hardware pdf by amulraj
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Class: 1
Introduction of Computer:Computer is an electronic device which is used to store some
data. Data means collection of information
Expansion of Computer:C Commonly
O Oriented or Operator or User
M Machine
P Particularly or Practically
U Used for
T Trade or Technical
E Educational
R Research
The word computer comes under in computeCompute means Calculate
Operating System:Operating system means combinations of H/W and S/W
S/W:To Create a new programs or To view Existing programs
E.g.:C, C++, JAVA, DOT NET
H/W:To Study about Physical parts or equipments
E.g.:Hard disk, Keyboard, processor, Motherboard
Hardware Names:O/S Operating System
RAM Random Access Memory
HDD Hard disk Drive
SMPS Switch Mode Power Supply
CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semi Conductor
S/W Software
H/W Hardware
BIOS Basic Input and Output Setup or System
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Class: 2
Operating System:Operating system means combinations of H/W and S/W
Types of O/S:
1) Based under GUI Graphical User Interface
2) Based under CUI Character User Interface
GUI Developed by M/S
CUI Developed by Sun Micro system
GUI Example O/S:
Win-95, Win-98, Win-2000, Win-Xp, Vista, Windows 7,Win 8
CUI Example O/S:UNIX, DOS, Linux
Apple Example O/S:Mac, Mac Leopard
Sun Micro system O/S:Sun Solaris, Fedora, Susi Linux
Operating System another Name System S/W:
There 2 types in O/S:1) Desktop O/S
2) Network O/S
1) Desktop O/SUsed for Client or Desktop Computer
2) Network O/SUsed for Server or Network Computer
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Class: 3
Introduction of Disk Operating System (DOS):
Way to Open DOS Commands:
Start Run cmd (Type) Ok
DOS Commands:
Colon Navigator To Move one colon to Another Colon
Label To Set or Change Name for Specific Colon
Vol To display Name for Specific Colon
Ver To Display O/s Name and Version
Cls To Clear previous content in Dos Command
Exit To Close the Dos Command Application
Date To View or Set or Change System Date
Time To View or Set or Change System Time
Dir To View Folders and Files in selected Location
Dir /P To View Page Wise
Dir /W To View Width Wise
Cd.. To Return One Step Backward
Cd\ To Return Entire Step Backward
Cd <Folder Name> To Move one Folder to Another Folder
Open Existing File To Open Existing Files
Edit One of the Editor Similar Like Notepad
Copy con To Create New File in Dos Command
Type To Display Content of Text File in Dos Screen
Rename To Rename Files or Folders
Md or MkDir To Create New Folder
Rd or RmDir To Delete Existing Folder
Del To Delete Selected File
Copy To Copy File from one Place to Another
Move To Move File from one Place to Another
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Class: 4
SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply)Power supply plays a vital role in operation. And their convent
commercial ac to vireos level of dc that can be used by electronicand electro-mechanical device
It is used to give individual power supply to all devices
Types of SMPS1. XT (Extended Technology)
2. AT (Advance Technology)
3. ATX (Advance Technology Extended)
4. MATX (Mini Advance Technology Extended)
5. AMTX (Advanced Mini Tech Extended)
XT (Extended Technology) Pins – 11 (6+5) (Single Series, Double Connector)
Condition
Connected to Black and Black color nearly
AT (Advance Technology) Pins – 12 (6+6) (Single Series, Double Connector)
Condition
Connected to Black and Black color nearly
ATX (Advance Technology Extended) Pins – 20 (Double Series, Single Connector)
Condition
No
MATX (Mini Advance Technology Extended) Pins – 24 (20+4) (Double Series, Single Connector)
Condition
No
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AMTX (Advanced Mini Technology Extended) Pins – 28 (20+4+4) (Double Series, Single Connector)
Condition
No
SMPS Have 3 Different Connectors:1. Molex
2. Mini Molex
3. Main connector
Molex Molex connector is used for to give the supply to HDD,
CDD, ZIP Drive
Mini Molex Mini Molex connector is used for to give the supply to only
FDD
Main connector Main connector is used for to give the supply to Mother
Board
SMPS Color Meaning:
Black Ground
Blue 12vdc
Brown 3.3vdc
Grape Power
Green Ps
Orange +3.3vdc
Purple 5vdc
Red +5vdc
White -5vdc
Yellow +12vdc
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Class: 5
Types of File System:
NTFS New Technology File System
FAT File Allocation Table System
RAW Unknown Partition or Empty Partition
CDFS Compact Disk File System
UDFS Universal Disk File System
WFS Windows File System
EFS Encryption File System
HPFS High Performance File System
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Class: 7
BIOS Basic Input Output System or SetupBIOS are installed on the computer's motherboard. It controls the
most basic operations and is responsible for starting your computerand initializing the hardware
Diagram of BIOS Chip:
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They are 2 Functions in BIOS:POST Power on Self Test
BSL Boot Strap loader
Some BIOS Names:1. AMI BIOS (American Mega trend Inc) Del Key
2. IBM (International Business Machine) F7 Key
3. AWARD BIOS F2 Key
4. PHOENIX BIOS Del Key
5. Intel BIOS F2 Key
6. Compaq BIOS Shift + F10 Key
ROM:
It is a Permanent Memory
Types of ROM:1) PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)
2) EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
3) EEPROM (Electrical Erasable Programmable ROM)
1) PROM:Not Possible to modify
Programming once read many
2) EPROM:If Erase we have to remove ROM from System
Erasing using Ultraviolet Rays
3) EEPROM:Another name is Flash Memory, Erasing using Electrical signals
We don’t have to remove ROM from system
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Class: 8
What is Memory?Memory is used to store some data either temporary or permanent.
Memory Calculation:
8 Bits 1 Byte
1024 Bytes 1 Kilo Byte
1024 Kilo Bytes 1 Mega Byte
1024 Mega Bytes 1 Giga Byte
1024 Giga Bytes 1 Tera Byte
Types of Memory1) Primary Memory Or Temporary Memory
2) Secondary Memory Or Permanent Memory
What is Primary or Temporary Memory:
What is RAM:Ram is one of the Temporary Memory used to work as Temporary
It is a working place
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RAM Working:
Types of RAM:1) EDO ( Extended Data output)
2) RD ( Ram bus Dynamic RAM)
3) SD ( Synchronous Dynamic RAM)
4) DDR (Double Data Rate RAM)
EDO RAM:
Pins 30 to 72 Pins
Capacity for 30 Pins (16 MB)
For 72 Pins (64 MB)Speed 66 MHZ
Slot SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module)
Conditions:Must be pair, pins arrangement single
Pair must be equal.
IDENTIFICATION:
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2) SATA (Serial):SATA also used for personal computer (New Type HDD)
It has 7 pins
Maximum 4 SATA can connect in personal computer
RPM (Rotation per minute) speed is 7200
Diagram of SATA Cable:
3) SCSI (Small Computer System Interconnect or Interface):It is used for Server Computers
It has 50 Pins
Maximum 7 to 15 devices can connect in server System
RPM (Rotation per minute) speed is 10000
SATA
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Network Mother Board or Server Mother Board:
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Class: 13
What is Processor?Processor is a brain of the computer
Apply the electrical signals to the metal plate then it gets heated
ink in spread over to the bubbles in the holes. Heating a creationrange, the bubble gets burst
Diagram of Processor:
It has two types:1) Bed Type processor
2) Slot type processor (Latest Type)
It has two types:1) Pin Type processor
2) Pin Less type processor
It is manufactured in two types:HT (Hyper Thread Technology)
Non HT (Non Hyper Thread Technology)
Difference between HT and Non HT:
Today’s processor is HT ProcessorHt cost is high
Non Ht cost is low
Not Ht speed is low compare to HT
If we buy Ht processor, need to get HT Motherboard
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Design Type:Slot type processor occupies more space
Slot type processor does not occupies more space
Processor Identification design Processor NameMicro Processor 8085 (Co Processor 8084
Micro Processor 8088 (Co Processor 8087)
P I P I
P II P II
8088 P III
80286 SX P IV
80286 DX P PRO
80386 SX P Dual Core
80386 DX P Core 2 Dua
80486 SX P Quard
80486 DX P Core 2 Quard
Chipset:Collection of IC’s are called Chipset
Supporting IC’s to Processor
Types of Chipset:North Chipset
South Chipset
North Chipset:It is nearly processor
It controls VGA, RAM, and Processor
South Chipset:
It is near by slot. To control the remaining components
Cache Memory:Cache memory is a Random Access Memory (RAM) that a
Microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access regular
RAM
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Class: 15
Explain Keyboard?Keyboard is an input device
Four types of key switches: 1) Mechanical Key switches Life Time
2) Membrane key switches Life Time
3) Capacity key switches Old, Weight
4) Hall Effect Key switches Highly Cost
Types of Keyboard:1) Normal Keyboard
2) Advanced Keyboard3) Multi Media Keyboard
4) Wireless Keyboard
Diagram of Keyboard:
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Class: 17
Monitor:One of the output devices
Types of Monitor:
1) LCD Display (Liquid Crystal Display)2) CRT Display (Cathode Rays Display)
1) LCD DisplayLCD (liquid crystal display) is the technology used for displays in
notebook and other smaller computers. Like light-emitting diode
(LED) and gas-plasma technologies, LCDs allow displays to be
much thinner than cathode ray tube (CRT) technology
Diagram of LCD Display:
2) CRT DisplayMonitors have a flat display screen to reduce glare
Conventional display screens are curved, which makes them more
susceptible to reflections from external light sources
Diagram of CRT Display Color and Black & White:
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4) CNR (Communication Network Rizzer)
Color Green
Size Small
Type Plug and PlayCards Network
5) AMR (Audio Modem Rizzer)
Color Brown
Size Very Small
Type Plug and Play
Cards Modem Card
6) Graphics Card
Capacity 256 MB
Speed System Speed
Color Orange or Black
Size Small
Type Plug and Play
Cards 3D Support
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Windows –XP Service Pack 2 Installations:
1. Switch on your system
2. Go to Bios Setup (Press Del Key or F2 Key)
3. To Check Whether HDD and CDD are detected or Not if
detected then4. Go to Advanced Bios Setup To set First bootable as CD
Drive and Second Bootable as HDD
5. Insert Your Window XP2 O/S CD to CD Drive Then
6. Go to Save and Exit Setup
7. System Automatically Restart that time Press any Key
Step: 1
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Step: 8
After Copying All files system will be restart automatically that
time Don’t Press any Key
Step: 9
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Step: 18
Step: 19
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Class: 20
GUI Desktop O/S InstallationWin – 2003 Server:
Minimum Configuration for Win -2003 Server Installation:
RAM 256 MBHDD 5 GB
Processor Min PIV (1.2 GHz)
Keyboard Any
Mouse Any
CD Drive Any
Win -2003 Server Cd with Key
Win – 2003 Server O/S Simulator Notes:
1. Download Windows – 2003 Server O/S Simulator S/w2. Install that Software to your System
3. Open that Software
4. Do practice for Operating System Installation
Operating System Requirement:1. Motherboard Ok
2. Keyboard Ok
3. Mouse Ok
4. Monitor Ok
5. Processor Ok
6. RAM Ok
7. HDD Ok
8. CD Drive or DVD Drive
Windows – 2003 Server O/S CD Key or Product Key:
JB88F-WT223-JPXTT-Y8GHG-7YYQY
Or
M8DH6-J862M-QXR8Y-6RGR6-82FD3
Or
MV8B3-27HXP-BXX2F-CQ3WJ-GP67Q
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PS/2 Port:PS/2 Personal System/ 2
Two versions:
Green To Connect mouseViolet To Connect keyboard
Each carries 6 holes
Diagram of PS2 Port:
VGA Port:It has 15 holes (Blue Color)
Arrangement (5 pins in rows)
To connect Monitor
Diagram of VGA Card:
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Audio Port: To connect headphones, speaker, mic
Blue Storing External Sounds
Green Connect Speaker
Pink Connect Mic
Diagram of Audio Port:
GAME Port:
It has 16 holesUsed to connect joy stick
LAN Port:LAN Local Area Network
To Connect Network
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6) No Display:
RAM:1) Continuous beep sound instead of single
2) Not Proper Fixing
3) Dust in RAM (Alhachol sponge)
7) No Display:
Display Card:1) One Short Beep and one Long beep
2) Dust in Card
3) Slot Checking
4) If Onboard, Check Cable
8) No Display:Processor and Mother Board:
1) By Removing RAM Continuously beep Sound
9) Error Message Display:1) BIOS Error Message
2) OS Error Message
10) BIOS Error Message Display:
1) CMOS Check Sum Error
Solution:CMOS Battery Weak (F1)
2) CMOS Battery FailedSolution:CMOS Battery Out
3) Memory Test FailSolution:Memory Testing Disabled
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