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Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup Organization Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Rome, Italy April 2 -3, 2007

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Page 1: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Happiness Accounts for Policy Use

Ed Diener Ed Diener

Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois

Senior Scientist The Gallup Organization

Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentRome, Italy

April 2 -3, 2007

Page 2: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

OverviewSubjective well-being can reveal the

progress of societies

And can be used as input to policy

Will show why, and answer objections

Show some examples of policy implications

Page 3: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Subjective Well-Being (SWB)

People’s evaluations of their lives – in both thoughts and feelings. For example:

Life satisfactionMarital, work, & health satisfactionPleasant emotions, e.g. Joy, affectionFeelings of purpose and meaningFeelings of self-efficacyEtc.

Page 4: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

A few predictors of SWB

• Good social relationships

• Progress toward long-term goals

• Trust in neighbors

• Stable and predictable society

• Basic needs met

Page 5: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Example: Gallup World Poll 2006

• On the ladder below, where the bottom rung, 0, is the worst life you can imagine for yourself, and 10 is the best life you can imagine for yourself, where do you currently stand?

Page 6: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

15 Highest on LadderIncome Rank (97)

• Denmark 8.0 5• Finland 7.7 12• Switzerland 7.5 4• Netherlands 7.5 7• Canada 7.4 8• Norway 7.4 3• Sweden 7.4 13• Australia 7.4 11• New Zealand 7.3 22• Belgium 7.3 9• United States 7.2 1• Israel 7.2 20• Venezuela 7.2 53• Spain 7.2 19• Ireland 7.1 2

Page 7: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Lowest Life Ladder Income Rank

• Benin 3.3 90• Cambodia 3.6 73• Sierra Leone 3.6 95• Tanzania 3.7 97• Georgia 3.7 69• Uganda 3.7 85• Niger 3.7 96• Ethiopia 3.8 93• Burkina Faso 3.8 87• Zimbabwe 3.8 78• Cameroon 3.9 77• Madagascar 4.0 94• Kenya 4.0 89• Mali 4.0 91

Page 8: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Feel Cannot Afford Medical Care

• Japan 4 %• UK 7 %• Sweden 7 %• Canada 8 %• France 11 %• Spain 11 %• Italy 14 %• Jordan 15 %• Israel 16 %• Iran 19 %• USA 20 %• Turkey 45 %• Romania 50 %

Page 9: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Cannot Afford Housing

• Finland 3 %• Ireland 4 %• United Kingdom 6 %• Switzerland 8 %• USA 8 %• Denmark 9 %• Germany 10 %• France 11 %• Spain 13 %• Belarus 40 %• Sierra Leone 62 %

Page 10: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Optimism (0 – 10) – Future Ladder

• Zimbabwe 4.0• Haiti 5.1• Slovakia 5.6• Afghanistan 5.7• Portugal 5.8• Poland 6.3• Germany 6.8• Spain 7.3• France 7.6• USA 8.1• Ireland 8.2• Denmark 8.5• Venezuela 8.5

Page 11: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Correlates of National Life Satisfaction

• Income .82

• Longevity .73

• Political stability .52

• Trust other people .48

• Unemployment -.44

• Time with family/friends .41

Page 12: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Money is Not Enough

• Rising incomes, but not life satisfaction

• Factors such as Longevity predict Gallup’s life satisfaction ladder beyond income

Page 13: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Why SWB ?

• People rate it as very important, even the most important. They want it!

• Citizen’s evaluations, not those of elites

• Behavioral benefits of well-being

Page 14: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Objections

1. Happy people are ineffective and unmotivated, or worse yet, silly

2. People adapt to bad and good circumstances

2. Measures are baloney; must look at people’s behavior, not what they say

3. Happiness an individual matter

4. Other values are more important

Page 15: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

BUT

Is happiness good?

Is it functional?

Page 16: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup
Page 17: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

The Error of Flaubert

To be stupid, selfish, and have good health are three requirements for happiness, though if stupidity is lacking, all is lost.

Gustave Flaubert

Page 18: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Our Research Shows that Happiness is Beneficial

Flaubert 180 degrees off

Page 19: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

• Happy college students later earn higher incomes

Page 20: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

College Entry Cheerfulness, and Income 19 years later

Diener, Nickerson, Lucas, & Sandvik (2002)

$40,000

$50,000

$60,000

$70,000

Mean

Not CheerfulMost Cheerful

Page 21: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

More Benefits of Being Happy

• More friends

• Better and longer marriages

• Social capital: Trust and volunteering

• Higher supervisor ratings at work

• Organizational citizenship behaviors

• Health

Page 22: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Longevity: The Nun Study Danner, Snowden, & Friesen, U Kentucky

1. Nuns autobiographies at age 22

Expression of positive emotions

2. Happy and less happy nuns living in same life circumstances through lifespan

How long do they live?

Page 23: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Longevity in The Nun Study

Survival Rate at Age: 85 94

Most Cheerful Quartile 90% 54%

Least Cheerful 34% 11%

Danner, Snowdon, & Friesen

Page 24: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

My doctor asks me:

Smoking (1 pack/day)

Exercise

Light drinking

Page 25: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Smoking (1 pack/day)

Exercise

Light drinking

Heavy drinking

Page 26: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Smoking (1 pack/day)

Exercise

Light drinking

Heavy drinking

HAVE YOU THOUGHT ABOUT BECOMING A NUN??

Page 27: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Smoking (pack/day)

Exercise

Light drinking

Heavy drinking

Hey, Doc, what about:

How happy are you?

Very Happy vs. Less Happy + 10.7 years

Page 28: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Psychologists

Happy live about 6 years longer

Page 29: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Being happy is beneficial to success

BUT

• Being a happy person does NOT mean:

Acting like an American;

Being a “10”

Not experiencing unpleasant emotions

Page 30: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Slow & Incomplete Adaptation to Unemployment (Mostly Re-Employed, and Controlling for Income)

5.8

6

6.2

6.4

6.6

6.8

7

7.2

Past Prior Yr. Fired 1 Yr. 3 Yrs.

Page 31: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Life Satisfaction & Disability: The Set-Point Seems to Change

5.8

6

6.2

6.4

6.6

6.8

7

7.2

-2 Yrs. -1 Yr. 0 +1 Yr. +3 Yrs. +5 Yrs.

-2 Yrs.-1 Yr.0+1 Yr.+3 Yrs.+5 Yrs.

Page 32: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

OECD Nations Affect Balance (PA –NA)Women Men

Ireland .69 .66

New Zealand .65 .66

Sweden .65 .61

Netherlands .62 .63

Canada .62 .61

Denmark .61 .61

Australia .61 .61

Austria .61 .60

Mexico .60 .62

Norway .60 .58

Switzerland .58 .57

U.S.A. .56 .61

U.K. .56 .54

Finland .53 .52

Women Men

Japan .53 .43

Germany .52 .56

Belgium .51 .57

France .50 .51

Poland .50 .50

Spain .48 .58

Czech Rep. .48 .50

S. Korea .44 .35

Italy .42 .42

Hungary .41 .48

Slovak Rep. .41 .39

Greece .31 .42

Portugal .30 .44

Turkey .17 .20

Page 33: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Adaptation to MarriageLucas, Clark, Georgellis, & Diener

7.05

7.1

7.15

7.2

7.25

7.3

7.35

7.4

7.45

7.5

2 Yr.Before

Marriage 2 After

2 Yr. Before 1 BeforeMarriage1 After2 After4 After

Page 34: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

SWB Measures Correlate With:

Suicide (individual and national)

Physiological (brain, hormones, immune)

Informant reports (family and friends)

Interview ratings

Reaction-time to stimuli tasks

Page 35: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Societal Policies?Pleasant Emotions—Enjoyment etc.

Highest Lowest

New Zealand 88 % Georgia 43 %Ireland 88 % Pakistan 48 %Netherlands 87 % Armenia 49 %Costa Rica 87 % Palestine 50 %UK 86 % Sierra L. 51 %

Page 36: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Other Values More Important?

For example: survival, basic needs

For example: capabilities & functionings

Example: People happy for wrong reasons

Response: Maybe, but so what?

Don’t want survival or functioning with unhappiness, or neutrality!

Page 37: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

SWB relevant to more focused policy issues:

Example: Prostitution

Example: Commuting to work

Example: School well-being check-ups

Page 38: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Life Satisfaction of Sex Workers

• Calcutta Low LS

• Detroit Extremely low LS

Page 39: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Commuting: Gallup World Poll

Life Satisfaction Ladder

0 – 60 min/day 5.8

61 – 120 min/day 5.6

121 – 180 min/day 5.5

181 – 240 min/day 5.0

Page 40: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Conclusions

• SWB measures can complement existing econ and social measures for policy use

• You should be happy!

Page 41: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup
Page 42: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup
Page 43: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Predictors of National Life Satisfaction (Economist Intelligence

Unit Study)• Per capita income • Life expectancy• Job security • Political stability• Low divorce rate• Political freedom and civil liberties• Gender equality

Multiple R = .92

Page 44: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

SlowAdaptation to Widowhood

5.8

6

6.2

6.4

6.6

6.8

7

7.2

All isFine

Widow 4 Yrs.

All isFineHusbandfailingWidow

2 Yrs.

4 Yrs.

6 Yrs.

Page 45: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Importance Ratings (1-9)

Happiness Wealth Health

OVERALL

(28 nations) 8.0 6.8 7.9

USA 8.1 6.7 7.6

Japan 7.4 6.6 7.8

Chile 8.6 6.9 8.1

Singapore 8.4 7.1 8.0

Egypt 8.1 7.6 8.0

Hong Kong 7.8 6.4 7.6

China 7.3 7.0 7.8

Page 46: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Unpleasant Emotions—Sad, Angry, Depressed, etc.

Highest Lowest

Armenia DenmarkPalestine SwedenBolivia AustriaSierra Leone Japan

Percent feelings lots yesterday ~ 40 % ~ 13 %

Page 47: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Dissatisfied with Standard of Living

• Ukraine

• Georgia

• Romania

• Russia

• Zimbabwe

• Most satisfied: Ireland

Page 48: Happiness Accounts for Policy Use Ed Diener Ed Diener Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois Senior Scientist The Gallup

Diener Index of National Quality of Life (1995)

Homicide ratePurchasing powerLiteracyHuman rightsDeforestationPhysicians per capitaIncome equalityAND Subjective Well-being


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