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evolved, and eventually became the focus of the merry spectacle of the

tourney.

Middle Ages and Renaissance !"orts and #ames

• Militant sports of 56th century Italy

Archery

#iuoco del Ma$$ascudo +'hield and 0lub-

#iuoco del Ponte +battle on bridge-

Palio +7ag race-

#iuoco del Calcio +freeforall %st %ght with ball-

Middle Ages and Renaissance !"orts and #ames %% restling 8 more like war than sport

eu De Paume and 'ives 8 the precursors of "ennis and

Handball

La(n )o(ling or *o(ls 8 (owling Cam)uca+ *andy,)all or #olf 8 forerunners of cricket

'oot)all 8 played with feet using a large ball

Middle Ages and Renaissance the Evolution of

!cholasticism'i#th to 55th centuries church teachings go unchallenged0rusades and contact with Moslem culture stimulates new ideas

and thinking0hallenges to 0hristian dogma are tackled by scholastics such

as, Albertus Magnus, and "homas Aquinas

Middle Ages and Renaissance -niversity Curriculum'cholasticism was an intellectual and religious trainingphysical education or sports were not part of the curriculum/"own and 9own2 %ghtsMortal combat between /nations2ishing, hawking, hunting, and ball games

Physical Education during Renaissance

Period /Age of :ebirth2

It is between 5;th to 5<th centuries

!eople in this period believe in accordance to their beliefs.

Most of the =uropean people are 0atholics.

.%RTT/R%0/ DE 'ELTRE He studied at !adua under 9asparino da (ar1i11a and later taught

there, but after a few years he was invited by the marquis of Mantua to

educate his children.

At Mantua, >ittorino set up a school at which he taught the marquis?s

children and the children of other prominent families, together with

many poor children, treating them all on an equal footing. He not only taught the humanistic sub4ects, but placed special

emphasis on religious and physical education.

>ittorinos lessons in 9reek and @atin, mathematics, music, art,

religion, history, poetry and philosophy were so en4oyable that his

school was known as @a 0asa 9ioiosa.



He was one of the %rst modern educators to develop during the

:enaissance

@a 9iocosa +literally, $"he ocose, or oyful2-

9reat importance was given to recreation and physical education.

@a 9iocosa +/"he !leasant House2-. "hese included boys of other noblefamilies and poor boys chosen for their ability.

At @a 9iocosa only those who had both talent and a modest disposition

were acceptedB wealth was neither necessary.

Classical Revival of #ymnasiums and Academies "he gymnasiums appeared in ducal courts.

E1tracurricular activities in Physical Education during

Renaissance Period2

'encing A focused and lively approach to historical swordplay

Designed for anyone with an interest in knowing more about

:enaissance fencing

A halfday course on swords and swordsmanship of the 5Cth and

5th centuries

eaturing a safe proven method and fun%lled study approach

Aimed at those interested in e#ploring the craft in a casual and

stressfree manner

Ideal for anyone with an interest in renn fairs, :!9s, stagecombat, theatrical fencing, Medieval battling, and youth groups

or families seeking an alternative activity

A perfect opportunity for Asian martial artists and MMA stylists

to e#plore authentic teachings of historical 3estern martial arts

methods from an e#pert

:enaissance encing =nthusiasts 3orkshops oEer a way to enter

into the sub4ect without the challenge of undertaking martial

arts study or certi%cation in the A:MAs full &ational "raining

!rogram

Tennis

Tennis at the %talian Renaissance Court 34567 , 46678

!ome facts9

o "he %rst indoor tennis court F c. 456: at the =ste >illa

of *elriguardo o "he %rst tennis professionalsF c. 45;6, employed by

the !for$a<s of Milano "he %rst tennis net +or cord- F before 45=7, pallacorda owned

by the Medici of 'lorence o

"he %rst description of the game of tennisF 4647, in a bookdedicated to Po"e ulius %% #ianni Clerici, in his The Ultimate Tennis Book.

o 500 Years of the Sport +5G<-, was the %rst tennis historian to

delve into the history of the game in Italy.



o In his chapter on :enaissance tennis 0lerici also brie7y

touched on Duke #alea$$o Maria !for$a>s +5;;;5;<-passion for tennis.

o :ecently much more archival material has become available

+in #regory Lu)kin>s A Renaissance Court. Milan under

Galeao Maria Sfora, 5GG;- on 9alea11o Maria?s tennis andthe Duke, one of the most powerful and e#travagant rulers ofhis age, can rightfully be called the %rst patron of tennis.

o "he written record of young 9alea11o?s %rst game of tennis is

in a letter he wrote to his father'rancesco !for$a on August 5;C< from the =ste villa of *elriguardo.

o "he te#t of the letter implies that it may have been an indoor

court probably built under *orso d>Este as 9alea11o wrotethat he had been playing tennis and cards because it hadbeen raining. During 9alea11o?s reign tennis became the maingambling sport at court when between 5;<5;<; he had the

%rst tennis court of his own built at the Castello !for$esco inMilan.

o It was to be the greatest tennis hall to date, with an

appropriate name, the Sala della Balla. "he most revealinginformation about tennis at the 'for1a court comes fromletters that ambassadors sent to their principals, especiallyto Mantua +the #on$aga dynasty-, 'lorence3Medici8 and 'errara 3Este8.

*o(ling

Regattas

Acro)aticsPhysical Education during Pre, !"anish and

!"anish Period

ilipinos are a fun loving, 4oyous people and through recorded history

sports, games, and dance have been integral to their life. "he ilipinos

are a blend of the various stages of their history which has included

contacts with Indonesians, Malays, apanese, 0hinese, and Arabs and

the Islam religion long before Magellan of 'pain reached the islands in

5C5. Hunting with the use of bow and arrow.

'urvival in the quest for food.

!rotection against the hostile environment.

"hey run, leap, 4ump and climb.

"hey are fond of music and dancing.

DA0CE

Dances of the pre'panish period could be classi%ed as being of these

typesFo religious

o festival

o 0ourtship and marriage

o Mimetic

o war



Religious dances were integral to various rites associated with

recovery from illness, funerals, and life after death. 'estival dances centered on work related activities such as hunting,

planting, and harvesting, and sometimes lasted for days. "hey were

characteri1ed by elaborate footwork and hand movements

accompanied by music from gongs, drums, 7utes, ews harp, along

with chants. Courtshi" dances usually involved e#change of goods as well as

7irtation. =quality e#isted between men and women prior to the arrival

of the 'panish so neither of the dancers played a submissive or

oppressive role. Mimetic dances, often humorous in nature, included the familiar

"inkling and dances wherein the suEering antics of someone who has

stepped into an ant hill or has been stung by bees, as in the !inuhag,

are enacted, or the Itikitik wherein the dancer imitates ducks. "hesewere quite diEerent in temperament than the war dances wherein a

quick tempo was used to accompany quick turns, distinct body

elevations, and body quiverings.

#AME!

A wide variety of childrens games involving strategy, physical skill,

and chance e#isted. "hese often included chancing or gambling. Many

of the games of individual skill involved shells, seeds, pebbles, and

later, marbles. An ancient combative sport, arnis, was used to train boys in self

defense. A long wooden bolo, or sabre, was utili1ed in diEerent skills,

parries, and hits. It involved memori1ation of speci%c movements

according to a complicated numbering system. )ther sport activities

designed to teach selfdefense were the many variations of wrestling

such as arm, little %nger, and leg. 0ock%ghting, 'abong, was an

important activity of the early ilipinos.

!"anish Period

#AME! 'kill games involving strategy included tag games such as tubigtubig,

dodging games such as bulanbulan, 4umping games such as @uksong

tinik, spinning of tops, and kite 7ying. !re'panish sports were not

always highly sophisticated.

DA0CE Dancing to be one of the ma4or physical activities en4oyed by the

people. 'panish and =uropean dances were introduced, such as

andanggos, 0urachas and 4otas of 'pain. "he polka and ma1urkas of

central =urope and the :igodon and @anceros of rance which weredanced by people of high social standing in the community.

AM-!EME0T "he amusement the panguingui, a card games were very popular

recreational activities for the older folks with money at stake. "he

corridors, the %rst plays staged by the ilipinos translated to the



'panish plays which were derived from the fantastic tales of chivalry

contained the 'panish ballad. "he Moromoro, the most popular and

spectacular plays which became the generic name for the vernacular

play. "he play was concerned with the war between the 0hristians and

the moors complicated by the loves of 0hristian or Moorish prince and

0hristian princess.

Physical 'itness o Is de%ned as /a physical state of wellbeing that allows a person to

perform daily tasks or activities with vigor, reduce the risk of healthproblems related to lack of e#ercise and establishes a %tness basefor proportion in a variety of physical activities2. +AmericanAssociation of Health, !hysical =ducation, :ecreation, and Dance,AA!H!=:D-

o !hysical itness refers to the ability to perform daily tasks

vigorously and alertly, with energy reserved for en4oying leisureactivities and meeting emergency demands. It is the ability toendure, to bear up, and to withstand stress, to carry outcircumstances which an un%t person could not perform. It is ama4or goal of physical education and is a ma4or basis for goodhealth and wellbeing.

o It involves the performance of the heart, lungs and muscles of the

body. 3hat we do with our bodies also aEects our mental health.itness in7uences some degree qualities such as mental alertnessand emotional stability.

ellness, is the state or quality of being healthy.

!kill Related 'itness is the %tness level required for a sporting

endeavor. It is the ability to perform a skill in a manner that makes iteasy for the performer or play his her favorite sports.

!kill related ?tness com"onents5. Agilityis the ability to move and change direction and position

of the body quickly and eEectively with controlled movement.. !"eed is the ability to perform a task or cover a distance in a

shortest time possible.6. *alance, is the ability to maintain an upright position while

standing or moving.

;. Coordination, is the linking of senses through the brain to thediEerent parts of the body to produce a smooth, quick andeJciently controlled movement.

C. Po(er, is the ability to e#ert ma#imum force very quickly.. Reaction time, is the amount of time it takes to make physical

response to a stimulus.

@ealth related ?tness com"onents5. *ody Com"osition it pertains to the relative amounts of

muscle, fat, bone and other vital parts of the body. Idealpercentage for men is between 5 5 percent and for women,5C 8 K percent. !eople with a high percentage of body fat are

more likely to be ill, resulting to a higher death rate among them.

ormulaF(MIL 3 +lbs.- #<K6 or 3 +kg- H +inches- H +meter-

=#ampleF 3L 5Glbs



HL C; +0onvert into inchesF 9et the %rst digit and multiply it to5F614B;7+ then add the second digit on your answer KN;L ; inches-

5G lbs.#<K6 L 56<<OO L 66. ; +)bese- +;- ;KG

3L CC kg HL 5.6K m CC kg L 5.<; +&ormal- +5.C-

*M% Categories9Pnderweight L Q5O.C

&ormal weight L 5G8;.G)verweight L C8G.G)besity L 6K or greater

. Cardiovascular Endurance Is a health related component ofphysical %tness that relates to ability of the circulatory and respiratory

system to apply o#ygen during sustained physical activity.

6. 'le1i)ility refers to the range of motion available at a 4oint. Howley

and rank +5GG<- specify the 7e#ibility required range of motion

without discomfort or pain. le#ibility is speci%c to each 4oint of the

body. "hus, there is no general measurement of 7e#ibility as there is

for cardiovascular %tness. le#ibility is typically measured in the %eld

with activities such as sit and reach.

;. Muscular !trength refers to the ability of the muscle to e#ert

force.

C. Muscular Endurance Is a health related component of physical%tness that relates to the muscle ability to continue to perform without

fatigue.

*ene?ts derived from Physical ?tness2

5. @owers the risk of lifestyle diseases.. !romotes healthy mind and a sound body.6. Manages stress;. 'hapes ones personalityC. Models behavior. Increase selfcon%dence and selfesteem

Training "rinci"les and conce"t "he "rinci"les of training are the rules to follow when usingphysical activity programmes. 3hen creating a program of e#ercises forimprovement of health and skills, there are always training principles for theperformer to follow.

5. /verload, Additional stress is needed in order to make your bodyprogress and develop into a more competitive physique. Doing theactivity overtime leads to stress adaptation that enable the body towork more eJciently and enable to cope with a high levelperformance. "he following are the principle of overload.

a. requency increasing the number of time you train eachweek.

b. Intensity Increasing the diJculty of e#ercises.c. "ime increasing the length of time of training for each

sessiond. "ype increasing the diJculty of training.



. !"eci?city your training should be speci%c and intended for yoursports. Rou need to train the speci%c body parts that you usepredominantly to your particular event and the skill componentsimportant to your sports.

6. Reversi)ility also known as /Pse it or @ose it2. 3hen one stops

training, the improvements that he*she acquired during training will belost or reversed.;. .ariance makes sure that you have variety of workout to keep your

interest to your training. >ariation also gives your body diEerentchallenge.

Training heart rate

0alculate training heart rate by using the Sarvonen formula.Snow %rst the resting heart, ma#imum heart rate, personal ma#imalheart rate and the heart rate reserved.

:H:L your pulse at rest. =#F <K beat* minuteMH:L highest ma#imum heart rate is K beats* minute!MH:L MH:AgeH::L !MH::H:

/nce @RR has )een calculated+ you may no( com"ute the T@R+H::-+.OC-N:H:L Ppper training 1one+H::-+.CK-N:H: @ower training 1one

Physical Enhancement Activities

)b4ective* motivation

"ime of the day Available facilities

Mode of workout

'ocial 'etting

eight Training

has a speci%c purpose for strengthening and development of

muscle arms. "he process is through the use of equipment as theforce weight of gravity opposing the force generated by theperformers muscles through concentric and eccentric

contraction. It is for the improvement of the weak parts of the body or the

development of body parts that are being used in speci%c sportactivity.

Dierent ty"es of eight training

a. *ody *uilding development of muscle %bers by doingcombinations of workouts in weight training and increase calorieintakes and rest. It is the combination of proper workout and dietto increase muscle mass.

b. Po(er lifting it is the use of heavy weight in minimalrepetitions for the development of ma#imum strength.

c. eight lifting it is the act of training the muscle to lift the mostamount of weight for the purpose of competing, healthpromotions, and development of ones physique.

d. Circuit training it is an intensive training by which one needs tocomplete group of e#ercises one after another. It is doingspeci%ed number of repetitions to one e#ercise before going toanother set of e#ercises.



@ealth )ene?ts of "hysical ?tness

Roung and adults can avoid the luck of physical activity which may be

considered a ma4or cause of health problem.

ohn Abdo identi%ed the bene%ts of %tness.

• Increasing %tness improves energy, it is necessary to inform the

student that when they adopt a more physically active life style,

gradually, they will begin to feel better, and their body will tend to burn

fat faster and they will lose weight. "he increase energy transfer allows

the person to more productive to work and at home. However others

may disagree because in the beginning of an e#ercise program, they

usually e#perience soreness and tiredness. "hus, they almost want to

discontinue the %tness program.

• Increasing %tness helps a person think better even when stressed. Pse

the following information to e#plain this comple# process. 3hen we

stressed, our heart beats faster, we start to sweat and breathed

harder. If our body is not used to those changes, we tend to have a

hard time thinking and handling the pressure. "hose who are physically

active e#perience the same changes in their body. During active play

or mental work, the person may e#perience increase heart rate or

irregular breathing. 3hen a person is %t he is more likely to engage in

more physical activities which may result to bodily changes which are

favorable to improve once health and to cope up with stress. A

physically %t body and a healthy state of mind will assure work

performance.

• Increasing %tness improves muscle and bones. 'trong muscles and

bones are necessary to improve performance and decrease chances of

in4ury especially to those whose work requires physical e#ertion.

• Increasing %tness improves the heart and lungs. If your heart and lungs

are accustomed to physical activity, you can actively and con%dentlygo up a 7ight of stairs, walk more than a mile, or lift a few heavy

bo#es.

• Increasing %tness improves your looks. As mentioned previously,

improving your %tness may lead to drop a few inches around the waist

and look healthier. "his may give a person more con%dence to continue

engaging in e#ercise. !eople who are obese tend to feel uncomfortable

when e#ercising and lose their motivation. :emember, every little bit

helps.

Muscular & !keletal !ystems

Muscular !ystem

Muscles are the organs that move body parts.



(ones and 4oints have no power to move on their own.

More than ;77 muscles in the body

– 6F57T of body mass is muscle

– MuscleUorgan that contracts and becomes shorter or

e1"ands and becomes longer

– :esult L (ody parts move, energy is used, and (ork is done.

T(o 9roups of Muscles

42 .oluntaryUyou can control these.

Arms+ legs+ hands+ face

2 %nvoluntaryUyou can<t control theseB you dont have to decide to

make these muscles work.

Muscles around the heart

Three "ypes of Muscle Tissue

42 !keletal MuscleMost numerous in body

@ooks stri"ed +striated-

Attached to the )ones by tendons

– "endonsUthick bands that "ull on the bone as the

muscle contracts

.oluntary

0ontract Guickly, tire easily

2 !mooth Muscle%nvoluntary

ound inF walls of stomach, intestine, uterus, etc.0ontracts and rela#es slo(ly

0o striations

2 Cardiac Muscle)nly found in heart

%nvoluntary

Has striations

0ontracts :7 times per minute +heart)eat-

Muscles at ork

!keletal muscle movements are results of "airs of muscles workingtogether.

– )ne muscle contracts while the other muscle rela1es2

– Muscles always "ullB they never "ush2

Results of Muscle Action – Muscles contract – "his produces thermal energy, and it uses chemical energy. – "hermal energy produces heat that helps keep )ody

tem"erature constant. – 0hemical energy is from glucose2 +3hen glucose is used u",

muscles are tired and need to rest2- – )ver time, muscles become larger or smaller, depending on

how much (ork they do.

!KELETAL !H!TEMMade up of all of the )ones in your body, it is the frame(ork of the

body.



– =ach bone in your body is a living organ, made of diEerent

tissues2

Cells in bones take in food and use energy2

Made up of all of the bones in your body, it is the framework of the

body.

ive unctions of 'keletal 'ystem5. ramework gives sha"e V su""ort to the body.

. (ones "rotect the internal organs.

6. Ma4or muscles of the body are attached to the bones.

;. (lood cells are formed in red marro( of some bones.

C. 'keleton is a place where ma4or quantities of calcium

and "hos"horus compounds are stored2

*/0E!

The adult skeleton has 7; )ones 3)a)y has :782

L%#AME0T!Any place where two or more bones meet

@igamentsF tough bands of tissue that hold bones together at the 4oints

!keletal !ystem

6 'unctions of the !keletal !ystem

5. MovementF 'keletal system provides points of attachment for muscles.

Rour legs and arms move when the muscles pull on the bones.. 'upportF "he backbone is the main support center for the upper body. It

holds your head up and protects your spinal cord.

6. !rotectionF "he bones of your skull protect your brain. Rour ribs protect

your lungs and heart from in4ury.

;. Makes (loodF :ed and white blood cells are formed by tissue called

marrow, which is in the center of the bone.

C. 'torageF (ones store minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus, for use

by the body

T(o MaIor !keletal !ystem Parts► A#ial 'keletonF "he a#ial skeleton includes the skull, spine, ribs and

sternum.

► Appendicular 'keletonF "he appendicular skeleton includes the

appendages of the body, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.

'our )asic )one sha"es► 5. @ong arms, legs and %ngers

► . 'hort wrist and ankles

► 6. lat skull and sternum

► ;. Irregular spine

*one !tructure► "ypical our @ayersF

!eriosteumF 0overs (ones

0ompact (oneF @ies beneath the periosteum

'pongy (oneF @ies beneath the compact bone



(one MarrowF ills the gaps between the spongy bone

*ones of the Cranium

► 'ome are thicker than othersW

Clavicle or Collar)one► "he clavicle, or collar bone, holds the shoulder 4oint away from the

rest of the upper body and is only as thick as your little %nger.

!ca"ula► "he sca"ula is located on the back side of the ribcage and helps

provide part of the shoulder 4oint and movement for the arms.

.erte)ral Column or !"inal Cord5- "he cervical region +neck bones-

- "he thorasic region +what the ribs attach to-

6- "he lum)ar region +the lower part of the back-

'ternum +(reastbone-'ternum +(reastbone-

!elvis +Dancing (one-

emur +@argest (one in the (ody-



Res"iratory !ystem

3e need air to live. "he gas in air which we need to breathe is called

o1ygen. 3e could not live without o#ygen. In contrast, carbon dio#ide is agaseous waste produced in our body. It is carried by blood to the lungs.

"here, it is e#pelled from our body.

)#ygen and carbon dio#ide e#change happens in the alveoli of the

lungs. Rour respiratory system is made of body parts that help you breathe in

o#ygen and breathe out carbon dio#ide. It includes these organsF nasal

cavity+ "haryn1+ laryn1+ trachea+ )ronchi+ and lungs2

Air enters your body through the two nostrils. "he nostrils are the

openings in your nose. "here are hairs inside your nostrils which trap dustfrom the air. Rour nostrils lead to a cavity called the nasal cavity.

In the nasal cavity ,

Air gets moistened and warmed.

"he nasal cavity is lined by glands that produce sticky mucus.

Dust, pollen, and other materials are trapped by the mucus. "his

trapping of the air impurities helps in %ltering the air you breathe. "iny hairs like structures called cilia are found in the nasal cavity.

"hese hairs move the mucus and trapped materials to the back of the

throat where they can be swallowed or spat out. "he nasal cavity leads to the tube like passageways for both food and

air.

Pharynx

"he pharynx is found between your nasal cavity and your esophagus.

A 7ap of tissue is found at the end of the pharyn#. "his is called the

epiglottis.

Epiglottis.

"he epiglottis closes over your laryn# when you swallow.

ood or liquid is not allowed to enter your laryn# by accident. Instead,

the food or liquid goes to your esophagus.

(etween the pharyn# and trachea, you can %nd the laryn#. Rour vocal cords

are attached to the laryn#. Rour vocal cords produce sounds when you speak.

Trachea.

(elow the laryn# is a tube about 5 cm long. "his is the trachea.

"he trachea is composed of 0 shaped rings of cartilage to keep it

open. Mucous membrane and cilia line the trachea. "hey trap bacteria,

dust and pollen. "he trachea branches out into two short tubes called the bronchial

tube* bronchi +singularF bronchus-.



• "he bronchi carry air into the lungs.

• "he bronchus within each lung branches into smaller tubes called

bronchioles.

• "hinwalled air sacs called alveoli cluster at the end of each

bronchiole.

• "he alveoli are arranged in grapelike clusters surrounded by the

capillaries. (etween the alveoli and capillaries the e#change of

o#ygen and carbon dio#ide takes place.

Tracing the Path of %nhaled Air inside the *ody

3hen you inhale, air comes into your body. "hat air moves through

your nose, throat, and trachea. Rour trachea divides into bronchial tubes,

each of which goes into a lung.

Inside your lungs, your bronchial tubes branch out into smaller tubes. "he smallest tubes go to groups of tiny pouches that called air sacs. Inhaled

air, which has lots of o#ygen, enters the air sacs. At this moment, the blood

in the vessels around the air sacs has a lot of carbon dio#ide, which the blood

picks up form body cells. "he blood contains little o#ygen. An e#change of

gases quickly takes place. )#ygen goes from the air sacs into the blood

vessels."he blood now have o#ygen to take to the body cells. At the same

time that the o#ygen goes out of the air sacs, carbon dio#ide goes from the

blood vessels into the air sacs. "he carbon dio#ide leaves your body when

you e#hale.

Diaphragm

(eneath your lungs you %nd the diaphragm.

"he diaphragm is a muscle that helps to move air in and out of your

lungs. During breathing your diaphragm contracts and rela#es. It e#erts

pressure or releases pressure on your lungs. 3hen your diaphragm

contracts, the volume of your chest cavity increases. "his allows air to

move into the lungs. "he increase in volume is caused by the upward

movement of your rib cage and the downward movement of yourdiaphragm. "here is reduction of air pressure in your chest cavity as

your lungs are %lled with air. "he diaphragm rela#es and returns to its original dome shape when

you e#hale. Rour rib cage moves downward. "he rela#ing of your

diaphragm and the moving of your rib cage downward decrease the

si1e of your chest cavity. @ikewise, your lungs are now in their original

position. "here is an increase of pressure in your lungs. "hrough your

air passages, the gases inside your lungs are pushed outside your

body.

"he actual e#change of o#ygen and carbon dio#ide takes place

between the alveoli and the capillaries. "hrough the process of diEusion,

o#ygen passes through the walls of the alveoli and then through the walls of

the capillaries into the blood. "he hemoglobin in red blood cells picks up the

o#ygen and carries it to all body cells. @ikewise, carbon dio#ide coming from



the body cells passes through the walls of the capillaries and the walls of the

alveoli through the process of diEusion. 3hen you breathe out or e#hale,

carbon dio#ide then leaves your body.

Common Ailments Aecting the Res"iratory !ystem

Many serious diseases aEecting the respiratory system are related to

smoking. (y merely being around others who smoke can also harm your

respiratory system. Aside from smoking, polluted air and dusts have been

causing respiratory problems such as emphysema, bronchitis, asthma, and

cancer.

Em"hysema is a disease in which the alveoli in the lungs lose their ability to

e#pand and contract.

3hen a person has emphysema, smoke is trapped in the alveoli in the

lungs. "he alveoli lose their elasticity and cannot push air out of the

lungs. @ess o#ygen moves in to the bloodstream and blood becomes

low in o#ygen and high in carbon dio#ide. "his condition results in

shortness of breath.

Chronic )ronchitis is a disease in which too much mucus is produces in the

bronchial tubes.

!eople who have chronic bronchitis cough often to try to clear the

passage of air of its e#cess mucus. "he more a person coughs, the

more the bronchial tubes are damages. 3hen this happens, harmful

substances such as tar from tobacco build in the air passages.

Asthma is a form of respiratory allergy.

An acute asthma attack can be very diJcult to handle especially if the

child or parent is not ready for emergency. Asthma attacks aEect the childs sleep, play, activity, and schooling.

During an asthma attack, the air passage becomes narrow such that

less air can get in and out of the lungs. "he chest feels tight, and

coughs and whee1ing starts. "he attack may last until cause is removed or even beyond.

"he attack can be triggered by house dust, furry animals, cigarette

smoke, pollen from trees and 7owers, strong smells*sprays, e#treme

changes in weather, and presence of the common cold or strenuous

e#ercise. Most asthma suEerers take medicines during asthma attacks.

'ometimes, asthma attacks can be serious and medicines may not

help. In these cases, medical help should be obtained immediately.

Coughing is a re7e# action that moves unwanted matter from therespiratory passages.

"he cilia help trap and move foreign bodies. 3hen the cilia are

damages, the lungs lose a defense against certain diseases.



Inhaling tar in cigarette smoke is the greatest contributing factor to lung

cancer. "ar is a dark brown or black viscous liquid or semi liquid that is

obtained from the distillation of organic materials like cigarettes or tobacco.

Colds are caused by a virus. It is characteri1ed by the swelling of the mucus

membrane of the respiratory passages. It is accompanied by snee1ing and inserious cases, coughing.

Pneumonia is caused by a virus and bacteria. It is an acute chronic disease.

It is marked by swelling of the lungs.

'ymptoms of this ailment include high fever, chilling, chest pain, and

abdominal pains.

Pulmonary tu)erculosis 3PT*8 is a communicable disease. It is caused by

the bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis.

It manifests itself in the lesions of lungs.

It is characteri1ed by low grade fever, loss of weight, chest pain,

cough, blood in the saliva, and tiredness.

Taking Care of the Res"iratory /rgans

Rou can help keep your respiratory organs healthy. Here are some simple

tipsF

5. Avoid smoking and inhaling polluted air. 0igarette smoking and air

pollution are the leading causes of lung damage. An unhealthy lung

cuts down the amount of o#ygen that can be delivered to your body

cells. &ormal, healthy lungs can e#change o#ygen and carbon dio#ide

eEectively.. (reathe through your nose and not through your mouth.6. =#ercise regularly. =#ercise is important for good health. 3hen you

e#ercise, you increase your lung capacity. 0onsequently, your lungs

become capable of holding greater amounts of o#ygen.;. Pse your own towel or handkerchief.C. 'tay away from crowded places.. 'leep with windows open as much as possible.<. 0onsult your physician for proper treatment of respiratory ailments.

#ender & @uman !e1uality Human se#uality is a part of your overall personality which concerns

the interrelationships of biological, psychological and sociocultural

dimensions.

It also involves se#ually related aspects of human life such as

structural development of male and female reproductive system,

se#ual attitudes, gender basis, healthy relationships, se#ual activityand selection of partners to produce oEspring.



As, teenagers, it is important for you to know the dimensions of human

se#uality so you can take good care of yourself and prepare for the

physical changes happening in the body.

It also helps you to improve and manage your se#ual behavior,

attitudes and feelings.

"hree dimensions of human se#uality

(iological gender

!sychological

'ocio cultural

A2#enetic )asis "he genes on the se# chromosomes determine the gender of an

individual and controls the se#ual characteristics/vum J s"erm cell B female or /vum J s"erm cell

H B male'emales N Males N H

!e1A. the biological aspects of being male or female(. 'e# diEerences are physical diEerences

*2!tructural Develo"ment It refers to the development of the reproductive organs, which are

determined by the presence, and absence of hormones. Hormones are chemical substances secreted by the endocrine

gland that regulates body activities.

C2#onadal )asis 9onads are the male and female se# organs.

"he male gonad is the testes or testicles which produce

testosterone responsible for the secondary se# characteristics suchas change in their voice and development of muscles.

"he female gonad is the ovary that produces estrogen and

progesterone responsible for secondary se#ual characteristics such

as enlargement of hips and development of the breasts. hat are the "arts associated (ith gonadal )asisO

9onads +se# organ-

Are necessary a component of se#uality. (iologically, the

gonads are one of the main parts of the body in which the se#characteristics change.

It is essential for the process of reproduction as part of human

se#uality.



#ender◦ the psychological and sociocultural meanings added to biological

se# Male & 'emale, Masculine & 'eminine

9ender AssumptionF identifying a person as same se# as self or

other se# 9ender identityF psychological and sub4ective sense of being

male or female



9ender roleF cultural norms and attitudes for male V female

behavior

#ender Roles, #ender,*ased !tereoty"es

Males Independent

Aggressive

Assertive +%rm-

@ogical

Pnemotional

Independent

Dominant

0ompetitive

)b4ective

Athletic

Active

0ompetent 'emales

&onassertive

Illogical +irrational-

=motional

'ubordinate

3arm

&urturing

#ender Dierences

Cognitive a)ilities emales score higher on verbal skills Males score higher on math, visualspatial skills

Aggression Males e#hibit greater physical aggressiveness

emales are higher on relational aggression

!ocial Learning %nuences on #ender According to 'ocial @earning "heorywe form our gender identity as a

result of social and cultural models and in7uences that weree#posed to during our early development.

0ognitive development theory argues that children develop gender

schemas on gender roles !e1ual /rientation ,

• se#ual attraction to ones own se# L homose#ual, a.k.a.gay or lesbian

):• se#ual attraction to the other se# L heterose#ual, a.k.a.

straight):

• attraction to both samese# and otherse# partners L

bise#ual!e1ual Arousal Cycle 3Masters & ohnson8 Vasocongestion9 )lood engorges 3?lls8 )ody tissues

5. =#citement. !lateau6. )rgasm,;. :esolution



:efractory

Myotonia9 increased muscle tension

!e1ual DiQcultieso Desire

o requency

o =#citemento emale Arousal

o =rectile Dysfunction

o )rgasm

o !remature e4aculation

o !ain

Male Erectile Dysfunction 3aka im"otence8 F 7 mil2

Amer2 men◦ @ack of an erection suJciently rigid for penetrative intercourse to

the satisfaction of both partners for to 5 months

◦ Acquired has had previous erections w* partner◦ @ifelong 8 attempted but never e#perienced maintained

penetration throughout life

• Premature EIaculation 3PE8◦ Inability to consistently control orgasm to either partners

satisfaction

• Drug Actions on !e1uality◦ AlcoholF :educed testes si1e and suppressed hormone function

◦ 0ocaineF =rectile disorder, inhibited orgasm, lowered spermcounts

◦ (arbituratesF :educed desire, erectile disorder, delayed orgasm◦ Mari4uanaF :educed testosterone levels, reduced desire

◦ "obaccoF Decreases the frequency and duration of erections andof vaginal lubrication

hat are the factors aecting attitudes and "ractice onse1uality

◦ Peers and the changing social environment◦ "here are some teenagers can easily get attracted with their

opposite se# and cannot manage well their feelings of intimacy*aEection.

◦ "eenagers should prioriti1e education in school. "here is righttime for choosing a partner in life since it is such a seriousdecision. Having a partner in life entails commitment andattaining good education is a big help in having a healthy familylife.

The role of Parents on @uman se1uality◦ 0hildren should be well informed about human se#uality

◦ )pen discussion of se#uality issues within the family to promote se#ualhealth responsibility.

◦ =ducate their children with regards to se# education.

◦

"he parents should be aware that e#tramarital se# might lead toseparation and a broken family.

◦ "o maintain harmonious relationships and to attain family health,parents should support and advise their children whatever se#ualitycircumstances may arise. 0hildren should respect the decision of theirparents.



+:ememberF lack of information about se#ual responsibility leads toconsequences that may aEect the family.-

Taking good care of the re"rodcutive system2◦ Seeping the male reproductive system healthy

"horoughly clean the e#ternal organs the penis and

scrotum daily, preferably during a shower or bath. "he groin areathe area of the e#ternal organsshould be

protected during athletic activities by wearing protector orsupporter.

"ight clothing should be avoided it can irritate the groin

area. "o prevent hernias, men should be careful when lifting

heavy ob4ects. "hey should e#amine their testes on amonthly basis for signs of cancer.

%ssues and Pro)lems on !e1uality

3hat are the issues that aEect se#ual healthX Infertility

:eproductive system diseases +e#F breast, cervical and testicular

cancer- =arly pregnancy

(irth control

'e#ual dysfunction

9ynecologic disorders +e#F premenstrual syndrome and vaginal

in7ammation

hat is %nfertilityO Infertility is the inability to have children. "he reproductive

system is important for pregnancy. If anyone in the couple isinfertile, they cannot produce an oEspring.

Infertility may occur in both male and female which can be a

hindrance for a healthy se#ual relationship

hat are the factors aecting %nfertilityO @eredity is the transmission of traits or biological characteristics

from parent to child. A person who is inborn infertile has nochance of producing oEspring.

#eneral factors diseases on the adrenal gland may cause the

person to become infertile. "he adrenal gland produces chemical

substances called adrenaline for energy production. Age when a person gets older, most of his activities in life

deteriorate. A womans fertility stops at menopause. @a)its smoking and drinking alcohol adversely aEects the

hormones of the reproductive system. (oth men and woman canhave reduced levels of fertility

hat are the "ro)lems in human se1ualityODivorce and se"aration is problem among couples when they cannotmanage well their relationship as husband and wife.

amily relationships may change because parents decide to

separate either temporarily or permanently.

0reate stress in a family @ove and respect are the main ingredients for a long lasting

relationship.Cancer refers to any disease characteri1ed by the uncontrolled growthand spread of useless abnormal cells.

orm a mass of tissue called malignant tumor2 "he tumor has

no sheath or membrane enclosing itB thus, the cancer cells



invade the surrounding tissue. )n the other hand, )enigntumor is a mass tissue formed from noncancerous cells. It isenclosed within a sheath so it does not spread to nearby tissues. "he spread of cancer cells all throughout the body parts is calledmetastasis2

Testicular cancer is a threat to men that develops when thereis an abnormality in the testicles.

*reast cancer is a ma4or threat to women who are obese, and

only got pregnant when they were older than 6K. (reast canceroccurs mostly in woman who drinks alcohol, even in moderateamount. Yrays of the breast that detects cancer is calledmammogram.

"ips to remember Do not 'M)S= and D:I&S A@0)H)@

!rotect your body from the suns ultraviolet radiation.

Avoid carcinogens in the work place such as asbestos, coal tars, and

food additives. =at high%ber foods such as wholegrains of bread, cereals, fruits, and

vegetables. Avoid fatty foods rich in >itamins A and 0.

=#ercise regularly and maintain normal weight.

Have a regular medical check up

Transmitted %nfections !T%s or !e1ually Transmitted %nfections are infections passed or

transmitted from person to person through se#ual contact orintercourse.

our 0ommon 'e#ually "ransmitted Infections

◦ Chlamydia 0ausesF (acterium

"ransmissionF 'e#ual 0ontact

&ewbornsF passage through infected birth canal

Appearance of 5st 'ymptomsF ; weeks after contact

&ewbornsF <5 days after delivery

-sual !ym"toms9 emalesF !ainful urination, abnormal discharge from the

vagina, bleeding between menstrual periods, abdominal

pain. )ften, no symptoms MalesF unusual watery discharge from penis, painful

urination, swollen or tender testicles, fever &ew bornF eye and lung infections

Treatment9 Infected persons and their se#ual partners must be tested

and treated with antibiotics. 'e#ual activity must beavoided until disease is cured

◦ #enital @er"es• 0ausesF >irus

• "ransmissionF 0ontact with blister or with viruses shed byan infected person with no blisters apparent.

• &ewbornsF passage through infected birth canal

• Appearance of 5st 'ymptomsF variable, usually 5K days

after contactB symptoms recur every so oftenTreatment9



Infected persons should avoid se#ual activity when blisters

are present or when viruses are being shed. Doctors advisecondom use. "here is no cure.

◦ #onorrhea• 0ausesF (acterium

• "ransmissionF 'e#ual contact.• &ewbornsF passage through infected birth canal

• Appearance of 5st 'ymptomsF 56K days after contactB on

average, 6C days after contact-sual !ym"toms9

• emalesF Discharge from vagina, or birth canal. )ften, nosymptoms

• MalesF Abnormal pus discharge from penis, painful

urination

• &ew bornF eye infection

Treatment9• Infected persons and their se#ual partners must be tested and

treated with antibiotics. 'e#ual activity must be avoided untildisease is cured.

◦ !y"hilis• 0ausesF 'pirochete (acterium

• "ransmissionF 'e#ual contactB congenital

• Appearance of 5st 'ymptomsF 5KGK days after contact.Psually, around 6 weeks after contact

-sual !ym"toms9

•irst stageF painless sore that goes away after about 5Cweeks

• 'econd stageF body rash, hair loss, 7u like symptoms,

swollen glands

• &ew bornF damage to skin, bones, eyes, teeth, liver,

blindness and deafnessTreatment9

• Infected persons and their se#ual partners must be tested

and treated with antibiotics. 'e#ual activity must beavoided until disease is cured.

hat is AidsO Acquired Immunode%ciency 'yndrome.

Acquired denotes that a person gets the disease from someone

else. Immune de%ciency means that the immune system is damaged

and can no longer %ght infection 'yndrome refers to many symptoms or signs that accompany a

disease. AID' is a disease caused by HI> or human immunode%ciency

virus.

HI> is passed from one another through se#ual contact. Another mode of transmission is through body 7uids such as

blood, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk of personinfected with the virus.

Appropriate antiviral and antibiotics drugs can prolong life of an

HI> patient.hat are the sym"toms of @%. infectionO



5. 'wollen lymph nodes. Pne#plained weight loss which lasts for at least one month6. !ersistent fever;. Diarrhea for several weeksC. 'evere cough

. >aginal infections<. >ery weakO. Myalgia + muscle pain-G. Mouth and esophageal sores.5K. !haryngitis

P/L%C%E! A0D LA! '/R A%D! PRE.E0T%/0 A0D C/0TR/L %0 T@EP@%L%PP%0E!

"he Phili""ine A%D! Prevention and Control Act or Re"u)lic

Act 675 states that we must be aware of the causes, mode ortransmission and prevention and control of HI>* AID'.

Re"u)lic Act ::4= or *lood !ervices Act of 4==52 "his law is

to "romote )lood donation through continuous public educationcampaign headed by the Phili""ine 0ational Red Cross +!&:0-and the Phili""ine *lood Coordinating Council +!(00-. "hesetwo leading agencies, all medical organi1ations and health relatedinstitutions including private and public hospitals will help oneanother in ensuring a clean blood supply to prevent issues andproblems related to se#uality.

Develo"ment of Decision Making !kills in Managing !e1uality,related %ssues2 hat is Decision MakingO

Is the process of deciding on important matters. "his process is aseries of actions performed to attain the right decision. As theysay, /"hink a hundred times2 before you decide.

hat are the dierent (ays to develo" decision,making skillsO

0ommunication skills

Active @istening skills

:esolution 'kills

Do not re4ects others opinion

Do not hesitate to seek help

/ther techniGues to develo" decision,making skillsO

Pse manners and never use oEensive language

&o put down, keep calm and understand the situation

It needs to encourage the members of the family to pull each

other up. =very individual in the family needs space and time to re7ect.

Disgrace in the family should kept by the members of the family.

@o( (ill you negotiateO

&egotiation is one of the most diJcult things to learn. Rour

position does not give you more rights than the others in thefamily.

Ti"s to )e good at negotiation

(e fair in making decisions. Avoid avoritism Pse your good communication skills in negotiating anything with

your family. "alk gently

"ry to %nd a solution which is good for everyone.

"rust is very important part of negotiation.



Eective (ays in Decision Making

Snow the problem

!lan for alternative solution

0onsider the consequences

=stablish good values

D%#E!T%.E !H!TEM 8 the organs and glands in the body that are

responsible for digestion.

D%#E!T%/0

the process of reducing food into smaller molecules that can be

absorbed into the body.

T!pes of "i#estion

Mechanical Phase

!rocess which food is acted upon physically or mechanically means grinding, cutting and mashing large bits of food into %ne

mi#ture

Chemical Phase

It needs actions of digestive en1ymes into more soluble form

Hour digestive tracts or food tu)e consist of the follo(ing9

+5- Mouth

+- =sophagus

+6- 'tomach

+;- 'mall intestine

+C- @arge intestine

+- Anus

The accessory organs are

+5- 'alivary glands

+- !ancreas

+6- @iver

+;- 9allbladder

Digestion from the Mouth

!aliva 8 lubricates the food and secretes an en1yme, pt!alin or

salivary amylase, that convert starch to maltose 6 'alivary 9lands

!arotid glands

'ub ma#illary glands

'ublingual glands

"ongue 8 pushes the food to the back of your mouth

(olus 8 a soft, mass of rounded ball of food that is being chewed

Digestion in the Eso"hagus

Pharyn1 8 an alimentary canal where food goes down after the

digestion in the mouth E"iglottis a 7ap of tissue that closes over the trachea to prevent the

food from entering

Eso"hagus 8 carries the food down the stomach



Peristalsis

8 a rhythmic, wavelike muscular action that pushes the food

downward

Digestion in the !tomach

!tomach 8 a large shape organ found at the end of the esophagus

0ontraction of the muscles of the stomach causes the

churning, squee1ing and twisting eEect

it where partial digestion of food happens

Cardiac s"incter 8 closes and opens to allow the 7ow of food from the

esophagus to the stomach

Pe"sin 8 en1ymes secreted in the stomach that breaks down the

protein

Pyloric valve or s"incter 8 opens and closes to allow the food

getting in the small intestine

Chyme 8 partial product retained in the stomach before transferring

into the small intestine

Digestion in the !mall %ntestine

6 Ma4or !arts

5. Duodenum 8 upper K cm

. e4unum 8 .C meters long

6. Ileum 8 longest half coiled into the abdominal cavity

It is where the %nal digestion and absorption of food take place

>illi 8 small %ngerlike pro4ection in the lining of the small intestine that

is used in absorption Maltase 8 en1ymes that break down maltose into glucose

Pancreas

8 A digestive gland that serves functionsF

5. 'ecrete hormones that regulate blood glucose

. and secretes pancreatic 4uice that neutrali1es the acid in the

stomach

L%.ER A0D *%LE

"he liver is the largest gland in your body that carries the gall bladder

#all )ladder 8 !roduces a blue green 7uid called )ile

Digestive in the LAR#E %0TE!T%0E

Pndigested food goes down into the large intestine

It is where the absorption of water is happen

It is also called as colon

'ECE! 8 remaining food material

Rectum

8 K to 6K cm

a muscular cavity where feces is temporarily stored

Anus

8 end of the alimentary canal

How can we take care of our digestive systemX



ste"4F =at right, consume protein, carbohydrates in right amount and

make sure you get plenty of %ber. =at on right time schedule.

ste"F Drink plenty of water and avoid sugary drinks or those that

contain caEeine. @imit alcohol drinks to times a day.

ste"F =#ercise. Moving around helps things move along

ste"5F (e alert problems that don?t go away. 'ymptoms such as

heartburn, constipation and stomach upset can be caused by as

serious as cancer. If you?ve been suEering for more than a couple of

weeks, see your doctor.

ste"6F 9et scheduled tests. your doctor will tell you when you need to

have regular colonoscopy to %nd and remove precancerous polyps. If

your doctor recommend you other tests, get those as well.

ste";9 Zuit smokingWWW Among the many reasons to quit smoking, it

contributes digestive problems such as heartburn, ulcers, and

gallstones.

%nteresting 'acts

ood is in your digestive system for about ; hours

Rour stomach stretches when you eat like a balloon being %lled with air

Rou have a trap door called the epiglottis to cover your windpipe when

you swallow.

Rour stomach mashes your food the way a baker kneads dough for

bread.

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