Designed by M. Łapińska

Harmful Algal Blooms – Cyanobacteriaoccurrence, consequence and management

Joanna Mankiewicz-Boczek, Ilona Gągała, Liliana Serwecińska, Aleksandra Jaskulska

j.mankiewicz@erce.unesco.lodz.pl

Fot.

Ilona

Gąg

ała

Fot.

Ilona

Gąg

ała

Fot. Wojciech Frątczak

Fot. Ilona Gągała

Exceeding the limits for eutrophication

The occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms - consequences :

Parameters favoring the formation of

cyanobacteria-dominated blooms

=T (18-25°C), pH (6-9)

TN > 1.5 mg/L; TP > 0.1 mg/L; TN:TP < 15 , DN > 1.,5 mg/L; DP > 0.06 mg/L, slow water

mixing

=

Degradacja ekosystemów wodnych

Fot. Ilona GągałaLow water quality•Low transparency• Low oxygen concentration• Toxins production:•Hepatotoxins (microcystins, nodularyn)•Neurotoxins•Cytotoxins•Dermatotoxins

Occurrence of cyanobacterial bloom – consequences:

Are produced by toxigenic cyanobacterial strains

Symptoms of exposure to microcystin: allergic reactions, rash, fever, diarrhea, vomitinganemia, acute liver damage, liver cancer, colon cancer

HEALTH RISK

HEPATOTOXINS

ümicrocystins (-LR, -RR, -YR and the other variants, above 80)

ünodularins

NEUROTOXINS

üanatoxin-a

üanatoxin-a(s)

ühomoanatoxin-a

üsaxitoxin

üneosaxitoxin

üafanatoxin

CYTOTOXINS

ücylindrospermopsins

DERMATOTOXINS

ülyngbyatoxin-a

üaplysiatoxin

(Chorus & Bartram, 1999; Mankiewicz et al., 2003; Codd et al. 2005; Žegura et al., 2011)

CYANOBACTERIAL TOXINS

Increase knowledge about cytotoxic and peptidase inhibitory activities of other compounds than main group of cyanobacterial toxins

(Falconer, 2007; Bubik et al., 2008; Sedmak et al., 2008; Mankiewicz-Boczek et al., 2011, Štĕpánková et al., 2011)

Accumulation in aquatic animals

(Xie et al., 2007)

Shrimp Palaemon modestus (Lake prawn), Lake Chaohu, China, June 2003 daily intakes reached 0.57 mg MC-LR equiv. kg-1 bw (Chen and Xie, 2005)

TDI (tolerable daily intake) value suggested by WHO 0.04 mg kg-1 bw per day for MC-LR (Chorus and Bartram, 1999)http://opencage.info/pics/

Palaemon_paucidens.asp

Human adult weighing 60 kg, who ingests, on average, 429 g Si. glanis, 123 g C. auratus, and 222 g Cy. carpio from Lake Suwa will be above TDI limit.

, Japan

Density in groundwater wells in Abha city, Saudi Arabia (Mohamed and Shehri, 2009)

Occurrence of cyanobacteria in groundwater and accumulation

in cultivated plantsas a result: infiltration near water bodies, rainfall events or irrigation of plants

Circular fields © Robb Kendrick

Agriculture near Tabuk

Desert irrigation. (Irrigated wheat fields in Najd,Saudi Arabia. Water is tapped from deep fossilreserves (underground wells) and fed throughlarge rotating booms.

100-g edible leaves and roots would contain from 11 to 36 g MCYSTsIt is about 5 –18 times the recommended daily MCYST intake from drinking water

(Mohamed and Shehri, 2009)

Polish water bodies (since1996)occurrence of microcystin-producing Cyanobacteria

JeziorakSiecino

Sulejów

Zegrzyn

Trzesiecko MAZURY:Niegocin, Jagodne,Szymoneckie, Szymon, Kotek, Tałtowisko

Bytyńskie

Sławskie

BnińskieMalta

Jeziorsko

Biały Bor

Biala Rwaska

Barlewickie

Dobromierz

Siemianowka

Polska

Lubosińskie

Czarnocin

Turawa

Goczałkowice

Dobczyce

ŁÓDŹ:ponds &

Sokołówka

Brody

Wióry

Tarczynska et al., 2001, Wat. Sci. Tech. Water Supply 2001, 1, 237-246Jurczak et al., Chromatographia 2004, 59, 571-578Mankiewicz et al., Envirin. Toxicol. 2005, 20, 499-506Mankiewicz-Boczek et al., Pol. J. Ecol. 2006, 56, 171-180Palus et al., Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health 2007, 20, 48-65Izydorczyk et al., J. Plankton Res. 2008, 30, 394-400Mankiewicz-Boczek et al., Environ, Toxicol. 2011, 26(1): 10–20Mankiewicz-Boczek J. et al. 2011, Harmful Algae, 10: 356-365.Mankiewicz-Boczek J. et al. 2012, FEMS Microb. Lett. 326: 173-179.Gagala I. et al. 2012, Fresenius Environ. Bull. 21(2): 295-303.Gągała I. et al. 2014, Microbial. Ecol. 67(2): 465-479.Mankiewicz-Boczek J. et al. 2015, Open Life Sciences 10: 106–116.Mankiewicz-Boczek J. et al. 2016, Microbial Ecology, 71(2): 315-325

2002

20011999

Sulejów Reservoir

2003

Microcystis bloomsin SU

Fot. Izydorczyk, Skowron

Fot. Ilona Gągała

2012

Sulejów Reservoir

20112008

2014

Microcystis bloomsin SU

Fot. Skowron, Gągała, Frątczak

Fot. Ilona Gągała

Ø IDENTIFICATION of key abiotic (physico-chemical)parameters affecting the development of toxic cyanobacterial blooms

Ø METHODS ELABORATION for monitoring of toxic cyanobacteria (application of molecular methods for risk assessment and early warning system)

Ø IDENTIFICATION of the impact of biotic parametersand interactions on the trail: cyanobacteria / cyanophages / bacteria / cyanoabcterial toxins / other organisms

Ø DEVELOPMENT OF TOOLS for better assessment of the overall threat from cyanobacterial blooms (cellular biosensors for detection and evaluation of novel mechanisms of noxious bioactivity of cyanobacteria

Activities in the field of cyanobacterial research

Izydorczyk et al. 2008 Internat. Rev. Hydrobiol.

Białko reporterowe (lucyferaza)

Substancje wywołującestres oksydacyjny

Substancje stanowiącewzorce obcości Substancje o charakterze

trwałych zanieczyszczeńśrodowiska

Substancje zaburzająceszlaki endokrynne

NFKBRE

ARE

AHRE

GRE

Ø OPTYMISATION of biological structure of Pilica river floodplain for selfpurification enhancement and REDUCTION of diffusive and point sources pollution in the Pilica basin

Cyanobacterial monitoring

Spring/SummerDetermination of physico-chemical parameters including nutrients concentration: P-PO4, TP (>0.1 mg/l*), N-NO3, N-NH4, TN (>1.5 mg/l*) Chlorophyll a (> 10 μg/l**) Phytoplankton analysis

Occurrence of Microcystis, Planktothrix, Anabaena Detection of toxigenic (potentially toxic) strains of cyanobacteria

PCR amplification of mcy genes(polymerase chain reaction)

Occurrence of microcystinsApplication of screening tests:determination of microcystins concentration – ELISA(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)determination of microcystins toxicity – PPIA (protein phosphatase inhibition assay)

Confirmation of microcystins if ELISA showed > 2.5 µg/l Quantitative and qualitative analysis of microcystins – HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography)

Transdisciplinary interpretation of results Following the first and second principle of Ecohydrology, the identification of cause-effect relationshipwith comparative studies of the lake/reservoir typology, hydrochemistry, phytoplankton diversity and water toxicityare fundamental for developing a strategy to reverse eutrophication.(Zalewski 2000; Wagner et al. 2009)

Note: * critical values for eutrophication recommended by OECD (1983); ** relatively low probability of adverse health effect recommended by WHO (2003)

Proposed integral procedure of microcystin-producing cyanobacteria monitoring for bathing water quality

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11.06.2008

25.06.2008

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27.08.2008

04.09.2008

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Stężenie mikrocystyn [ug/L]

Biom

asa

[mg/

L]

Biom as …

Mankiewicz-Boczek et al. in Chorus[ed.], 2012, Current approaches to Cyanotoxin risk assessment, risk

management and regulations in different countries.Mankiewicz-Boczek in Zalewski M., Urbaniak M. [eds.] 2012. Adaptation of ecohydrological system solutions and biotechnologies for Africa.

Designed by M. Łapińska

HydrologyHydrochemistry

Ecological sucessiondriver

ladyinlodz.blox.pl

Assesmentof threats

Photo by I.Gagala

Objectives of ecohydrology

Strategy elaboration

forCost Efficiency

Restoration

Designed by M. Łapińska

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6

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Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5

Phos

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[mg/

l] 3.09.201030.09.20103.11.20109.12.201019.01.2011

Critical level for occurence of

cyanoabcterial bloomsGEOCHEMICAL BARRIER

Elaboration of system solutions

(www.geoportal.gov.pl)

Demonstration zone in Zarzęcin: reduction of groundwater POLLUTION WITH PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, by strengthening the plant ecotone zone with geochemical barrier based on limestone.

www.ekorob.pl

Designed by M. Łapińska

Izydorczyk et al. 2013, Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology

Increasing the efficiency of the buffer zoneby incorporation of geochemical barrier

www.ekorob.pl

Phos

phat

esco

ncen

trat

ion

in

grou

ndw

ater

[mgP

O4/

l]

przed za0

2

4

6

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10

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14

befor barrier after barrier

lowconcentration of phosphatesin groundwater

high concentration of phosphatesin groundwater

groundwater levelreservoir river

+38%

Stormwater inflowin to SBS

Enhanced sedymentation zone

Outflow purifiedstormwaters

Geochemical barirere enhanced by geotextile curtains

Biofiltration zoneFiltering bedregeneration system

EH: Sequential Sedimentation-Biofiltration System (Zalewski 2008)

TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS

Kiedrzyńska E., et. al. (in preparation).

Limstone zone Coal zone Sawdust zone1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase

Wetland with macrophytes

monitoring stationsregeneration system -

Sequential Biofiltering System for improvement efficiency small WWTP based on sequence of limestone, coal, sawdust and constructed wetlands

Sequential filtration of pollutants Biological treatment of pollutants

Outflow

from WWTPto the SBS

Outflowof purifiedWW to the river

I II III IV

Mean TP reduction: 26%Max. TP reduction 76%

Mean TN reduction: 48%Max. TN reduction 97%

(Kiedrzyńska E. et al., in preparation)

LIFE08 ENV/PL/000517www.arturowek.pl

The final effect of implementation of Ecohydrologyfor enhancement ecosystems services in small urban catchment (Jurczak, Zalewski in preparation)

The recent ecological andrecreational status

Good water qualityof recreational lake

SSBS

The Past

Thank you for your attention