hans burchard … … and many others from inside and outside iow leibniz institute for
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The overturning circulation of the Baltic Sea and its ecological consequences. Hans Burchard … … and many others from inside and outside IOW Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde [email protected]. The Baltic Sea. Baltic Sea under stress. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Hans Burchard …… and many others from inside and outside IOW
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde
The overturning circulation of the Baltic Sea and its ecological consequences
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The Baltic Sea
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Baltic Sea under stress
Figure SPM.5
Climate change Eutrophication
Constructions Fishery
IPCC BACC
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www.getm.eu
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The philosophy behind GETM
GETM is a coastal and shelf sea (and lake?) hydrodynamic model.
GETM is a Public Domain Community Model.
GETM is released under the Gnu Public Licence.
GETM is Open Source.
GETM has a modular structure (open for extentions).
GETM has an international developer and user community.
GETM started in 1997 and has been steadily developed since then.
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Nested modelling hierarchy
Gräwe et al. (in prep.)
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Gräwe et al. (in prep.)
Domain decomposition
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Example for simulated summer sea surface temperature
Gräwe et al. (in prep.)
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Example for simulated bottom salinity
Gräwe et al. (in prep.)
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T and S at Darss Sill in 2003
Baltic Sea salinity
Baltic Sea major inflow event
October 2002(before inflow)
June 2003(after inflow)
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October 2002(before inflow)
June 2003(after inflow)
Baltic Sea oxygen concentration hydrogen
sulfur
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Oxygen observations in the central Baltic Sea
Reissmann et al. (2009)
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Baltic Sea suboxic andanoxic areasbefore major inflow
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Baltic Sea suboxic andanoxic areasafter major inflow
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Matthäus (2006)
History of Major Baltic Inflows (MBIs)
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Data from Markus Meier, SMHI (in Burchard et al., 2008)
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Kabel et al. 2012(Nature Climate Change)
Tex-86 derived SST
Proxies: surface water conditions, central Baltic
MODIS Rapid Response System
232 m water depth
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MODIS Rapid Response System
Tex-86 derived SST
Proxies: surface water conditions, central Baltic
Kabel et al. 2012
175 m water depth
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Baltic Sea overturning circulation
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How is the Baltic Sea overturning circulation closed?
Reissmann et al., 2009
Exchange flow
Inflows
Boundary and internal mixing
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Knudsen formula
s=0Volume conservation:
Salt conservation: 0
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Computersimulation Western Baltic Sea
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Computersimulation Western Baltic Sea
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Model validation: Data Darsser Schwelle
Burchard et al. (2009)
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+
+
+
Drogden Sill
Darss Sill
Kriegers Flak N
Before inflow
During inflow
Rennau & Burchard, 2009
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FS Professor Albrecht Penck
Kriegers Flak
Schweden
16.11.2005
Detailed inflow study in 2005
Umlauf et al. (2007)
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Observed Transverse Structure (Nov 2005)
• wegde-shaped interface• interface jet• lateral buoyancy gradient in
interior• three-layer transverse
circulation Umlauf et al., GRL, (2007)
Dissipation rate
Down-channel velocity
Cross-channel velocity
I. BBL mixingII. Interfacial mixingIII. Quiescent coreIV. Slope mixing
Umlauf et al. (2007), Reissmann et al. (2009), Umlauf & Arneborg (2009a,b)
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Which is the most simple model that can reproduce this?
• 2-D shallow-water equations (GETM)
• homogenous in down-channel direction
• ‘infinitely’ deep• 2nd-moment
turbulence closure model (GOTM)
• adaptive coordinates
Umlauf et al. (2010)
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Feistel, 2005
Surface salinity lags more than 10 years behind bottom salinity
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Mixing processes in the Baltic Sea
Reissmann et al. 2009
Courtesy Peter Holtermann
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Investigation of deep water mixing during a stagnation period
Reissmann et al. 2009
Courtesy Peter Holtermann
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Reissmann et al. 2009
Boundary Mixing
Internal Mixing
Courtesy Peter Holtermann
Investigation of deep water mixing during a stagnation period
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The Baltic Sea Tracer Release Experiment
Tracer Spreading
Courtesy Peter Holtermann
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Interior DiffusivityNormalised tracer profile Oct. 2007 44 DAI
2
2
zcκ=
dtdc
m2/sm2/s
Holtermann et al. (2012)
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One diffusivity fits T, S, tracer !
Basin wide eddy diffusivity
Leg 3Feb. 2008
Leg 4July 2008
)zc(Aκ
z=
dtdcA
Basin-wide mixing is one order of magnitude larger than local diffusivity !
Holtermann et al. (2012)
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Tracer experiment
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Sediment
Deep water
Surface water
Air
Climate Input Sensitive Nonlinear Response Ecosystem output
O2 H2S
P
N2
O2-Depletion
Cyanobacteria
mixing settling
P
Chemicalswitch
Randomventilation
O2
The Baltic Sea as a complex ecosystem
random ventilation
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Near-bottom oxygen & phosphate observations in the central Baltic SeaReissmann et al.
(2009)
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19581960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
phos
phat
e (µ
mol
/l)
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8inf lo
w
inf lo
w
inf lo
w
inf lo
w
Phosphate concentrations in winter surface layer in the Eastern Gotland Basin
Reissmann et al. (2009)
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