handouts lecture # 8 current gkfd

8/9/2019 Handouts Lecture # 8 Current GKFD

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Lecture # 8

Chapter # 10, pages 478-482; chapter # 11, pages: 500-507

Exercises: 39, 45, 49, 55 pages 494-495; 5, 7, page 540; 81, page 543

Solution formation is spontaneous process occurs without outside intervention.

T! "act!rs are i$!%$e& i sp!tae!us pr!cess1' Etha%p( process in which energy content of the system decreases tend to occur

spontaneously. Spontaneous process tends to be exothermic. H


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)!%ui%it(is the amount of solute re-uired to form a saturated solution. xpressed in

g"solute$;600ml H*+.

act!rs a""ectig s!%ui%it(:

6. !he nature of solvent

*. !he nature of solute

. !he temperature/. !he pressure "for the gas solutions$

a

!heoretical enthalpy cycle "a$ and entropy cycle as !S "b$ for the solution process for'a(l"s$=> 8 H>!S> => 8 ")/ ?@;mol$ ")6 ?@;mol$ 8 A ?@;mol

Solution process of 'a(l is spontaneous "=>


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)aturate& s!%uti! is a solution in which crystalliBation and dissolution proceed with e-ual

rates and dynamic e-uilibrium is established. (rystalliBation and dissolution are in

e-uilibrium with undissolved substance.

.saturate& s!%uti!is a solution with concentration of dissolved solute that is less than the

solubility.

)upersaturate& s!%uti!is a solution which contains more solute than in saturated solution."Ct is very unstable$.

Exercise # 1

Cs a mixture of *D g 'H/(l and DD g H*+ at 30E( saturated unsaturated or supersaturatedF

Exercise # 2

Geterminea$ !he additional mass of water that should be added to a mixture of D g 2*(r+/and D g

H*+ to dissolve all the solute at *DE(

b$ !he approximate temperature to which a mixture of D0.0 g 2'+and ID.0 g water mustbe heated to complete the dissolving of the 2'+.


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/(&r!ph!ic ater-"earig

teracti! that repe%s ater &i*iishes ater s!%ui%it('

/(&r!phi%ic ater-%!$ig

teracti! that attracts ater, pr!*!tes ater s!%ui%it('

)!%ui%it( a%c!h!%s i ater a& hexae C/14 at 206C

mole;600g solvent

%c!h!% )!%ui%it( i /2 )!%ui%it( i hexae

Jethanol (H+H K 0.6*

thanol (*HD+H K K

Lropanol (HI+H K K

Mutanol (/HA+H 0.66 K

Lentanol (DH66+H 0.00 K

Hexanol (3H6+H 0.00DN K

Heptanol (IH6D+H 0.000N K

)!%ui%it( !" gases i ater at 206C

as )!%ui%it(,

'itrogen '* 0.3A60

(arbon monoxide (+ 6.0/60

+xygen +* 6.N60

1rgon 1r 6.D060

2rypton 2r *.IA60

/


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Jost gases become lesssoluble in li-uids as the temperature increases.

1t a constant temperature the solubility of a gas is directly proportional to the pressure of

the gas "Pgas$ in e-uilibrium with the solution. Cgas8 kPgas!he value of kdepends on the particular gas and the solvent.

!he effect of pressure on the solubility of a gas is ?nown asHenrys law.

Exercise # 53, page 495

Osing the kHvalue of .I 60*mol;Patm for +*dissolved in arterial blood calculate the

solubility of +*in the blood of

a$ a climber to Jt. verest "Latm8 0.D atm$

b$ a scuba diver at 600 feet "L atm$.

Exercise # 5, page 495

Mased on the data in figure 60.DD which has a greatereffect on the solubility of oxygen in water:

a$ Gecreasing the temperature from *0( to 60(b$ Qaising the pressure from 6.00 atm to 6.*D atmF

D

handouts lecture # 8 current gkfd

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