Hardware & Software

Components

Organizational Computing

Input Devices

Processing

Secondary Storage Media

Output Devices

Hardware refers to the equipment in a

CBIS.

3 perspectives of organizational computing

are• Large system computing

• Stand alone personal computing

• Network computing

In large-system computing configurations,

terminals are attached to a central

computer. The central computer performs

most computations and controls attached

peripherals such as printers.

Personal computers are used for individual

work. Stand alone systems are not linked

to other personal computers or large

systems.

In network computing, multiple

workstations allow users to share data

and computing resources, both local and

remote. Personal computer networks may

also be linked to large systems.

End user input devices

Pen-based technologies

Imaging and digitizing devices

Voice input devices

Special purpose input devices• Source data automation

• Specialized keyboards

• Optical character recognition

• Magnetic ink character recognition

Central processing unit

Primary memory

Machine cycle –to process program

instruction

Sizing – bits, bytes, hertz, MIPS and

FLOPS

Parallel processing

Accessing data

Disk access speeds

Disk devices

Optical disks

Tape devices

Display devicesScreen resolutionText and graphicsMonochrome/ colorCRT/ flat panelPrinters• Print quality

• Solid font printers

• Dot matrix printers

• Ink jet printers

• Thermal transfer printers

• Laser printersSpecial purpose output devices• Plotters

• Voice output

• Film recorders

• Computer output microfilm

System Software

Application Software

Software Engineering & Tools

Trends regarding software

Management Concerns

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

Software

Application software• Easy-to-use programs designed to perform

specific tasksSystem software• Programs that support the execution and

development of other programs• Two major types

Operating systemsTranslation systems (compilers & linkers)

Operating system and its components• Supervisor/kernal

• Command-language interpreter

• BIOSExisting operating system• MS-DOS

• Macintosh

• Windows

• UNIX

• LINUXInterleaving techniques in OS• Multiprogramming

• Multitasking

• Timesharing

• Foreground/ background processing

• Virtual memory

• Multi processing Language translators• Compilers , interpreters and assemblers

Utility program• Sorting, spooling and text editors

Operating

System

User in

terface

Device managementOperating

System

User in

terface

Device managementOperating

System

User in

terface

Device management

User

Interface

Basic Input and Output Services (BIOS)

• needed for a computer to boot up

User Interface

User Interface

Computer Hardware

Computer Software Relationships

Application Programs

Operating System

General purpose Application software• Word Processing

• Spreadsheets

• File Managers and database management systemsSpecial Purpose Application Software• Transaction Processing

• Analysis & Decision Making

• Planning, coordinating, Scheduling and organizing

• Retrieving and updating

• Reporting

• Writing

• Presentation

• Communication

• TrainingProgramming languages• From low level to 4GLs

1. Explain Software engineering and also

discuss CASE tools.

2. What are the managerial issues related

to software and application development.