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Hardware 4 ESO October 2012MCC

Informaticsis the science of automatic processingof information by electronic machines.

Among the many areas of knowledge that aredistinguished in computing, these ones stand out:

Computer Architecture. Algorithms. Data structure. Programming languages. Software ngineering. !perating systems. "etworks. Computability #heory. Artificial $ntelligence.

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#he architecture used in today%s computers wasestablished in &'() by the *ungarian+American

mathematician ohn -on Neumann.

"eumann made maor contributions to a -ast numberof fields, including computer

science:

/inear programming

computer architecture

self+replicating machines

*e is generally regarded as one of the greatest mathematicians inmodern history.

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0rom the physical point of -iew, according to Neumann architecture,we can distinguish the following elements in a computer:

Central Processing Unit (CPU): $t is responsible for controlling the

computer processing instructions.

Main memory device: $t is reading and writing, but when the

computer is disconnected from the power supply, it loses its content1it is -olatile2.

Buses: channels 1tracks, cables, electronics, etc32

Peripherals: Sometimes called $4! de-ices

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Central Processing Unit (CPU): $t is the most important

electronic component in a computer. $t is responsible for

controlling the computer processing instructions. #he CP5comprises:

o Arithmetic ogic Unit (AU2: $t is responsible for data processing and allowssimple operations such as addition, subtraction, shifts and logical operations1!6, A"D, comparisons ...2

o Control Unit (CU): is responsible for performing the control, that is, to

generate the signals necessary to acti-ateelements of the computer according to theinstructions.

o !egisters: internal memory processor that

pro-ides the data to the arithmetic logic unitand in which it stores the result of itsoperations.

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Peripherals: Depending on howdata flows between them and the

computer, they can be classified into:

Input Peripherals: they are de-ices

that allow the user to feedinformation into the computer. Dataflow from the peripheral 1keyboard,

mouse, scanner, microphone ordigital camera2 to the computer.

"utput peripherals: Data flows from the computer to the peripheral, to

show the results to the user 1monitor, printer, plotter, speakers2

Input and output Peripheral: #hey fulfilled the functions of sending and

recei-ing data to or from the computer. #here are some input and outputperipherals called storage 1modem, floppy disk, pen dri-e, network card,sound card, etc...2

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Buses: channels 1tracks, cables, electronics,

etc...2 by which the instructions, data and control

signals tra-el between the different units for the

computer.

#ata $us: Carries the datathat needs processing.

Address Bus: Determines

%heredata should be sent. $t isused to specify a physicaladdress. #he width of the addressbus determines the amount ofmemory a system can address.

Control Bus: Determines data

processing.

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BU&'& AN# 'PAN&I"N CA!#&

#hey allow the system to connect a wide -ariety of peripheral de-ices.

/et%s re-iew the main e7pansion bus:

I&A Bus: Industry &tandard Ar8uitecturebus. #hey tend to be $lac.

PCI Bus: Peripheral ComponentInterconnect. #hey are usually cream andthere are usually 9 to ) at the plate.

$t Allows interconnect -ideo cards, audio,network adapters and many other peripheralswith the motherboard.

Bus*A+P:Accelerated +raphics Port. #hisbus is used only for -ideo and usually $ro%n.

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','!NA C"NN'C,"!&

#here are normal peripheral de-ices to be connected from the outside: the keyboard, mouse,e7ternal modem, printer, etc... #o do this, most computer mother$oards incorporateconnectors- commonly called ports, such as: parallel port, serial port, PS4 and 5S; port.

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Connector or serial port. Most of the e.ternal peripheraldevices are serial type- a mouse- a modem- etc/// ,heseconnectors are called C"M.1if there are two connectors,C!


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Connector or parallel port. #his type ofconnector is used to install parallel devices.

Parallel connectors are 03*pin, female on theplate and malein the de-ice. #hese connectorsare called P,.. #he largest parallel peripheralsare some types of printer and scanner. "owadays,they are being increasingly replaced by 5S;connectors.

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COMPUTER

PARALLEL DEVICE

(PRINTER)


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#IN connector: $ts function is e7clusi-ely to connectthe keyboard. $n the motherboard this is a circular

female )+pin connector. =ith the birth of the mini+D$",this kind of connector is no longer in modern boards.#here are adaptersto connect a D$" de-ice to a mini+D$".

Mini*#IN connectoror P&0. $ts function is to support peripherals such as

the mouse or ey$oard. $t is a circular female )+pin connector. $n fact, theirlook is -ery similar in shape to the D$" connector butmuch smaller. "ormally, a computer integrates twosuch connectors, one for the mouse and one for thekeyboard, which are usually green and violetrespecti-ely. #he mini+D$" connectors are betterknown by the name of P&0 connectors. #here areadaptersto connect a PS de-ice to a serial port.

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#he U&B connector 15ni-ersal Serial ;us2#hrough a U&B connector it is possible to

chain up to a total of 506 peripherals. $t has its own symbol1on the left2.

5sing a pair of 5S; connectors, you can connect all popular de-ices, from theey$oardto the modem, 1mouse, printer, speaers, monitor,scanner, digital cameras, video, plotter, etc...2 without thecomputer needing to ha-e a connector for each of these

elements, thus sa-ing space and money. As $SA cards tend todisappear, all connectors aforementioned will probably disappearin the computers.

#here are two U&B specifications: 70/8 and 75/5,which differ mainly in the transfer rate 1& ? and (@?


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the specification 5S; .? will work connected to a 5S; port that fulfills the &.&specification, but it is not true in re-erse order.

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