hands-on identification of vegetable diseases: tomato
TRANSCRIPT
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Hands-onidentificationofvegetablediseases:Tomato
Theme:Howtodiagnoseaspecificdiseasefromdiseasesordisorderswithsimilarsymptoms.
NorthFloridaResearchandEducationCenter,Quincy,FLDepartmentofPlantPathology,UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,FLUniversityofFloridaCooperativeExtension
MathewsParet,Gary Vallad, Shouan Zhang, Nicholas Dufault, Rosemary Loria, Fanny Iriarte, Susannah Da Silva, Steve Olson, Josh Freeman
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Tomato
2014,FL(USDA-NASS,2015)33,000acresharvestedinFL,#1intheU.S(97,600acresharvestedintheU.S).>$437millionFarmValue,#1istheU.S.($1.1billionFarmvalueintheU.S)
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Tomatosectiondiscussionlayout
• Scenario1:Wilts• Scenario2:Spots• Scenario3:Yellowing,stunting• Scenario4:Fruitdamage• Scenario5:Canker
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Scenario1a:Thatwasafinemorning;JenniferBeardenisvisitingatomatofarminOkaloosacountyandnoticestheplantwilting.Thegrowerneedstoknowwhatisthecauseofwiltingandasolution!
Possiblereasons:1. Bacterialwilt:Bacterial(B)2. Tomatospottedwilt:Viral(V)3. Fusariumwilt:Fungal(F)4. Verticilliumwilt:F5. Southernblight:F6. Sclerotiniablight:F7. Bacterialpithnecrosis:B8. Root-knot:Nematodes9. Lightningstrike:Abiotic(A)10. Lackofwater:Physiological(P)11. Excessivesoilmoisture:P
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Thereisonlyonefungaldiseasethatisknowntocauseawhitefungalmycelialmatlikegrowthonthecollarregionoftheplantandtheadjacentsoil:SouthernblightcausedbySclerotiumrolfsii
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DefinitiveconfirmationofSouthernblightisthemustardlikestructureknownassclerotiawhichiswhite,lightbrown,ordarkbrownincolor.Atlaterstages,youmayonlyseesclerotiaandnotthemycelium.
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Ifitisnotsouthernblight,itmaybeSclerotiniablightcausedbySclerotiniasclerotiorum
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YoumayseewhitefungalgrowthontheblightedstemincaseofSclerotiniablight
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DefinitiveconfirmationofSclerotiniablight:blackfungalstructures(sclerotia)canbeseeninsidetheblightedstemwiththewhitefungalgrowth.
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Ifitisnotsclerotiniablight,itmaybeBacterialwiltcausedbyRalstoniasolanacearum
BacterialstreamingfromcutsectionofthestemisadefinitiveconfirmationofBacterialwilt
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Ifisnotbacterialwilt,maybeitisFusariumwiltcausedbyF.oxysporumf.sp.lycopersici,orVerticilliumwiltcausedbyV.dahliae,andV.albo-atrum.Allthesediseasescancausevasculardiscoloration.
Wilting,andyellowingoftheleavesmaybemostlikelyduetoFusariumwilt.Culturinginthelabrequiredforconfirmation.
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TomatoSpottedWiltiscausedbyaTospovirusTSWVandisvectoredbyvariousthripsspecies
Acombinationofsymptomscanprovideadefinitiveconfirmation.Wilting,CurlingandPurplingofleaves
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Black/Purplishpatternsontheleaves
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Smallpurplishspotscoalesceonleaves
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CombinationofsymptomscanprovideadefinitiveconfirmationforTSWV:Circularpatternsonthefruit
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VarioustypesoffruitsymptomsassociatedwithTomatoSpottedWilt
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Scenario1b:AsmallproducerinJacksoncountyencounterssomethingunusual.Asectionofthefieldiscompletelywilted.HecallsMattLollartocheckhisplot.Thegrowermentionedthathegotagood2inchesofrainyesterdayafteralongdryperiod.Buthedidn’trevealalltheinformation.Mattcheckinghisplantsfoundsomethingdifferentthannormalwiltdiseases.Henoticesvascularsystemcollapsebuthadauniqueladderlikeappearance.
Basedonthesymptoms,Mattthoughtitcouldbe1. Bacterialpithnecrosis:B2. Lightningstrike:A
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Theuniquepatternofwilting(proceedingalongabed),andtheladder-likeappearancewasduetolightningdamage.Thegrowerconfirmedthattherewaslightningthepreviousday.
Mattshouldhaveseenacompletecollapseofthevascularsystem,necroticpith,possiblyfruitnecrosisandplantyellowingifitwasBacterialpithnecrosiscausedbyPseudomonascorrugata.
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WiltingofplantscausedbyBacterialpithnecrosis
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Pseudomonascorrugataisaopportunisticbacteriathatwiltssectionsofthetheplantsasitinvadeswoundsonthestem;inthiscasethewoundisfromtyinginjury!
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Ifnoneoftheissuesdiscussedbeforewerefound,checktheroots.Ifyoufindroot-galling,root-knotnematodesmaybethecauseofwiltingandstuntingoftheplants
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Disease Managementoptions
1 Bacterialwilt a. Graftedplantswithhybridrootstocks,SARinducer2 Southernblight a. Fieldfumigation
3 Sclerotiniablight a. Fieldfumigation
4 Fusariumwilt(Races1,2and3areknown)
a. Resistantvarietiesb. Fieldfumigationc. Graftingwithresistantrootstocks
5 Verticilliumwilt(Races1and2known)
a. Resistantvarietiesb. Fieldfumigationc. Graftingwithresistantrootstocks
6 TomatoSpottedWilt(TSW)
a. Resistantvarietiesb. Reflectivemulchesc. Thripspesticidemanagementd. Kaoline. SARinducer
7 Bacterialpithnecrosis a. Avoidinjurytotheplants;tietheplantslateinthedaywhentheyaredryandavoidtyingduringexcessivemoisture
8 Root-knot a. Grafting,resistantvarieties,Fieldfumigation
Productioninfieldswithnohistoryofthediseaseisanimportantmanagementoptionforallsoil-borneorganisms.
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Scenario2:MarkMaudlingetsacallfromatomatogrowerinJacksoncountywhohasbeennoticingnumerousspotsonleaves.Thegrowerwouldliketoknowthecauseandhowtomanageit.
Possiblereasons:1. Bacterialspot:B2. Bacterialspeck:B3. Syringaeleafspot:B4. Targetspot:F5. Earlyblight:F6. Spraydamage:P7. TSW
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1. Bacterialspot:B2. Bacterialspeck:B3. Syringaeleafspot:B4. Targetspot:F5. Earlyblight:F6. Spraydamage:P7. TSW
Firststep:Markbringsbackasampletothecountyofficeandconductsabacterialoozetest
+
-
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Ifthebacterialoozetestispositive(+),thediseasemaybeearlystagesofbacterialspotcausedbyXanthomonasperforans
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Duringlatestagesofbacterialspot;thecentralportionofthespotsfalldown,whichisagoodindicatorthatthediseasemaybebacterialspot.
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Anothergoodindicatorofbacterialspotisthesmallraisedlesionsonthefruits.
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Ifthediseasesymptomsdoesn’tlooklikebacterialspotitcouldbeinsteadBacterialspeckcausedbyPseudomonassyringaepv.tomato,SyringaeleafspotcausedbyPseudomonassyringaepv.syringae.However,fielddiagnosisofthesediseasescanbedifficultandsamplesmayhavetobesendtoadiagnosticlabforID.
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IfMarkgetsanegativebacterialoozetest,itcouldbeafungaldiseasecausingthespotsoritcouldbeTSW.However,basedonthelackofothercharacteristicsymptoms,MarkthinksitisnotTSW.ItcouldbeTargetspotcausedbyCorynesporacassicola
1 2 3
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5
Symptomsonleaves(2,3)aregoodindicators;onfruits(4,5)arecharacteristicforTargetspot.Lesionsaresunkenandwillhavecracksinthecentercomparedtoraisedandnocracksforbacterialspot.
4
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SymptomsofEarlyblightcausedbyAlternariasolani/A.tomatophilacanbeverysimilartotargetspotleafsymptoms.
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Stemlesions
Blackshoulder-Alternariaalternata
ThestemandfruitlesionsaregoodindicatorsofBlackshoulder.
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Otherspots,moldsandmildew1. Septorialeafspot:Septorialycopersici2. Grayleafspot:Stemphylliumsolani3. Lateblight:Phytophthorainfestans4. Phomarot:Phomadestructiva5. Cercosporaleafmold:Pseudocercosporafuligena6. Graymold:Botrytiscinerea7. Leafmold:Fulviafulva8. Powderymildew(Levelillula,Oidium)
Spotsandmoldscanbedifficultforfielddiagnosis.Ifyouarenotsure,sendthesampletoadiagnosticclinicforadefinitiveID.
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Disease Managementoptions
1 BacterialspotBacterialspeckSyringaeleafspot
a. SARinducerb. Bacteriophagec. Copperhydroxide+Maneb/Mancozeb
2 Targetspot a. Fungicideapplication3 Earlyblight/Black
shouldera. Fungicideapplication
4 SeptorialeafspotGrayleafspotLateblightPhomarotCercosporaleafmoldGraymoldLeafmoldPowderymildew
a. Fungicideapplication
Floridaweatherconditionsareidealforoccurrenceoffoliardiseases.Thisnecessitatesthejudicioususeofprotectiveandsystemicfungicidesandrotatingfungicidechemistriesforeffectivediseasemanagement
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Scenario3:IntheFallof2014,KeithWynnnoticedyellowingandstuntingofplantsinHamiltoncounty.Talkingwithotheragentsheshortlistedthepossiblereasons.
1. TomatoYellowLeafCurl:V2. TobaccoMosaic:V3. CucumberMosaic:V4. Littleleaf:P
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Yellowing,stunting,andpresenceofwhitefliesundertheleavesorinthefieldinhighnumbersisastrongindicatorthatthediseaseisTomatoYellowLeafCurl(TYLC)causedbyaGeminivirusandvectoredbywhiteflies
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Spidermitefeedingcanalsocauseleafspotsandsevereyellowingofplants.Checkundertheleavesformites.
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UniquechloroticpatternontheleavesbetweentheveinsmaybeduetoTMV;aTobamovirus,thatisspreadbymechanicaltransmission
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SevereshoestringleafsymptomscanbeduetoTMVorCMV(transmittedbyaphids)
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Phenoxytype(IAA)herbicidedamagecanalsolooksimilartoCMVsymptoms
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Interveinalchlorosis,invardcurlingoftheleaf,distortedleaf,crackingofthefruitmaybeduetolittleleaf(causenotknown)
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Challenge question: A grower has tomatoes planted in a high tunnel in raised troughs that contain a mix of organic compost. Several weeks into the season the plants begin to exhibit leaf strapping and curling and growth rate nearly stops. He has a neighbor with a sod farm. He also has 2 acres of tomatoes that were just set outside that are not showing symptoms. What is most likely reason based on the information provided above. A. TMV transmitted within the high tunnel by workers B. Herbicide drift from the neighboring farm C. Herbicide carryover in the compost
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Disease Managementoptions
1 TomatoYellowLeafCurl a. Resistantvarietiesb. Whiteflymanagement
2 TobaccoMosaic a. Greenhousesanitationofpruningknivesandequipmentsandworkersanitation.
3 CucumberMosaic a. Aphidpesticidemanagement
Managementoptions
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Scenario4a:Forgetdiseasescausedbyplantpathogens,whataboutphysiologicalissuescausingfruitdamage.DavidNistleratClaycountyextensionofficegetsthesequestionsallthetime.
Possiblereasons:1. Blossomendrot:P2. ZebraStripe:P3. Catface:P4. Graywall:P5. PoxandGoldFleck:P6. Littleleaf:P
Blossom End Rot
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Catface
Graywall
Zebra stripe Pox and Fleck
Gold fleck (thrips feeding or genetic)
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Scenario5:BlakeThaxtonnoticedcankersonstem,lesionsonthefruits,blightingofleaves,andvasculardiscolorationduringoneofhisregularvisitstoagreenhouseproductionatSantarosacounty.Whatcouldbetheproblem.
Vasculardiscolorationinsideastemwithcanker
Possiblereason:1. Bacterialcanker:B
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Wiltingoftheleavesandsevereblight
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Unilateralwiltingoftheleavesandsevereblight
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Bird’seyelesionsonafruit:Fieldproduction
Nettingofthefruit:Greenhouseproduction
Combinationofcanker,vasculardiscoloration,blighting,unilateralwilting,bird’seyelesions/nettingoffruitsisastrongindicatorthatthediseasemaybebacterialcankercausedbyClavibactermichiganensissubsp.michiganensis.
Disease Managementoptions
1 Bacterialcanker
a. Seedsanitationb. Pruningknivesandworker
sanitation
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Now,thekeyquestionishowsymptomsofnutrientdeficienciesaredifferentthancausedbyplantdiseases?
K
P
K
Fe Ca
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• Fieldidentificationbasedonkeysymptomscausedbyvariouspathogenscanbeaneffectivetoolforrapidrecommendationsatthecountylevel.
• However,ifyouarenotsure,usediagnosticfacilitiesatUFfordefinitiveconfirmation.
ContactforadditionalinformationMathewsL.ParetAssociateProfessorofPlantPathologyUniversityofFlorida,[email protected],850-875-7154