hardness mohs hardness scale 1. talc 2. gypsum 2.5finger nail 3.5penny 3. calcite 4. fluorite 5....
TRANSCRIPT
Hardness Mohs Hardness Scale
1. Talc2. Gypsum
2.5 finger nail 3.5 penny
3. Calcite4. Fluorite5. Apatite
5.0 nail 5.0-6.0 glass and knife blade
6. Orthoclase (feldspar) 7. Quartz 8. Topaz 9. Corundun10. Diamond
Striations Striations
odormagneticDouble Refraction
Mineral Resources
Ore -- mineral that can be mined for a profit
Gangue --worthless minerals in
an ore body
examples of oresAg silverAu goldCopper sulfides (covellite)Fe oxides (hematite)PbS lead sulfide (galena)
The U.S.A imports about 80% of the most used 16 metals!
Fig. 3.1
IGNEOUS ROCKS
Magma- mostly silicate
500 – 1200 oCmobilenatural
Fig. 3.2
Extrusive - crystallized fromlava (aphanitic texture)
Intrusive – crystallized frommagma (phaneritic texture
Volcano- conical hill formed around an opening in the earth’s surface where hot rock (pyrocastic debris), gases and magma erupt.
Crater vs Caldera
Opening in volcano.
If 10,000 ft or greater in diameter, it is a caldera.
Less than10,000 ft diameter makes it a crater.
Fig. 4.3
Fig. 4.3a-d
Fig. 4.14
Gases:
steamcarbon dioxide (CO2)
sulfur oxide methane ammonia nitrogenhydrogenresulting in acids
Fumeroles- volcanoes where “only” gases are expelled.
Two explanations:
1.initial stage of volcanic formation
2. special class of volcanoe (only gases are expelled)
Pyroclastic Material –
Formed by the explosive action of the gases, e.g.,
pumice.
Pyroclasticsdust-ashcinderslapilli
blocks
bombs
Pumice
vesicles – “fossil” gas(bubbles in lava)
Box 4.5.1
Fig. 4.12
Fig. 4.6
Classification of VolcanoesshieldHawaii
cinder coneParicutin, Mexico
strata cone or compositelava
Vesuvius, Italy
0027
0028
0034
Box 4.6.1
Types of Lava Flows1. Pahoehoe – smooth, ropeytexture, i.e., “fluid”
2. Aa – rough texture, viscous, not as hot, not as much gas content
Fig. 4.16
Fig. 4.17
Fig. 4.19b
Fig. 4.22
Fig. 3.24
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GENERAL GEOLOGY 1113; SEC 04 Instructor: Roc Doc
Last updated 01-20-2006
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Fig. 4.22
Extrusive - crystallized from lava (aphanitic texture)
Intrusive – crystallized from magma (phaneritic texture
TYPES OF MAGMA
1. granite ------ rhyolite“coarse” “fine”
phaneritic aphanitic
silica (SiO2) richfeldspar and quartz
2. basalt---------gabbro “fine” “coarse” aphanitic phaneritic
iron – magnesium (Fe – Mg) richferromagnesian minerals,
plagioclase (Ca, Na feldspar)
Granite 30 miles
Basalt 5 miles
Basaltic = maficGranitic = felsic = silic
Fig. 4.30
Fig. 4.29
Fig. 4.28
Fig. 4.27