handwriting of hong kong students · 2020-04-06 · handwriting of hong kong secondary students...
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Handwriting of
Hong Kong
Secondary Students Magdalene Poon
Special Interest Group, Child & Adolescent Service
Hong Kong Occupational Therapy Association
background
• Research in Hong Kong Secondary Students in
handwriting function
• Duration of the research: 4 years
Our Team
Agnes Ng Frances Chan Linda Yau Rosita Yip
Anita Fong Hellen Yang Mandy Chui Sanne Fong
Anita Mo Hui Yee Ki Magdalene Poon Shiren Wong
Amy Tsam Ingrid Ngan Marcus Ng Vivian Bux
Cecilia Leung Ivy Tam Minami Hung Wendy Tam
Cheung Kin Sun Joy Lau Miranda Ng OT students (2013-14)
Danny Lo Katrine Chau Phoebe Chan
Donna Chan Kwan Chung Yee Phoebe Cheung
Doris Ting Lenzs Lin Rita Ng
Mrs Cynthia Tang Occupational
Therapy Promotion Fund,
Hong Kong Occupational
Therapy Association
Handwriting…
• An important skill for school-age children in
• Learning situations
• Taking notes
• Marking student handbook
• Submitting written assignments, etc
• Examinations
Handwriting
• The developmental nature of handwriting in speed and legibility
• These relationships have been relatively consistent in the studies of handwriting of English, Chinese, Hebrew and Norwegian children (Graham, 1998; Karlosdottir, 1996; Tseng & Cermak,
1993; Tseng & Chow, 2000; Yochman & Parush, 1998)
• The relationship between visuomotor skills and handwriting (Yochman & Parush, 1998)
Extrinsic factors The instruction in handwriting, the quality and extent of practice
undertaken, the requirements of the task, and the materials used
Intrinsic factor Orthographic coding, orthographic-motor integration, visual-motor skills,
fine motor skills, cognition, linguistic skills and motivation (Tseng &
Chow, 2000)
DSE Subjects
Biology**
Business, Accounting and Financial Studies
Chemistry**
Chinese History
Chinese Language
Chinese Literature
Design and Applied Technology**
Economics
English Language
Ethics and Religious Studies
Geography
Health Management and Social Care
History
Information and Communication Technology
Liberal Studies
Literature in English
Mathematics# - Compulsory/Extended M1. Calculus and Statistics M2. Algebra and Calculus
Music
Physical Education
Physics
Combined Science (Biology & Chemistry) (Biology & Physics) (Chemistry & Physics)
Technology and Living
Tourism and Hospitality Studies
Visual Arts
Sample Paper of Writing
(Chinese)
• 本卷三題,任選一題。
選擇題 1 或題 2 者,作文一篇,字數不少於650(標點符號計算在內)。 選擇題 3 者,作短文兩篇,每篇字數不多於350(標點符號計算在內)。
• 文言、語體不拘。
1. 個人私隱比公眾知情權更重要,你同意嗎?談談你的看法。
2. 摩天輪與過山車
Sample Paper of Writing
(English)
• You have TWO hours to answer Question 1 in Part A and ONE question from Part B.
Part A Write about 200 words on the following topic:
• Sunday, 10th September, 2008 Hong Kong Post
• LOCAL NEWS
• Trapped in Building
• Yesterday, six people were trapped for five hours in a Wan Chai office building when the electricity suddenly went off and they discovered that the fire exits were locked. The Fire Services eventually rescued the six. The drama began at 11 am ......
• You are Pat Chan. You were one of the six people trapped in the building. Write a report for your own school newspaper describing what happened.
Part B Write about 400 words on any one of the following topics:
• Learning English through Sports Communication
• You have received a letter from your brother Andy who is studying in America, telling you he has taken up motorbike racing as a hobby. Write a reply to him, explaining why you are worried about his new hobby. Try to persuade him to take up a different sport and give reasons for your recommendation.
• Learning English through Drama
• You recently went to s……
Handwriting Assessment
• Motor Assessment
• Functional (Writing) Assessment
• Visual Perceptual Assessment
• Clinical Observation
• Environmental Observation (demands in daily life)
Copying Speed Test for
Hong Kong Secondary
Students
- Chinese
- English
• An assessment simulates the situation in taking essay
examinations in Hong Kong
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
ASSESSMENT
Chinese Characters
• A morphemic language with each symbol being a bound or unbound
• Comprising of:
• the character
• Can be an independent written unit
• May not have distinct meaning
• the radical
• Same radical may occupy different positions in the character
• the stroke
• The writing sequence can be started from left to right, top to bottom
or outside to inside
• Stroke sequence
• Details of character formation
• Writing in confined space
English Characters
• Alphabetic system related to phonological process
• A set of basic unit (letters) in upper and lower cases
• Strung together from left to right to produce a word with
specific meaning
Chinese/English
Assessment Template
• A simulated task to examination demand
• Minimize language and word understanding issues • Difficulty level
• Meaningful passages instead of random words
• Chinese:
• Counting the no. of strokes in the words to some typical demands of the students
• double check with the commonly used words in primary school students (Poon & Hong, 2003)
• Expert panel on difficulty level
• English:
• Counting the no. of alphabets in the words to some typical demands of the students
• Expert panel on difficulty level
Template development
Expert Panel
• Occupational therapists working with children
• Teacher Panel
Pilot Test
• Two phases
• Convenience sampling to a group of about 30 secondary
students
• Convenience sampling to all students (919) at a secondary
school
Grade
1 2 3 4 5 6
No. of
Students 151 218 203 159 129 59
Estimated Sample Size
Grade
1 2 3 4 5 6
Sample
size 189 232 255 200 248 272
Validity
• Content validity
• Reliability
• Inter-rater
• Test-retest
Inter-rater reliability
r p
Chinese Accuracy Error 0.9426 0.0000
Formation Error 0.9500 0.0000
English Accuracy Error 0.8726 0.0000
Formation Error 0.9714 0.0000
Ø 16 raters including:
• occupational therapists
• research assistants
Ø Analyzed by ICC
Main study
• Random Sampling to all 458 secondary schools in Hong
Kong (2009/2010)
• 14 schools (3453 subjects)
Demographic Data
Hand Dominance
Difference
Dominant Hand
No. of individuals Percentages
Right 3299 95.5 %
Left 154 4.5 %
Total 3453 100 %
Result
• Significant difference in
• Gender
• Grade
• Age
• No difference in hand dominance
• Copying Speed Test for Hong Kong Secondary Students
• Trainers
• Certified therapists
CERTIFICATION OF CST-HKSS Since 2012
Assessment of Functional
Performance of students
• Motivation
• Attention+/-hyperactivity
• Motor function
• Visual perceptual function
• Language abilities
• Behavioural issues
• ADHD
• SLD
• ASD
• Slow learners
Assessing ADHD students
• How to get the best performance of the child
• Interview with child and parent(s)
• On medication? (timing)
• No medication (alert program?)
• Attitude of the client in taking the assessment (motor
assessment Vs copying speed tests, tolerance and fatigue)
• Difference of a ADHD handwriting and motor clumsy
handwriting
• Comorbidity
Recommendation
considerations
• The suggested additional time to reach a low average
standard of normal student
• Other factors: diagnosis and presenting symptoms, etc
Handwriting problem to
the child and family
The Child
Self confidence
Self esteem
The parent(s)
Frustration misunderstanding
Examples of
Recommendations
• Physical environment
• ETA
• Rests
• Prolonged preparation time
• Special format of question paper……
Accommodations in other
countries
Our ultimate goal
Acknowledgements
• Schools and students
• Hong Kong Red Cross John F Kennedy Centre