Handbook of Ultrasonics and Sonochemistry

Muthupandian AshokkumarEditor-in-Chief

Francesca Cavalieri • Farid ChematKenji Okitsu • Anandan SambandamKyuichi Yasui • Bogdan ZisuSection Editors

Handbook of Ultrasonicsand Sonochemistry

With 649 Figures and 99 Tables

Editor-in-ChiefMuthupandian AshokkumarSchool of ChemistryThe University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia

Section EditorsFrancesca CavalieriDepartment of Chemical Sciences andTechnologiesUniversity of Rome “Tor Vergata”Rome, Italy

Farid ChematDepartment of ChemistryUniversite d’Avignon et des Pays deVaucluseAvignon cedex 1, France

Kenji OkitsuDepartment of Materials ScienceOsaka Prefecture UniversityOsaka, Japan

Anandan SambandamDepartment of ChemistryNational Institute of TechnologyTiruchirappalliTiruchirappalli, TN, India

Kyuichi YasuiNational Institute of Advanced IndustrialScience and Technology (AIST)Nagoya, Japan

Bogdan ZisuRMIT UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia

ISBN 978-981-287-277-7 ISBN 978-981-287-278-4 (eBook)ISBN 978-981-287-279-1 (print and electronic bundle)DOI 10.1007/978-981-287-278-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016939268

# Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of thematerial is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or informationstorage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodologynow known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoes not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevantprotective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookare believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or theeditors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errorsor omissions that may have been made.

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Preface

Soundwaves, responsible for verbal communication between human beings and tosome extent between living organisms, are capable of promoting chemical reactionsand processing of materials. While many research articles, reviews, and books areavailable on selected aspects related to the topics covered in this Handbook, a singlereference material that provides the current status of research areas ranging fromfundamental aspects to various applications is missing in the literature. In order toovercome this shortfall, the Handbook of Ultrasonics and Sonochemistry (HBUS)has been developed with contributions from expertise in different areas of ultrasonicsand sonochemistry.

HBUS consists of five sections: Fundamental Aspects, Nanomaterials, Environ-mental Remediation, Biomaterials, and Food Processing. Each section containsabout ten chapters dealing with reviews of current literature and in some casesproviding new results. While some chapters provide historical background of rele-vant topics, most focus on recent developments and current status of the researchareas. The first section on fundamental aspects aims at providing the basics ofacoustic cavitation. How ultrasound interacts with gas bubbles and grows them byrectified diffusion, theoretical aspects of cavitation, how the strong physical effectsand chemical reactions are generated during cavitation, and what issues are stillremaining unresolved are some topics covered in this section. In addition, acousticcavitation in a microchannel, atomization, and a brief account of hydrodynamiccavitation are also included in this section. The section on nanomaterials deals withthe synthesis of a variety of nanomaterials using the physical and chemical effectsgenerated during acoustic cavitation and their applications. In addition to synthesiz-ing materials, this chapter also deals with processing of materials such as micelles.There is a significant crossover between Sections II and III, which could be expectedas materials are used in environmental remediation. In both sections, the advantagesof using hybrid techniques are highlighted. A combination of ultrasound and elec-trochemistry or photocatalysis seems to offer synergistic effects under specificexperimental conditions. Section III not only deals with processing of organicpollutants in aqueous environment, but also highlights the use of acoustic cavitationfor the treatment of waste oils. In both sections, the use of hydrodynamic cavitationfor synthesizing nanomaterials and environmental remediation is discussed. Thephysical and chemical events arising from acoustic cavitation have been extensively

v

used for synthesizing functional biomaterials, which is focused in Section IV.Ultrasonically synthesized core-shell materials are found to possess unique physicaland functional properties as highlighted in this section. The last section of HBUSdeals with one of the growing applications of ultrasound, food processing. In recentyears, the physical forces generated during acoustic cavitation have been founduseful for improving the functional properties of food and dairy systems. Foodquality, functionality, nutritional properties, and storage stability are some processesthat could be improved by sonication.

The high quality chapters in HBUS are contributed by leading researchers. TheEditor-in-Chief and Section Editors sincerely acknowledge the authors for their timecommitment and quality contributions. The Editor-in-Chief thanks theSection Editors for their involvement in HBUS project, who should take the fullcredit for organizing individual sections that include choosing leading researchers,sending invitations, organizing review processes, and completing the overall processon time. The Editor-in-Chief would also like to acknowledge Springer and its stafffor their effort in making HBUS possible. In particular, Stephen Yeung, TinaShelton, and Alexa Singh have been on our (Editor-in-Chief and Editors) toes tomake sure we deliver what we promised, on time. And finally, it should be noted thatHBUS is a great addition to academic literature and would help a wide range ofcommunities including academic researchers, graduate students, and industries tounderstand and expand their knowledge in ultrasonics and sonochemistry fromfundamentals to possible industrial applications.

Muthupandian AshokkumarEditor-in-Chief

vi Preface

Contents

Volume 1

Part I Fundamental Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Bubble Dynamics and Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Robert Mettin and Carlos Cairós

Acoustic Bubbles, Acoustic Streaming, and CavitationMicrostreaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Richard Manasseh

The Growth of Bubbles in an Acoustic Field by RectifiedDiffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Thomas Leong, Muthupandian Ashokkumar, and Sandra Kentish

Acoustic Cavitation in a Microchannel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Siew-Wan Ohl and Claus-Dieter Ohl

Importance of Sonication and Solution Conditions on the AcousticCavitation Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Judy Lee

Acoustic Bubbles and Sonoluminescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Pak-Kon Choi

Experimental Observation of an Acoustic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Nobuki Kudo

Ultrasonic Atomization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239Susumu Nii

Unsolved Problems in Acoustic Cavitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259Kyuichi Yasui

vii

Part II Nanomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Sonoelectrochemical Synthesis and Characterization ofNanomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295Guohai Yang and Jun-Jie Zhu

Catalytic Applications of Noble Metal Nanoparticles Produced bySonochemical Reduction of Noble Metal Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325Kenji Okitsu and Yoshiteru Mizukoshi

Ultrasonic Synthesis of Polymer Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365Boon Mian Teo

Ultrasonic Synthesis of Ceramic Materials: Fundamental View . . . . . . 395Naoya Enomoto

Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Energy andEnvironmental Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423Sundaram Ganesh Babu, Bernaurdshaw Neppolian, and MuthupandianAshokkumar

Synthesis of Inorganic, Polymer, and Hybrid Nanoparticles UsingUltrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457S. Shaik, S.H. Sonawane, S.S. Barkade, and Bharat Bhanvase

Ultrasonic Modification of Micelle Nanostructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491Nor Saadah Mohd Yusof and Muthupandian Ashokkumar

Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Electrocatalysts for HydrogenProduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525Pavel V. Cherepanov and Daria V. Andreeva

Sonophotocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants UsingNanomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553J. Theerthagiri, R.A. Senthil, D. Thirumalai, and J. Madhavan

Ultrasonic Synthesis of Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Removal ofPollutants from Wastewater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587Bin Xue

Part III Environmental Remediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

Mathematical Models for Sonochemical Effects Induced byHydrodynamic Cavitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625Vijayanand S. Moholkar

Sonophotocatalytic Mineralization of Environmental ContaminantsPresent in Aqueous Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673P. Sathishkumar, R.V. Mangalaraja, and Sambandam Anandan

viii Contents

Advanced Oxidation Processes Using Ultrasound Technology forWater and Wastewater Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711Younggyu Son

Metals Oxides and Doped Metal Oxides for Ultrasound and UltrasoundAssisted Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Degradation of TextileOrganic Pollutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733G. Kumaravel Dinesh, T. Sivasankar, and Sambandam Anandan

Degradation of Organic Micropollutants by Hydrodynamic and/orAcoustic Cavitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761Patrick Braeutigam

Sonochemical Degradation of Aromatic Compounds, Surfactants, andDyes in Aqueous Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785Kenji Okitsu, Ben Nanzai, and Kandasamy Thangavadivel

Removal of Heavy Metal from Wastewater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813Nalenthiran Pugazhenthiran, Sambandam Anandan, and MuthupandianAshokkumar

Role of Process Intensification by Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841Bhakar Bethi, Shirish Sonawane, and Bharat Bhanvase

Sonochemical Synthesis of Zinc Sulfide Photocatalysts and TheirEnvironmental Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867Jerry J. Wu and Gang-Juan Lee

Combined Treatment Processes Based on Ultrasound andPhotocatalysis for Treatment of Pesticide Containing Wastewater . . . . 901Pankaj N. Patil and Parag R. Gogate

Conversion of Refined and Waste Oils by Ultrasound-AssistedHeterogeneous Catalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931Daria C. Boffito, Edith Martinez-Guerra, Veera G. Gude, andGregory S. Patience

Volume 2

Part IV Biomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965

Ultrasonic Coating of Textiles by Antibacterial and AntibiofilmNanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967Ilana Perelshtein, Nina Perkas, and Aharon Gedanken

Ultrasound-Assisted Functionalization of Polyphenols . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995Elisavet D. Bartzoka, Heiko Lange, and Claudia Crestini

Contents ix

Ultrasonic Synthesis and Characterization of Polymer-ShelledMicrospheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021Meifang Zhou, Francesca Cavalieri, and Muthupandian Ashokkumar

Bioeffects of Ultrasound and Its Therapeutic Application . . . . . . . . . . . 1049Ryohei Ogawa, Akihiro Morii, Akihiko Watanabe, Zheng-Guo Cui, andTakashi Kondo

Lipid-Coated Nanodrops and Microbubbles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075Mark A. Borden

Advancing Ultrasound Technologies for Tissue Engineering . . . . . . . . . 1101Diane Dalecki and Denise C. Hocking

Ultrasonic Drug Delivery Using Micelles and Liposomes . . . . . . . . . . . 1127Ana M. Martins, Salma A. Elgaili, Rute F. Vitor, and Ghaleb A. Husseini

Near-Infrared Absorbing Nonmetallic Nanomaterials asPhotoacoustic Contrast Agents for Biomedical Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163Lei Wang and Hao Wang

Metallic and Upconversion Nanoparticles as Photoacoustic ContrastAgents for Biomedical Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199Kim Truc Nguyen, Sivaramapanicker Sreejith, and Yanli Zhao

Part V Food Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1223

Ultrasonic Applications for Juice Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1225Mehmet Başlar, Hatice Biranger Yildirim, Zeynep Hazal Tekin, andMustafa Fatih Ertugay

Ultrasonic Applications for Food Dehydration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1247Mehmet Başlar, Ömer Said Toker, Salih Karasu, Zeynep Hazal Tekin, andHatice Biranger Yildirim

Ultrasonic Process Intensification for the Efficient Extraction ofNutritionally Active Ingredients of Polysaccharides fromBioresources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1271Ibrahim Alzorqi and Sivakumar Manickam

Ultrasound Processing of Milk and Dairy Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1287Jayani Chandrapala

Application of Ultrasound Associated with Chemical Sanitizers forFood Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1321Jackline Freitas Brilhante de São José

HACCP and HAZOP in Ultrasound Food Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335Anne-Gaëlle Sicaire, Frédéric Fine, Maryline Vian, and Farid Chemat

x Contents

Ultrasonic Inactivation of Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1355Shengpu Gao, Gillian Lewis, and Yacine Hemar

Effect of Ultrasound Treatment on the Evolution of Solubility ofMilk Protein Concentrate Powder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1383Bhesh Bhandari and Bogdan Zisu

Sonocrystallization of Lactose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1403Tuna D. Dincer and Bogdan Zisu

Ultrasound in Dairy Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1435Li Ling Apple Koh

Ultrasonic Separation of Food Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1455Thomas Leong

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1477

Contents xi

About the Editor-in-Chief

Muthupandian Ashokkumar is a Physical Chemistwho specializes in Sonochemistry, teaches undergradu-ate and postgraduate chemistry subjects, and is a senioracademic staff member of the School of Chemistry,University of Melbourne. He is the Associate Dean(Engagement and International) in the Faculty of Sci-ence. Ashok is a renowned sonochemist who has devel-oped a number of novel techniques to characterizeacoustic cavitation bubbles and has made majorcontributions of applied sonochemistry to the Foodand Dairy industry. His research team has developed

ultrasonic processing technology for improving the functional properties of dairyingredients. Recent research also involves the ultrasonic synthesis of functionalnano- and biomaterials including protein microspheres that can be used in diagnosticand therapeutic medicine.

Ashok is one of the Editors ofUltrasonics Sonochemistry, an international journaldevoted to sonochemistry research. He has edited/coedited several books and specialissues for journals, published ~310 refereed papers in high-impact internationaljournals and books, and delivered over 150 invited/keynote/plenary lectures atinternational conferences and academic institutions. Ashok has successfully orga-nized 10 national/international scientific conferences and workshops and managed anumber of national and international competitive research grants. He has served on anumber of University of Melbourne management committees and scientific advisoryboards of external scientific organizations. Ashok is the recipient of several prizes,awards, and fellowships, including the Grimwade Prize in Industrial Chemistry. Heis a Fellow of the RACI since 2007.

Ashok’s research interests have been focused upon two key aspects: fundamentalunderstanding of specific scientific problems and using the knowledge gained fromfundamental projects to applied aspects that benefit the community. His research todate has been in multidisciplinary areas involving sonochemistry, sonolumi-nescence, materials chemistry, surface chemistry, radiation chemistry, photochemis-try, and spectroscopy. His research focus has always been to address key issues in

xiii

energy, environment, and health. His research involved synthesis of advancednanomaterials for solar energy conversion, fuel cell applications, and for environ-mental remediation. His recent work involves developing protein/polymer micro-spheres that have potential applications in targeted drug delivery. His work in thearea of ultrasonic processing of dairy ingredients has received significant attentionamong dairy industries in Australia.

xiv About the Editor-in-Chief

Section Editors

Francesca Cavalieri Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Univer-sity of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy

Farid Chemat Department of Chemistry, Universite d’Avignon et des Pays deVaucluse, Avignon cedex 1, France

Kenji Okitsu Department of Materials Science, Osaka Prefecture University,Osaka, Japan

Anandan Sambandam Department of Chemistry, National Institute of TechnologyTiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli, TN, India

Kyuichi Yasui National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST), Nagoya, Japan

Bogdan Zisu RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

xv

Contributors

Ibrahim Alzorqi Manufacturing and Industrial Processes Research Division, Fac-ulty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia campus, Semenyih,Selangor, Malaysia

Sambandam Anandan Nanomaterials and Solar Energy Conversion Lab, Depart-ment of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli,Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India

Daria V. Andreeva Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth,Germany

Muthupandian Ashokkumar School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne,Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Sundaram Ganesh Babu SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Chennai,Tamilnadu, India

S. S. Barkade Department of Chemical Engineering, Sinhgad College of Engineer-ing, Pune, India

Elisavet D. Bartzoka Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Uni-versity of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy

Mehmet Başlar Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Departmentof Food Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey

Bhakar Bethi Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technol-ogy, Warangal, Telangana, India

Bhesh Bhandari School of Land and Food Sciences, The University of Queens-land, Brisbane, Australia

Bharat Bhanvase Department of Chemical Engineering, Laxminarayan Institute ofTechnology, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharash-tra, India

xvii

Hatice Biranger Yildirim Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering,Department of Food Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul,Turkey

Daria C. Boffito Département de Génie Chimique, Polytechnique Montréal,Montréal, QC, Canada

Mark A. Borden Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado,Boulder, CO, USA

Patrick Braeutigam Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry (CEEC),Institute of Technical and Environmental Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-UniversitätJena, Jena, Germany

Carlos Cairós Drittes Physikalisches Institut, Georg August University Göttingen,Göttingen, Germany

Francesca Cavalieri Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Jayani Chandrapala Advanced Food Systems Unit, College of Health and Bio-medicine, Victoria University, Werribee, VIC, Australia

Farid Chemat Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, UMR 408, EquipeGreen, Avignon, France

Pavel V. Cherepanov Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth,Germany

Pak-Kon Choi Department of Physics, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki,Japan

Claudia Crestini Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Universityof Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy

Zheng-Guo Cui Departments of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine andPharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan

Diane Dalecki Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester,Rochester, NY, USA

Jackline Freitas Brilhante de São José Departamento de Educação Integrada emSaúde, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil

Tuna D. Dincer Food Science and Technology Program, School of Public Health,Faculty of health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia

G. Kumaravel Dinesh Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute ofTechnology Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India

Salma A. Elgaili Department of Chemical Engineering, American University ofSharjah, Sharjah, UAE

xviii Contributors

Naoya Enomoto Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering,Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

Mustafa Fatih Ertugay Department of Food Engineering, Erzincan University,Erzincan, Turkey

Frédéric Fine Terres Inovia, Pessac, France

Shengpu Gao China Animal Disease Control Center, Slaughter Technology Centerof Ministry of Agriculture of China, Beijing, China

Aharon Gedanken Department of Chemistry and Kanbar Laboratory forNanomaterials, Bar-Ilan University Center for Advanced Materials and Nanotech-nology, Ramat-Gan, Israel

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng KungUniversity, Tainan, Taiwan

Parag R. Gogate Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Tech-nology, Matunga, Mumbai, India

Veera G. Gude Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, MississippiState University, Mississippi State, MS, USA

Yacine Hemar School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland,Auckland, New Zealand

The Riddet Institute, Plamerston North, New Zealand

Denise C. Hocking Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University ofRochester, Rochester, NY, USA

Ghaleb A. Husseini Department of Chemical Engineering, American University ofSharjah, Sharjah, UAE

Salih Karasu Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Department ofFood Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey

Sandra Kentish Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, TheUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Li Ling Apple Koh Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore,Singapore

Takashi Kondo Departments of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Med-icine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan

Nobuki Kudo Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, HokkaidoUniversity, Sapporo, Japan

Heiko Lange Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University ofRome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy

Contributors xix

Gang-Juan Lee Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, FengChia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Judy Lee Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford,Surrey, UK

Thomas Leong Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Department ofMechanical and Product Design Engineering, Hawthorn, Swinburne University ofTechnology, Melbourne, Australia

School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Mel-bourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Gillian Lewis School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auck-land, New Zealand

J. Madhavan Department of Chemistry, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, TamilNadu, India

Richard Manasseh Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC,Australia

R. V. Mangalaraja Faculty of Engineering, Advanced Ceramics and Nanotechnol-ogy Laboratory, Department of Materials Engineering, University of Concepcion,Concepcion, Chile

Sivakumar Manickam Manufacturing and Industrial Processes Research Divi-sion, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia campus,Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia

Edith Martinez-Guerra Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA

Ana M. Martins Department of Chemical Engineering, American University ofSharjah, Sharjah, UAE

Robert Mettin Drittes Physikalisches Institut, Georg August University Göttingen,Göttingen, Germany

Yoshiteru Mizukoshi Kansai Center for Industrial Materials Research, IMR,Tohoku University, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan

Nor Saadah Mohd Yusof Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, KualaLumpur, Malaysia

Vijayanand S. Moholkar Department of Chemical Engineering and Center forEnergy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India

Akihiro Morii Departments of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine and Phar-maceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan

Urology Department, Kurobe City Hospital, Kurobe, Japan

xx Contributors

Ben Nanzai Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Kanagawa-ku, Yoko-hama, Japan

Bernaurdshaw Neppolian SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Chennai,Tamilnadu, India

Kim Truc Nguyen Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School ofPhysical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,Singapore

Susumu Nii Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan

Ryohei Ogawa Departments of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Medi-cine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan

Claus-Dieter Ohl School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Tech-nological University, Singapore, Singapore

Siew-Wan Ohl Institute of High Performance Computing, Singapore, Singapore

Kenji Okitsu Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering,Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan

Gregory S. Patience Département de Génie Chimique, Polytechnique Montréal,Montréal, QC, Canada

Pankaj N. Patil Chemical Engineering Department, Gharda Institute of Technol-ogy, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India

Ilana Perelshtein Department of Chemistry and Kanbar Laboratory forNanomaterials, Bar-Ilan University Center for Advanced Materials and Nanotech-nology, Ramat-Gan, Israel

Nina Perkas Department of Chemistry and Kanbar Laboratory for Nanomaterials,Bar-Ilan University Center for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Ramat-Gan, Israel

Nalenthiran Pugazhenthiran Nanomaterials and Solar Energy Conversion Lab,Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli,Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India

P. Sathishkumar Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Department of Organic Chemis-try, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile

R. A. Senthil Department of Chemistry, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, TamilNadu, India

S. Shaik Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology,Warangal, Telangana, India

Anne-Gaëlle Sicaire Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, UMR 408,Equipe Green, Avignon, France

Contributors xxi

T. Sivasankar Sonochemical Intensification Laboratory, National Institute of Tech-nology Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India

Younggyu Son Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Insti-tute of Technology, Gyeongbuk, South Korea

Shirish Sonawane Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute ofTechnology, Warangal, Telangana, India

Sivaramapanicker Sreejith Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry,School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University,Singapore, Singapore

Zeynep Hazal Tekin Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Depart-ment of Food Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey

Boon Mian Teo Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus Univer-sity, Aarhus, Denmark

Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), Oxford University, Oxford, UK

Kandasamy Thangavadivel Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka PrefectureUniversity, Sakai, Osaka, Japan

J. Theerthagiri Department of Chemistry, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, TamilNadu, India

D. Thirumalai Department of Chemistry, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, TamilNadu, India

Ömer Said Toker Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Departmentof Food Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey

Maryline Vian Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, UMR 408, EquipeGreen, Avignon, France

Rute F. Vitor Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Shar-jah, Sharjah, UAE

Hao Wang Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety,National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, China

Lei Wang Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety,National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, China

Akihiko Watanabe Departments of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine andPharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan

Jerry J. Wu Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng ChiaUniversity, Taichung, Taiwan

Bin Xue Department of Chemistry, College of Food Science and Technology,Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China

xxii Contributors

Guohai Yang State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing,People’s Republic of China

Kyuichi Yasui National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST), Nagoya, Japan

Yanli Zhao Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physicaland Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,Singapore

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,Singapore, Singapore

Meifang Zhou School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne,VIC, Australia

Jun-Jie Zhu State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing,People’s Republic of China

Bogdan Zisu School of Applied Sciences, College of Science, Engineering andHealth, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Contributors xxiii

PrefaceContentsAbout the Editor-in-ChiefSection EditorsContributors