hardware and networking notes by jafar shaikh cocsit

7/27/2019 Hardware and Networking Notes By Jafar Shaikh COCSIT

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Introduction

Def n of Computer :- A computer is an electronicdevice which takes input through input device ,process on it and gives the output through

output devices. It also stores data for further Processing Computer works with 0s &1s (Binary). Like all electronic device an computer works

with DC power supply.

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Hardwarecomponents

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Hardware Components Motherboard Processor Primary storage Device

RAM(Random Access Memory) ROM(Read Only Memory)

Secondary Storage Device HDD(Hard Disk) Optical storage Device Floppy disk storage

SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply) Input Devices

Keyboard And Mouse Output Device

Monitor

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Motherboard JCSCOCSIT


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Processor

It is the brain of the computer It is a semi conductor device. It contains the complete CPU(Central

Processing Unit) It performs Arithmetic and Logical function.

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Processor specification

Speed measured in HZ(Hertz)

Width measured in bits ex.16,32or 64 bits

FSB speed measured in HZ(Hertz)front side bus

Cache memory-measured in Kby.tes/Mbytes

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Processor Types JCSCOCSIT

Pin Processor Pinless Processor


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Processor Manufacturers

Intel

AMD(Advanced Micro Device)

VIA

Motorola

Danger

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Primary Storage Classification JCSCOCSIT

Primary Storage

RAM ROM

Static RAM Dynamic RAM


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RAM

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DDR RAM


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RAM(Random Access Memory)

Primary Storage for the CPU. Integrated circuits(chips) are used to

temporarily store programs, Instruction and

data It is a Volatile memory(requires power supply to

store the data)

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Static RAM (cache Memory)

The CPU process data at a very high speed. Dynamic RAM cannot match that speed. Hence a special type of RAM called as cache is

used. Cache memory stores indstruction and data which

the CPU is currently working on may soon need. Cache levels:

The cache memory that is placed inside the actual CPUis called level I cache(Internal cache memory) The cache memory located on the die of the CPU is

called Level II cache(external cache memory)

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Types of Dynamic RAM

SD-RAM(Synchronous dynamic) 160 pins.

DDR RAM (Double data rate) 184 pins.

DDR-2RAM (Double data rate) 240 pins.

DDR3-RAM (Double data rate) 240 pins.

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ROM

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ROM (Read Only Memory)

Integrated circuits that are used to peranentlystore start-up(boot) instructions and othercritical information.

Types of ROM:- PROM(Programmable Read Only Memory) EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only

Memory).

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BIOS

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BIOS(Basic Input Output System)

During the boot up it performs POST(Power onself test). Recognize the hardware device.

Locates and Loads the OS. It helps the OS to access the hardware device.

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Motherboard

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Motherboard

It is the main Circuit Board. It contains all the physical devices and

components that are connected directly or

indirectly. CPU ,RAM, Hard-disk, expansion cards are

connected to it.

Motherboard comes in different form-factor.Ex. 845,945,Pin or pineless processor slot.

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Components on Motherboard

Processor slot/socket Memory slots Expansion cards I/O ports Chipsets IDE/SATA connectors CMOS battery Power supply connector Heat sink (south and north bridge) Front panel connector.

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I/O Ports or Back panel JCSCOCSIT9970702247


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Back panel Connectors:-

PS/2 (Personal System v2):Used to connect keyboard and mouse USB(Universal Sub Bus):

Used to connect various USB enabled devicesEx:- webcam, pen drive, external hard-disk, modem, etc.

VGA (Video Graphic Adapter )(15 pin female connector) Serial Ports:-

Used to connect PC to Modems, also called as Comport.

LAN Port:- Used to connect PC to the Local Area Network.

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Chipsets:-

North Bridge:- It controls the processor and RAM (high speed device) It is placed nearer to the processor It also contains graphic processor It is also called as GMCH (Graphic Memory

Controlled Hub) South Bridge:-

It controls low speed device like I/O ports, slots, etc. It is placed nearer to the slots It is also called as IOCH(Input Output Controller

Hub)

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Chipsets:-

IDE and SATA connectors are used to connectHard-disk, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, etc. IDE(Integrated Drive Electronics)

It is 40 Pin connectors . 1 pin is blocked. SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachments)

SATA cables are used to connect the devices to theSATA ports.

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CMOS:-

CMOS(complimentary Metal OxideSemiconductorBattery which power this is called as CMOS

Battery.

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SMPS:-

Types AT (Advanced Technology)

6 pin + 6 pin ATX(AT Extended)

20 Pins Used Power connectors.

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Secondary

Storage Device

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Secondary Storage Device:-

Magnetic Storage Devices Hard-disk Floppy Disk Tape drive Zip drive

Optical Storage Devices Compact Disc(CD) Digital Versatile Disc(DVD) Blue Ray Disc(BRD)

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Hard-disk :-

Uses magnetic media for storing data Non volatile permanent storage device Mass storage device Interface Used:-

IDE SATA

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NIC NIC stand for Network Interface Card NIC is the interface between the computer and the network It is also known as LAN card or Ethernet card Ethernet card have a unique 48 bit address called as

MAC(Media Access Control) address.

MAC address is also called as Physical address or hardwareaddress The 48 bit MAC address is represented as 12 Hexa-decimal digits Example:- 0016.D3FC.603F

Network cards are available in different speeds Ethernet (10 Mbps) Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps) Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps)

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NIC JCSCOCSIT9970702247


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Day 2

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Transmission Medias JCSCOCSIT9970702247

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Transmission Media Types JCSCOCSIT9970702247

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Transmission Media Types

Guided Media

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Guided Media Types

Twisted-Pair Cable

Coaxial Cable

Fiber-Optic Cable

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Twisted Pair Cable JCSCOCSIT9970702247

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Twisted Pair Connectors JCSCOCSIT9970702247

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Co-axial Cable

CO-axial Cable

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Co-axial Cable JCSCOCSIT9970702247

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Co-axial Cable

Categories of Co-ax Cable

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Table 7.2 Categories of coaxial cablesCategory Impedance Use

RG-59 75 W Cable TV

RG-58 50 W Thin Ethernet

RG-11 50 W Thick Ethernet

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Co-axial Cable

Connectors

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Fiber Optic Cable

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Fiber Optic Cable Cont . JCSCOCSIT9970702247

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Fiber Optic Cable JCSCOCSIT9970702247

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Fiber Optic Cable Structure JCSCOCSIT9970702247

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Fiber Optic Mode JCSCOCSIT9970702247

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Modes JCSCOCSIT9970702247

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Fiber Connectors JCSCOCSIT9970702247

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Unguided Media

Unguided Media

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Unguided Media JCSCOCSIT9970702247

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Unguided Media

Radio Waves

Microwaves

Infrared

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Radio waves are used for multicast

communications, such as radio and television, and paging systems.

Note:


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Microwaves are used for unicast

communication such as cellular telephones, satellite networks, and wireless LANs.

Note:


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Infrared signals can be used for short-

range communication in a closed areausing line-of-sight propagation.

Note:

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NetworkingDevices

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N ki D i JCS


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Networking Devices cont

Hub Repeater Bridge Switch Router

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Layer 1 st Device

Layer 2 nd Device

Layer 3 rd Device

H b/R JCS


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Hub/Repeater JCSCOCSIT9970702247

Hub Repeater

B id JCS


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Bridge JCSCOCSIT9970702247

S it h JCS


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Switch JCSCOCSIT9970702247

S it h JCS


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Switch JCSCOCSIT9970702247


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Day 3

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Crimping with Cat-5 UTP cable JCS


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Crimping with Cat 5 UTP cable

UTP cat-5 cable 8 wires In 4 Pairs with different color. Unshielded twisted pair cable

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Cat category JCS


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Cat category

Category 1 Voice only (Telephone) Category 2 Data to 4 Mbps (Localtalk) Category 3

Data to 10Mbps (Ethernet) Category 4 Data to 20Mbps (Token ring) Category 5 Category 5e Data to 100Mbps (Fast Ethernet) Data to 1000Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet) Category 6 Data to 2500Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet)

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Cat category JCS


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Cat categoryCOCSIT

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Category Data Rate Signal Frequency StandardCat5 100 Mbps 100 MHz TIA/EIA

Cat5e 100 Mbps /1 Gbps 100 MHz TIA/EIA-568-B

Cat6 1Gbps / 10 Gbps 250 MHz TIA/EIA-568-B

Cat6a 1Gbps / 10 Gbps 500 MHz ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2-10

TIA/EIA is a set of three telecommunicationsstandards from the TelecommunicationsIndustry Association.

Cat-5 cable characteristics JCS


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Cat 5 cable characteristics

1000Mbps data capacity For runs of up to 90 meters

Solid core cable ideal for structuralinstallations (PVC or Plenum) Stranded cable ideal for patch cables Terminated with RJ-45 connectors

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Cat-5 Straight cable color code JCS


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Cat 5 Straight cable color codeColor Pin s one

End

White/Orange

1

Orange 2

White/Green 3

Blue 4White/Blue 5

Green 6

White/Brown 7

Brown 8

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Color Pin sother End

White/Orange

1

Orange 2

White/Green 3

Blue 4White/Blue 5

Green 6

White/Brown 7

Brown 8

Cat-5 Straight cable data transmission by pin No. JCS


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g y pCOCSIT

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Pin Usage

1 Transmission (Tx+)

2 Transmission (Tx-)

3 Receive (Rx+)

4 --

5 --

6 Receive (Rx-)

7 --

8 --

Cat-5 Straight cable How to Work ? JCS


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Cat 5 Straight cable How to Work ?

Straight Through All order of the wirings is the same as the other

side.

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 18

Straight Through JCS


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Straight ThroughCOCSIT

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Host A Host B

Pin Usage Color Color Usage Pin

1 Tx+ Tx+ 1

2 Tx- Tx- 2

3 Rx+ Rx+ 3

4 -- -- 4

5 -- -- 5

6 Rx- Rx- 6

7 -- -- 7

8 -- -- 8

Cat-5 cross-over cable JCS


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Cat 5 cross over cable

Crossover We need to change the order of the transmission

and receiving wirings.

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 818

Cat-5 cross-over color code JCS


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Cat 5 cross over color codeCOCSIT

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Host A Host B

Pin Usage Color Color Usage Pin

1 Tx+ Tx+ 1

2 Tx- Tx- 2

3 Rx+ Rx+ 3

4 -- -- 4

5 -- -- 5

6 Rx- Rx- 6

7 -- -- 7

8 -- -- 8

Making connection Tools JCS


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a g co ect o oo s Cat5e cable RJ45 connectors Cable stripper Scissors Crimping tool

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Crimping Steps JCS


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p g p

1. Strip cable end2. Untwist wire ends3. Arrange wires

4. Trim wires to size5. Attach connector6. Check

7. Crimp8. Test

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Step 1 Strip cable end JCS


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p p

Strip 1 1 of insulating sheath Avoid cutting into conductor insulation

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Step 2 & 3 Untwist wire ends JCS


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p

Step 2 Step 3Untwist the pairs. Arrange wires with color code

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Step 4 & 5 JCS


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p

Step 4 Step 5 Trim wires to size . Attach connector Trim all wires evenly Maintain wire order, Leave about of wires exposed left -to-right, with RJ45

tab facing downward

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Step 6 JCS


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p

Step 6 Check Do all wires extend to end? Is sheath well inside connector?

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Step 7 JCS


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p

Step 7 Crimp the connector. Crimp the RJ45 plug with the crimping tool.

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Step 8 Test JCS


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p

Does the cable work? Check by using wire tester.

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Lets go to work! JCSCOCSIT


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Day 4 and Day 5

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IPV6 Address

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Need of IPV6 JCSCOCSIT


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Need of IPV6

IPv4 provides 4.3 billion Unique possible address IPv4 space is expected to become exhausted in

the near future. IPv6 was designed primarily to resolve this

problem of IPv4 address space exhaustion In place of 32-bit address used by IPv4,IPv6 uses

128-bit address. This larger IPv6 address space therefore provides

2128 OR 3.4 undecilline (3.4*10 38) uniqueaddress.

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Need of IPV6

Compare to the no. of IPv4 address this numberis staggeringly large. IPv6 is enabled by default in both Windows Vista

and Windows Server 2008. And it requires virtually no configuration. Although there are other improvements in IPv6

compared to IPv4 , such as Built-in Quality of service (QoS).like efficient routing, Simplerconfiguration, etc.

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Need of IPV6

IPv6 address are written by using 8 blocks of fourHexa-decimal digits. Each block separated by colon, represent a 16-

bit number Following no shows full IPv6 address.

First block Eight Block

2001:ODB8:3FA9:0000:0000:0000:00D3:9C5A

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Need of IPV6

You can shorten this address by eliminating thiszero Like 2001:DB8:3FA9:0:0:0:D3:9C5A

You can Shorten this IP address further replacingall zero blocks as a single set of double colons like 2001:DB8:3FA9::D3:9C5A

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Structure of IPv6 JCSCOCSIT


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Structure of IPv6

Unicast IPv6 address is divided into two parts a64-bit Network components and 64-bit Hostcomponents.

The Network components is identify by Uniquesubnet and the IANA assign this numbers to ISPfor large Organization.

The Host components is full fill by 48-bit Macaddress of that system.

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Type of IPv6 JCSCOCSIT


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Type of IPv6

IPv6 currently defines three types as: 1) Global address 2) Link-local address

3) Unique-local address

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Global Address

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Global IPv6 JCSCOCSIT


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IPv6 Global address is equivalent of public address in IPv4. The address prefix is 2000::/3 which translate to first

block value between 2000 3FFF In Hexadecimalnotation.

Ex:- 2001:db8:21da:7:713e:a426:d167:37ab

2001: db8:21da: 0007: 713e:a426:d167:37ab

Public Routing Private Routing Host Identification within LAN

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001(3 Bit)

Global RoutingPrefix 45 Bit

SubnetID 16 Bit

Host address64 Bit

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48-Bit address for Global Routing prefix specifyyour organization site (first three bits arereserved for prefix must be 001 in BinaryNotation)

These 48-Bit represent public topology Portion 16-Bits are represent for Subnet ID specify up to

65536 unique subnet. Remaining 64- Bit represent Interface ID and

specify unique interface within each subnet This is equivalent to Host ID in IPv4.

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Link-local IPv6 JCSCOCSIT


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Link-local address are similar to automaticprivate addressing (APIPA) addresses(169.254.0.0/16) in IPv4.

They are self-configured, nonroutable addressused only for communication on the localsubnet.

For same in IPv4 IPv6 addresses are assigned by

APIPA in Win Server 2008. This address are start by fe80: Ex:- fe80::154d:3cd7:b33b:1bc1 %13

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Structure of Link-local IPv6 JCSCOCSIT


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fe80:0000:0000:0000: 154d:3cd7:b33b:1bc1 %13

Unroutable net address Host Identification within a LAN Adapter

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1111111010

(10 Bits)All zeros 54 Bits

Interface ID64 Bit

ZoneID

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q

Unique-local address are the IPv6 equivalentprivate address in IPv4. (10.0.0.0/8 , 172.16.0.0/12 , 192.168.0.0./16)

these addresses are routable in IPv4 same as inIPv6 unique-local addresses are routable andprivate IPv6 address.

They are start from fd: Ex:- fd65:9abf:efb0:0001::0002

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Structure of Unique-local IPv6 JCSCOCSIT


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q

fd65: 9abf:efb0: 0001 ::0002

Private Routing Bet n Sites LAN Host Identi n within a LAN

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11111101

(8 Bits)Global ID

40 BitsHost Address

64 BitSubnet

ID (16 Bits)

Difference between IPv4 and IPv6 JCSCOCSIT


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IPV4 IPv4 is 32-Bit. Write in Binary Format. 0s or 1s are used in IPv4.

Divided into 4 Octets oneoctet = 8 Bits 8 bits are 0 or 1.

This address are divided into5 classes depends uponPriority bits.

IPv6 IPv6 is 128-Bit. Write in Hexadecimal format. 0 to 9 and A to F characters

used in IPv6. Divided into 8 blocks one

block = 16 Bits and 4 Hexa-decimal values.

This address are divided into3 different types dependsupon their starting blockValues .

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Difference between IPv4 and IPv6 JCSCOCSIT


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IPV4 IPv4 classes are Class A , B , C

,D and E. IPv4 provides 4.3 billion

Unique possible address

All OS support IPv4.

IPv6 IPv6 is three types Global ,

Link-local , Unique-local. IPv6 address space provides

2128 OR 3.4 undecilline(3.4*10 38) unique address.

Only Windows 7 andWindows Server

2008/2010/2012 support IPv6

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