thermal Analysis Forum, the Society ofCryobiology, and the Material Research Society. Hehas served as Co-chair (2008–2010) and Chair(2010–2012) of the American Society of MechanicalEngineering (ASME) Biotransport Committee, as wellas the Technical Program Chair for the 2013 ASMESummer Bioengineering Conference. In 2011, he wasinducted as a Fellow of the ASME. Dr. Devireddy hasreceived numerous honors and awards including aBrains (back) to Brussels Fellowship to visit UniversitéCatholique de Louvain, Brussels (2009), and a JapanSociety for Promotion of Science (JSPS) Fellowship tovisit the Yokohama National University, Tokyo (2016).Dr. Devireddy is also the recipient of the LouisianaAlumni Association Faculty Excellence Award (2013)for outstanding teaching, research, and service.

xx Section Editors

Vijay K. Dhir is Distinguished Professor of Mechanicaland Aerospace Engineering and served as Dean ofUCLA’s Henry Samueli School of Engineering andApplied Science from 2003 to 2016. He received hisBachelor of Science degree from Punjab Engineering Col-lege in Chandigarh, India, and his Master of Technologydegree from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kanpur,India. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Ken-tucky and joined the faculty at UCLA in 1974. In 2006, hewas elected to the National Academy of Engineering forhis work in boiling heat transfer and nuclear reactor ther-mal hydraulics and safety. He received the 2004 MaxJakob Memorial Award of ASME and AIChE and wasdelivered the 2008 ASME Thurston Lecture. He is aFellow of ASME and the American Nuclear Society. In2004, he was selected as an inductee into the University ofKentucky’s Engineering Hall of Distinction. He has alsoreceived the American Society of Mechanical Engineers(ASME) Heat Transfer Memorial Award in the Sciencecategory and the Donald Q. Kern Award from the Amer-ican Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). He is recip-ient of the Technical Achievement Award of the ThermalHydraulics Division of the American Nuclear Society andtwice has received the Best Paper Award for paperspublished in ASME Journal of Heat Transfer. He receivedan honorary Ph.D. in Engineering from University ofKentucky and a Lifetime Achievement Award at theICCES conference. He is also an honorary member ofASME and received the 75th Anniversary Medal fromthe Heat Transfer Division of ASME. He was recognizedin 2013 as Educator of the Year by the Engineering Coun-cil. Dr. Dhir leads the Boiling Heat Transfer Laboratory atUCLA, which conducts research on boiling including flowboiling, micro-gravity boiling, and nuclear reactorthermal hydraulics. More than 45 Ph.D. students and40M.S. students have graduated under Dhir’s supervision.He is author or coauthor of over 350 papers published inarchival journals and proceedings of conferences.

Section Editors xxi

M. Pinar Mengüç completed his B.S. and M.S. degreesat the Middle East Technical University in Ankara,Turkey. He received his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineer-ing from Purdue University in 1985 and joined thefaculty at the University of Kentucky the same year.He was promoted to the rank of Professor in 1993, andin 2008 was named as the Engineering Alumni Associ-ation Chair Professor. He was a Visiting Professor at theUniversita degli Studi “Federico II,” in Napoli, Italy, in1991, and at the Massachusetts General Hospital/Har-vard University in Boston during 1998–1999. He servedas an Associate Editor of the ASME Journal of HeatTransfer and is currently the Editor-in-Chief of theJournal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and RadiativeTransfer. He was the Chair of five International Sympo-sia on Radiation Transfer, organized by the InternationalCenter for Heat and Mass Transfer. Dr. Mengüç hasauthored/coauthored more than 125 refereed journalarticles and more than 180 conference papers, bookchapters, and two books, including the Sixth Edition ofThermal Radiation Heat Transfer, with Jack Howell andRobert Siegel, which appeared in 2016. He has fivepatents and has guided more than 65 M.S. and Ph.D.students and postdoctoral fellows. Dr. Mengüç served asthe Founding Director of the Nano-Scale EngineeringCertificate Program at the University of Kentucky. Sinceearly 2009, he is at Ozyegin University in Istanbul as theFounding Director of Center for Energy, Environment,and Economy (CEEE-EÇEM) and the Founding Headof Mechanical Engineering Program. He is a Fellow ofASME and ICHMT, a Senior Member of OSA, and anelected member of the Science Academy of Turkey.

Javad Mostaghimi is the Distinguished Professor inPlasma Engineering in the Department of Mechanicaland Industrial Engineering at the University of Torontoand the Director of Centre for Advanced Coating Tech-nologies (CACT). He received a B.Sc. degree fromSharif University, Iran, in 1974, and M.Sc. and Ph.D.degrees in Mechanical Engineering from the Universityof Minnesota in 1978 and 1982, respectively. Beforejoining University of Toronto in 1990, he held positionsat Pratt & Whitney Canada, Longueil, Quebec, and theDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University ofSherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec. His main research

xxii Section Editors

interests are the study of thermal spray coatings, andtransport phenomena and electromagnetics in thermalplasma sources, in particular, the flow, temperature,and electromagnetic fields within arcs and RF induc-tively coupled plasmas. He has also done extensivesimulation of the dynamics of droplet impact and solid-ification in thermal spray processes. He is a Fellow ofthe Royal Society of Canada, ASME, ASM, CSME,EIC, CAE, AAAS, and IUPAC. He is a recipient of the75th Anniversary Medal of the ASME Heat TransferDivision, 2013 Robert W. Angus Medal of the CSME,2012 Heat Transfer Memorial Award of the ASME,2011 Jules Stachiewicz Medal of the CSME, 2010NSERC Brockhouse Canada Prize, and 2009 Engineer-ing Medal in R&D from the Professional Engineers ofOntario. He is a member of the Editorial Board ofPlasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing and a mem-ber of the International Review Board of the Journal ofThermal Spray.

Kambiz Vafai received his B.S. in Mechanical Engi-neering from the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University ofCalifornia, Berkeley. He is a Fellow of ASME, AAAS,and WIF and Associate Fellow of AIAA. He has one ofthe highest number of citations and h indices in severalof the research areas that he has worked on in both ISIand Google Scholar metrics. He has authored over350 journal publications, book chapters, and sympo-sium volumes. He is currently a Distinguished Professorat the University of California, Riverside, where hestarted as the Presidential Chair in the Department ofMechanical Engineering. While he was at the Ohio StateUniversity, he won the Outstanding Research Awards inthe assistant, associate, and full professor categories. Heis the recipient of the ASME Classic Paper Award andreceived the ASME Memorial Award for OutstandingContributions to and Leadership in Research on convec-tion in porous media, convection in enclosed fluids, andflat-shaped heat pipes. He was given the InternationalSociety of Porous Media (InterPore) Highest Award inrecognition of outstanding and extraordinary contribu-tions to porous media science. He is also the recipient ofthe 75th Anniversary Medal of ASME Heat TransferDivision. He holds 13 US patents associated with

Section Editors xxiii

electronic cooling and medical applications. Dr. Vafaihas worked in many technical and scientific areasincluding multiphase transport, porous media, innova-tive heat pipes, electronics cooling, innovative micro-channels, innovative biosensors, aircraft brakingsystems, innovative nano-fluid applications, biomedicaladvances, polymerase chain reaction, land mine detec-tion, innovative high heat flux, thermal/fluid flow regu-lation and control, and discovery of a new set of fluidflow instabilities.

xxiv Section Editors

Contributors

Sumanta Acharya Armour College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical,Materials and Aerospace Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago,IL, USA

Abdalla AlAmiri Mechanical Engineering Department, United Arab EmiratesUniversity, Al-Ain, UAE

Forrest E. Ames Mechanical Engineering Deptartment, University of NorthDakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA

Frederic Andre Centre de Thermique et d’Energétique de Lyon, INSA de Lyon,Villeurbanne, France

Dion S. Antao Device Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineer-ing, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

Christopher B. Arena Laboratory for Therapeutic Directed Energy, Department ofPhysics, Elon University, Elon, NC, USA

Bantwal R. Baliga Department of Mechanical Engineering, Heat Transfer Labo-ratory, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Debjyoti Banerjee Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

A. Bejan Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, DukeUniversity, Durham, NC, USA

John Bischof Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota,Minneapolis, MN, USA

Joseph L. Bull Biomedical Engineering Department, Tulane University, NewOrleans, LA, USA

Bernardo Buonomo Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione,Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Aversa (CE), Italy

Sanjeev Chandra Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Univer-sity of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

xxv

Jeunghwan Choi Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, Green-ville, NC, USA

Yaroslav Chudnovsky Gas Technology Institute, Des Plaines, IL, USA

Massimo Cimmino Department of Mechanical Engineering, Heat Transfer Labo-ratory, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Pedro J. Coelho LAETA, IDMEC, Department of Mechanical Engineering,Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

Renato Machado Cotta Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ, Rio deJaneiro, RJ, Brazil

Kyle J. Daun Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Univer-sity of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada

Rafael V. Davalos Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, ICTAS Center forEngineered Health, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, VirginiaTech - Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg,VA, USA

Eric Daymo Tonkomo LLC, Gilbert, AZ, USA

Ram Devireddy Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State Univer-sity, Baton Rouge, LA, USA

Vijay K. Dhir Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of CaliforniaLos Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Nam Dinh North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

Ali Dolatabadi Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, ConcordiaUniversity, Montreal, QC, Canada

Davide Ercole Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione,Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Aversa (CE), Italy

Hakan Ertürk Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istan-bul, Turkey

Amir Faghri Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut,Storrs, CT, USA

Ahmad Fakheri Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bradley University, Peo-ria, IL, USA

Mathieu Francoeur Radiative Energy Transfer Laboratory, Department ofMechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

Olivier Fudym CNRS Office for Brazil and the South Cone, Avenida PresidenteAntônio Carlos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

xxvi Contributors

Mohamed Gaith Department of Mechanical Engineering, Australian College ofKuwait, Kuwait City, Kuwait

Dayong Gao Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington,Seattle, WA, USA

Nesreen Ghaddar Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineeringand Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon

Kamel Ghali Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering andArchitecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon

S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering,Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

Alain Gleizes Institute LAPLACE Laboratory, CNRS and Paul Sabatier University,Toulouse, France

John R. Howell Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texasat Austin, Austin, TX, USA

Milan Hrabovsky Institute of Plasma Physics ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic

Mehdi Jadidi Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, ConcordiaUniversity, Montreal, QC, Canada

Yogesh Jaluria Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers,the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA

Yogendra Joshi George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, GeorgiaInstitute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

Satish G. Kandlikar Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA

Masahiro Kawaji City College of New York, New York, NY, USA

University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

Mark A. Kedzierski National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithers-burg, MD, USA

Khalil Khanafer Department of Mechanical Engineering, Australian College ofKuwait, Kuwait City, Kuwait

Diego C. Knupp Laboratory of Experimentation and Numerical Simulation in Heatand Mass Transfer, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Energy, PolytechnicInstitute, Rio de Janeiro State University, IPRJ/UERJ, Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brazil

Aliihsan Koca Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA

Navin Kumar Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

Andrey V. Kuznetsov Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

Contributors xxvii

Ivan A. Kuznetsov Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia, PA, USA

Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Vladimir V. Kuznetsov Department of Thermophysics of Multiphase Systems,Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academyof Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia

Thomas Lestina Heat Transfer Research, Inc., Navasota, TX, USA

Xin M. Liang Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,Boston, MA, USA

Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA

Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medi-cal School, Boston, MA, USA

Phil Ligrani Propulsion Research Center, Department of Mechanical and Aero-space Engineering, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA

Linhua H. Liu School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute ofTechnology, Harbin, China

Yang Liu North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

Iurii Lokhmanets Department of Mechanical Engineering, Heat Transfer Labora-tory, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

S. Lorente Departement de Genie Civil, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées,Toulouse, France

John J. Lowke CSIRO Manufacturing, Lindfield, NSW, Australia

MohammedMahdi Faculty of Energy Systems and Nuclear Science, University ofOntario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada

Tanmoy Maitra Nanoengineered Systems Laboratory, UCL Mechanical Engineer-ing, University College London, London, UK

Oronzio Manca Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione,Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Aversa (CE), Italy

Raj M. Manglik Thermal-Fluids and Thermal Processing Laboratory, Department ofMechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Navid Manuchehrabadi Department of Mechanical Engineering, University ofMinnesota at Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Sunil S. Mehendale Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA

xxviii Contributors

M. Pinar Mengüç Cekmeköy Campus, Özyegin University, Çekmeköy - Istanbul,Turkey

Takahiko Miyazaki Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka, Japan

Christian Moreau Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering,Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Javad Mostaghimi Centre for Advanced Coating Technologies, Department ofMechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science + Engineering,University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

K. Muralidhar Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Tech-nology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

Anthony B. Murphy CSIRO Manufacturing, Lindfield, NSW, Australia

Amitabh Narain Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA

Arunn Narasimhan Department of Mechanical Engineering, Heat Transfer andThermal Power Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India

Sergio Nardini Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione,Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Aversa (CE), Italy

Harishankar Natesan Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Min-nesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Valerian Nemchinsky Physics Department, Keiser University, Fort Lauderdale,FL, USA

Timothy J. O’Brien Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, ICTAS Center forEngineered Health, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, VirginiaTech - Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg,VA, USA

Patrick H. Oosthuizen Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Fac-ulty of Engineering and Applied Science, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada

Helcio R. B. Orlande Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária,Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Pradipta K. Panigrahi Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute ofTechnology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

Larry Pershin University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

Shaunak Phatak Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minne-sota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Contributors xxix

Igor L. Pioro Faculty of Energy Systems and Nuclear Science, University ofOntario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada

John J. Pitre Jr. Biomedical Engineering Department, Tulane University, NewOrleans, LA, USA

Roman Popov Faculty of Energy Systems and Nuclear Science, University ofOntario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada

Pierre Proulx Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering,Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada

João N. N. Quaresma School of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal doPará, FEQ/UFPA, Campus Universitário do Guamá, Belém, PA, Brazil

Hrishikesh Prasad Ranga Prasad Michigan Technological University, Houghton,MI, USA

Luiz A. O. Rocha Departamento de Engenharia Mecanica, Universidade Federaldo Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

John W. Rose School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary Univer-sity of London, London, UK

Praveen K. Sekar Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wash-ington, Seattle, WA, USA

Dusan P. Sekulic Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky,Lexington, KY, USA

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin, PR, China

Jamal Seyed-Yagoobi Multi-Scale Heat Transfer Laboratory, Department ofMechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA

Shahensha M. Shaik Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana StateUniversity, Baton Rouge, LA, USA

Helen Skop Smart Heat Corporation, Skokie, IL, USA

Vladimir P. Solovjov Mechanical Engineering Department, Brigham Young Uni-versity, Provo, UT, USA

Leandro A. Sphaier Laboratory of Thermal Sciences – LATERMO, Departmentof Mechanical Engineering – TEM/PGMEC, Universidade Federal Fluminense,Niteroi, RJ, Brazil

Jian Su Nuclear Engineering Department – PEN and Nanoengineering Department –PENT, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Robert Sweet Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

xxx Contributors

Michal Talmor Multi-Scale Heat Transfer Laboratory, Department of MechanicalEngineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA

Yasunori Tanaka Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, KanazawaUniversity, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Japan

Manish K. Tiwari Nanoengineered Systems Laboratory, UCL Mechanical Engi-neering, University College London, London, UK

Anna Lee Tonkovich Tonkomo LLC, Gilbert, AZ, USA

Peter Vadasz Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northern Arizona Univer-sity, Flagstaff, AZ, USA

Rodolphe Vaillon CETHIL, UMR 5008, Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSA-Lyon,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France

Radiative Energy Transfer Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering,University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

Izak Jacobus van der Walt R&D Plasma Development, The South AfricanNuclear Energy Corporation, Plelindaba, North West Province, South Africa

Armelle Vardelle European Ceramic Center, Laboratoire Sciences des ProcédésCéramiques et de Traitements de Surface, University of Limoges, Limoges Cedex,France

Zhimin Wan George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, GeorgiaInstitute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

Evelyn N. Wang Device Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engi-neering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

Brent W. Webb Mechanical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University,Provo, UT, USA

Stefan aus der Wiesche Department of Mechanical Engineering, Muenster Uni-versity of Applied Sciences, Steinfurt, Germany

Subramaniam Yugeswaran University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

Shigang Zhang Nanoengineered Systems Laboratory, UCL Mechanical Engineer-ing, University College London, London, UK

Zhuomin M. Zhang George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering,Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

Bo Zhao George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Insti-tute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

Contributors xxxi

Junming M. Zhao School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute ofTechnology, Harbin, China

Alexander I. Zhmakin SoftImpact Ltd., St. Petersburg, Russia

Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia

Liang Zhu Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland Balti-more County, Baltimore, MD, USA

Yangying Zhu Device Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineer-ing, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

xxxii Contributors