handout lecture may14
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8/9/2019 Handout Lecture May14
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S e l e c t e d ph y s i c al pr o p e r t i e s ,
s o
ur c e s , an d m
e t h o d s of
pr e p ar a t i on-T
a b l e 1 9 .4
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S o
m eI m
p or t a
n t S i m
pl e
O
x y g en
C om
p o un
d s
1 . W a t e r ,H2 O .P e r h a p s
t h e s i n gl e m o s t
i m p or t a n t c om p
o un d on e a r t h !
3 . Ox y g e n , O2 .2 1 % of t h e a t m o s ph e r i c g a s c om p o s i t i on . N e c e s s a r yf or
a l l " a e r o b i c " l i f e f or m s a s a s o ur c e of e n e
r g y . G o o d oxi d a n t
t h e r m o d yn a mi c a l l y , p o or oxi d a n t k i n e t i c a l l y .
2 .H y d r o g e n p e r oxi d e ,H2 O2 . U s e d a s a
n oxi d i zi n g a g e n t , d i s i nf e c t a n t ,
b l e a c h , a n d i n t h e pr o d u c
t i on of p e r ox y c
om p o un d s f or p
ol ym e r i z a t i on .
3 . Oz on e , O 3 .E xi s t s n a t ur a l l yi n u p p e r a
t m o s ph e r e .A b s or b s U V s ol a r
r a d i a t i on , pr o t e c t i n g t h e E a r t h ' s s ur f a c e . C r e a t e d a s e mi s s i onf r om
c om b u s t i on e n gi n e s -I n t h e l o w e r a t m o s p
h e r e ,i t i s a d e l e
t e r i o u s oxi d a n t .
Oz on ol y s i s i s u s e d t ok i l l b a c t e r i a i n w a t e r .
4 . S u p e r
oxi d e ,H O O . ( o
r O O .- ) .I n c om p
l e t e l yr e d u c e d f
or m of O2 .
G o o d oxi d a n t , b a d f or b i ol o gi c a l s y s t e m s - s u p er o x i d er e d
u c t a s e s
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O v
e r al l , c e l l ul ar r e s pi r a t i on
i s s umm ar i z e d a s :
gl u c o s e + O
2
e n e r g
y ( AT P ) + C O2 + H2 O
C y
t o c h r om e c Ox
i d a s e
O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e -
2 H2 O
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Al t i t u d e ( f t )
T
i m e of u s e f ul c
on s c i o u s n e s s w
i t h o u t ox y g e n
3 0 , 0 0 0
3 0 s e c on d s
2 8 , 0 0 0
1 mi n u t e
2 6 , 0 0 0
2 mi n u t e s
2 4 , 0 0 0
3 mi n u t e s
2 0 , 0 0 0
1 0 mi n u t e s
1 5 , 0 0 0
I n d e f i ni t e
2 0 0
3 : 5 0 t h Anni v e r s ar y o
f 1 s t E v e r e s
t A s c e n t
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H y p oxi a
C a u s e
: D e f i c i e n c y of
ox y g e nr e a c h i n g t h e b o d y' s t i s s u e s .
E f f e c t
: T h e c e n t r a l n e
r v o u s s y s t e m , b r a i n , a n d o t h e r o
r g a n s c a nn o t
f un c t i on pr o p e r l y .
S ym p t om s :
1 .I n c r e a s e d s e n s e of w e l l - b e i n g or b e l l i g e r e n c e .
2 .R a p
i d b r e a t h i n g .
3 . S l o wr e a c t i on s .
4 .I m p
a i r e d t h i nk i n g a
b i l i t y .
5 . Un u s u a l f a t i g u e .
6 .D ul l h e a d a c h e .
7 . W a r m or t i n gl i n g s e n s a t i on s .
8 . S w e a t i n g .
9 .L o s
s of or r e d u c e d vi s i on .
1 0 .Bl u e d i s c ol or a t i on
of t h e f i n g e r n a i l s a n d l i p s .
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Al t i t u d e an d b l o o d - o
x y g e n s a t ur a t i on
R e c al l -H e
nr y’ sL aw: S g a s =k
Hx
P g a s
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A c i d
-B a s e B e h a vi or of t h e
M
ai n Gr o u p
Oxi d e s
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A c i d
-B a s e B e h a vi or of t h e
Oxi d e s of t
h e El e m e n t
s
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F i g ur e 1 9 .1 7
T h e S 8 m ol e c
ul e
S u
l f ur C h ai n
s , S n ( n u p
t o1 0 0 0 0 )
S ul f u
r
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S
e e p g . 8 9 2
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I m p o
r t an t R e a c
t i on s of t h
e Ox y g en
F ami l y ( E )
1 .H a l i d e s c a n b e f or m e d wi t h m a n y Gr o
u p 6 A e l e m e n t s
:
2 .T h e o t h e r e l e m e n t s i n
t h e gr o u p a r e oxi d i z e d b y O2 :
S O2 i s oxi d i z e d f ur t h e r , a n d t h e pr o d u c t i s u s e d i n t h e f i n a l s t e p of
H2 S O
4 m a n uf a c t ur e .
E ( s ) + X2 ( g )
v a r i o u s h a l i d e s
( E = S , S e ,T e ;
X=F , C l )
E ( s )
+ O2 ( g )
E O2 ( g )
( E = S , S e
,T e ,P o )
2 S O2 ( g ) + O2 ( g )
2 S O 3 ( g )
S O 3 ( g ) + H2 O ( l )
H2 S O4 ( a q )
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3 . S ul f ur i s r e c o v e r e d w
h e nh y d r o g e n s ul f i d e i s oxi d i z e d :
T h i s
r e a c t i oni s u s e d
t o o b t a i n s ul f ur
wh e nn a t ur a l d e p o s i t s a r e n o t
a v a i l a b l e .
4 .T h e
t h i o s ul f a t e i oni s f or m e d wh e n a
n a l k a l i s ul f i t e r e a c t s wi t h
s ul f u
r , a s i n t h e pr e p a r a t i on of ph o t o gr a ph e r ’ s “ h y p o
” :
8 H2 S ( g ) + 4 O2
( g )
S 8 ( s ) + 8 H2
O ( g )
S 8 ( s ) + 8 N a 2 S O 3 ( a q
)
8 N a 2 S 2 O 3 ( a q )
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S om
e
I m p or t an
t C om
p o un
d s of
t h e Ox
y
g enF
ami l y
1 .H y d r o g e n s ul f i d e ,H2
S . Vi l e t oxi c g a s f or m e d d ur i n g
a n a e r o b i c
d e c om p o
s i t i on of pl a n t a n d a ni m a l m a t t e
r ,i n v ol c a n o e s ,
a n d i n d e e p s e a
t h e r m a l v
e n t s . U s e d i n t h
e m a n uf a c t ur e o
f p a p e r .A t m o s p
h e r i c t r a c e s
c a u s e s i l v e r t o t a r ni s h t h r o u gh f or m a t i on
of b l a c k A g2 S .
2 . S ul f ur d i oxi d e , S O2 . C ol or l e s s , c h ok i n g g a s f or m e d i n v ol c a n o e s or
wh e n e v e r a S - c on t a i ni n g
c om p o un d ( c o a
l , oi l ,m e t a l s ul f
i d e or e s , a n d s o
on ) i s b ur n e d .M or e t h a n
9 0 % of S O2 pr o
d u c e d i s u s e d t om a k e s ul f ur i c
a c i d .Al s o u s e d a s a f umi g a n t a n d pr e s e r v a t i v e of f r ui t , s yr u p s , a n d wi n e .
A s a r e d u c i n g a g e n t ,r e m
o v e s e x c e s s C l 2 f r omi n d u s t r i a l
w a s t e w a t e r ,
r e m o v e s
O2 f r om p e t r ol e umh a n d l i n g t a n
k s , a n d pr e p a r e s C l O2 f or
b l e a c h i n g p a p e r .M a j or a
t m o s ph e r i c p ol l u t a n t i n a c i d r a i n .
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M or eI m p or t an t C om p o un d s
of t h e Ox y g e
nF ami l y
3 . S ul f u
r t r i oxi d e ( S O 3
) an d s ul f ur i c a
c i d ( H2 S O4 ) . S O
3 ,f or m e d f r om
S O2 o
v e r V2 O 5 c a t a l y s t s ,i s t h e n c on v e r t e d t o s ul f ur i c
a c i d . S ul f ur i c
a c i d i s t h e c h e a p e s t s t r on g a c i d a n d i s
s o wi d e l y u s e d i ni n d u s t r y t h a t
i t s pr o
d u c t i onl e v e l i s
a ni n d i c a t or of a n a t i on’ s e c on o
mi c s t r e n g t h .
S t r on g d e h y d r a t i n g a g
e n t t h a t r e m o v e
s w a t e r f r om a n y or g a ni c s o ur c e
.
4 . S ul f u
r h e x af l u or i d e , S F 6 .E x t r e m e l y
i n e r t g a s u s e d a
s a n e l e c t r i c a l
i n s ul a
t or .Al s o u s e d a s a n a t m o s ph e r i c t r a c e r of a i r m o v e m e n t o v e r
gr e a t d i s t a n c e s .
O
- S - S e -
T e -P o
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F i g1 9 .1 9
F i g1 9 .2 0
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F i g1 9 .2 3
S o
m e S ul f u
r H al i d
e s
S F 4
S F
6
S 2 F 1 0
S 2 Cl 2
+
4
+ 6
( + 5 )
( +1 )