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\<-.r-. - ,t-r B

The Discursive Froeluction of Se!ves

";

Rom Flnrr6l - tNA( ' l i t i Cr l t . t . t , : t ; l : . Ox t 'o t t r

, " . . - ,s; i t ion . I rvhich the intelLigi6i l i ty of thc * orksl t .p t i t lc dcpencls ' l r l rs

ltalli!(-l;i;. l;ij-"tt*'tLv -ii'lfi-ttc'-psfiiolt'-eists lravi:liri:irscd on thc lirttcr

' I i r : oa r ' . r [ ' l r t r o toc ; rQ l r . ) 91 S^ ( i c . \ / o l l ( l ) : ) l 6 .1

long been recosn izct l .

Yl r.l p,lltlt qp!"f {,:tylryl4:1!<Iyg*t! e q411e-9 f p c ts o n a I i (l c n t i t )- i t

has not bccrt-!.bc-pr.lp.t i,f,.tl-y$-ql-tlLr9-,ilL'l'lj$i't;i"tttitl tj9-ilorrllotlit'iii,,t

1".., t"";1,,1",1 tl**,ilt"r *f,"u iiie Self lras bccn tlrc focus of cottccrn irt-rill:i,-rf,-,ry ((;i,iii.'i,"i, i1i59)!-ii'-'Lp-.yllrq!iiv (K,ot,ui, l97t)it ir llrcscr)te(l-.SEti;ai.:iirinrCaq_S{:ct t6;; irit!.e_[)e,cfl..invL.s(ig tctl. 'l hc S-c!!-trf-pi:rs-Qn:rI-i-.ffimilo11r[L'f|-lf..y1'Lf".1f,lccl]1.'s. !,9]l:^ ir rlc^ccS'\ar'] sirlgyfiq'i1v *-lrilc

,lii ls t::tlt'lrirlls-luu!.-l*! hlsi! l'-!cqu!' !:l' 1, :1i:l:::::+ :fT :i.:l:]], :.:

r \ l t s t l l , t ( l ' . ' l ' l t c c o n c c p t o f ' S c i f ' h a s b e : c n t h c l i r c t t s c ' l n : u c l t r c c c t ) t \ \ ' ( ) l k i r lt l r c t i t c l i c r t l Psvc i to logv . i ) i f l i c r r l t i cs h l t t c l - ' c t r t a t l c i l s t P i r r l i ) d t rc to thc

1 , , . t11 ' .cur ( . r t t s -c i t l t r i l c l c r o f lhc conccPl i l sc l I ln t l r i s l r i l l l c r : ln . i l t t cnrp t . t s

,latlc t., clclr lhc grtrttnd for t lt( lrr ih:rrpll focrrst't l l lslchological sttrt l ics

o f pcrso t thood [ rv t l i s t i r rgu is l r i r rg Sc l l : I ' r ' r t r - r lh l ; - - thc .p l r i losophc ' t ' s ' conccpt

o f l , c rson l l i r l cn i i i y . t ro in Sc l t - : . t l r c Sc l I t l [ r t Cot f t r r l r r r rc fc f l c t l to in h is

s t t r r l i cs r ' f Sc l f -p r .c icn ta t i r rn . - l - l l c

; l rgur l rc l r t tL l rns o l l thc i l ss t l l1 l l l t i o t r t l l l l t

[)(tth conccPts of Sclf arc !rtdisp.'nsablc l 'otl l for t lndcrst:ln(]i l lg Jlcrsrn-

ho t :d i t t rd i t r r l i v ing i l s l )c rs ( ) t rs ' Proh lc t t t s ln t l n t i s t tndc ts t ; t t t t l i ngs s tcn t

f ron l thc t tsc o f i r ia l l l l r i t ; ' r i i t f c { r i l r l l n l i l l i i i l l t l ro r i c ls l t r r un( lc rs t : ind ing

l l l . ' l so t r t i t l k . Sc i t in t | . , l t l l l ( ) rc i lL lc ( lL l i l t c r t lo t l c ls - l r l lo tYs o l l c to l l r ( r l )osc i t

soc ix l cons t [uc t ion i i t i l . c . ru t t t t t I b , r i l t p lcsc t l t c ' l Se ! r 'es an t l o f thc scnsc o f

su l r j cc t i vc r ingu l : r r i t v .

' l ' l re Prol>leruut ic of Scl f

' l 'he rnrpl ic i t coni l t lexi ty t t I pcLson.co t tccl : t ts can bc sL'c lr i l l evcn so si lnplc : r

phrase as_ th t rv i t l l w,hich a $.orkshop scssi0rr i r t sc l f - nr i lnagemc t t t rv l ts

r lescr ibcd i t r a reccnt cotr feretrce prograt l lnrc ' Part ic i l ;ants q 'crc i r tv i tccl to

attend a scssion ,cal lc. t l 'N{anaging Seif l rcf t l |c ot l rcrs ' . who t locs the

r lar t i tg i t ts ancl u ' l to is r r la t t l tgcd l ' fo rvh ic l r category of bc ings, tu : t i tagcrs ot '

f f i g ? T l r a t t h e r e i s a t | u a I i l y . o f S c l | u p t l r l t h t :

: r s n c c [ ( ] l t ) c r s ( ) l l l l r ) ( ) ( 1 . l : r k i t t g t l l c c r i s t c l l c c ; r t t t l s i t t q t t l i l r i t y ( ) f l l l c ' i r l n c r

i.lti' ri,,' gr;r'tctl. 'l lt:rr iirrTildr cn[1.-l'clLc'.rt,-1tt :riTtxtlcrhing givcrr'

laisTlp[glif-to a 1f c,, r iirc"i riitrty rvith tlrc grorvth of cotrsciousncss antl .t'itlt

t l rc ca'ac: i ty to i . lc t : l ' ( l t ( ) rc l lcct upon ( l lat i tct ion. I t : r l * .ays takcs the srnlL '

iorin, typiiiecl by tlrc singtrlar point of vicrv lrorn rvhich caclt enlbodied

p"rrn,.r ..,,r.'"yt {hc rrtatctial ri orlcl. -f-!r-qrigirr. if. that-<lugstion is raisg9 4L

i , l l , . ""n. , , to bc i r r t l rc l t r .ccss of l rurrra, , ' r r*r tu 'ut i .n. In t5e nalurc-cul l .ure--rft[or,mr y-lt-6IfmF-oTrttrc-siiE-ofn;Tfi e.

------

Anrortg thc I t t : l t ty t l t tcst i t lns t l rnt st lggcst t l tct l rsclses rv l te 'n onc rcf lcc{s on

cxanlplcs- oI the r . lual i ty of sel i l rcrocl two gro i )s s! 'c l l l ccnlr : l l to nrc- q!g-

qrourr is ontolo$icitl. lvltlt.sorlt- !r.i -bc.itlgi.lIfc tlrcsq- Selvr:+'l' I'lorv do theY-&i.tt:,-1-t.',*lru ilt*tiunc to be?'I!:!.-ct{tst-gl,]I!p is epillclllg!,'Jglgl!.ller'

,,re t6{ f -r,, 'r? ,f L.' ',r,rn1,eing Sclvcs really_iritltlcrr frtlll,both tllcrnsqgcs.

Timd"-'nro{lltl6@,'ii.lirt-.f :::SSlt'".qlqULL!llavstltnlSL-Issi; [;[il,^;t t,t t','" per.o. t.' ttusc .,.t^ives thcy itrc fr.n tllc rv i].-\.!-t l g-v t'il-tt

}€Tnor\,,r ro (xfii LsTT-oi tliel:tki'oT-alariit ofT.ilia).ii( ion I Prr)n()sc to sFItt

' t I t t :- l )rsl uRslvE PtoDt-rc' t toN ol: sEl-vFs

i n t ha t ro l c i r r uno t l t e r paper .' [ 'o

t l tc second gr. , , ,p . , i ( lL lest ions i racl i t iorral i lnswcls l l lvc [ rccl t - ratheri i ' i i ' i i irtv lrr: ncic:li i 'cd ili

i r si c' ry n, r tuic5ii* cf"-i:[ q!1]ggr$ -p:r- rdilic [4u!sQ9!9ru-;, . ' i , ; i i i i lJ" irr" l f . l i** i t i r r tr . .r

"c'y Sclf rvlr ic6 rvor.r l t l l ravc' to c'r t tch t l trr tI 9!.Y_rl:' L L'l,rl. .i!I

i s i b l c t o i t sc i l . s i

-iIE po]ts.',lx)rrs -,r,i.ipt ui j!:1r'inlo'Self-1" the rtccc'ssryv sinF u la'i1-!^I9Uf9

u r ( j l r t , r l r L ' r r \ , ( r - r U r r L L I , .

" . ) j . - , ' _ ' . . . ' , ' - - ' ' ' "

: ' ' -

:

r . , r . i r " iu l to sces. l tc; t rs, l 'cc is. act3, mri l l i tg. 's and rcnrcntber"; ! -otn 'Sclvcs-.

( ) r ' s l te rv l t r , t sces . l t c ; t rs , l ' cc ls . i r c fs , l l l l l l l i l gL 's i l l l d rc t l lL 'n l t re [ 'L -U-o ln )c lvcs- - -

7:-The-lii1-.-'n_ifi;"'- v'r'cs TElt -qr1t' -LLra.'li;ry djlpL,r-91!-!ry-l!rc,.,t1,11-c1- -.7. -Tliee

rr l t c n tl i \'g$_t-!gh' c 5 t h a t j\!t-L!!q1111L1l]!p4 19----- .'----' t--:--

--------

ci r r l roc l ic t l .'-Ti th" n..r group o[ cqueslions tuo rival ilr,s* ers-i]11-,e -!19,c:! u!-f."|'ld'

,\ffi arc ir1'1r(e;|ii r[ingi.'mat iire a nar.ilc

r t he i r exnc r i cnce . ' l

Jf i -ut r 'ct ing [r . t l t gr trups t l f qucst ions. Kant cr. l r l t t r i t ted elcn:ents

irr rcsiarir.i-nirr-atlr l cort structiotl ist iEt6iiliT oT tltc

;r i ln i?s. .1. FI i .s t ' . l :ut , , ' ' "nt . , f Sel f is a se r ious, al ."*rr t i r l ive caucl idatc tbr thc-Jt;i-.lu

t i,', r't of a ps.vcht>logy of Scllhoocl. I proposc to cxanritrc its ptrtcntial

nio tcrnTi n-inil u sJIitS c l v c s ili-a i ai i6- s!!L!!!t-'r-tll! v, b s pllggllc d l1 -T[lC1'utrs pcripii-riit. 't tr,rscSclvcs :rrc clustcrs of coordinatcd prcscntal.rons,l l l c w : l V S l ) C O l ) l C a c t . I t l c s c a t c l v c 5 d r ( - r r u i r r L r ) v ' ' " " " ' . . ' - " ' '

--fl* ilfi*Gi; *i fisortalitics that arc nrxtrifcstcd in rvhat pcople clo Ottr

orvrr c l taructcLs ancl ptrbl ic pcrsonas are avl i la i ) l ( - ' to itt t lrc rrl

i r t o l . l te ls rc : lc t t ( ) \ \ ' l l i l t we ncvie.--,1qc i'r this sclu;c is s<ltnelintcs

io;- f t i , , " ' .1uio '* . f g"*r , t f ry 'has to 6c rv.rkei l f . t - Ort the basis. l .

srorving scnsi t i r , i t l i to thc react ions oI oihcrs \ \c can lcurn to l l l ( ) l ] l tor t ] t l f

ic , l i , r r r-rancc i r t r t :spt ;nsc to t l losc te : tct iotrs cvctt rvhi le lve arc ct t - [aget l in

ihc.rn. lVc .ru: i t l ind or l r way rSr.ugh t6c lc lg of Scl l - t lccc pt iorr t6at c l . r i , . ls

Scl f-undclstart t l i r rg. - ! . . l i t : l , :y l i - t !g,Scl l that nrarragcs at tx l I t toni tor\ i ls o\ \ ' r )

rrcliorrs ancl tlrou{hlii i. ,r.".*'4.icliii".t ,,. i[aiilinlrt'li[ii.-"Ur'.Lttr;Scjlif.

ii: I t'iS-lxitfaa'i";ti lL,jrrr cvc' i6c ii.isiirilii ',; ,rt ticirlg..!t11!iqr'! t;11111ir:icallv by

l l ( ) I t l l , \ R R l ]_i.l

,,. ' . . . , ff i ; ; : i i l ; ; . ; ;; l ' ; ; i-,.{fr.f i i . . ; ;gir lgintlrctl iscttrsive

r . i ' f v l l i n l D s t . l t t s k t t o r v t t . : t c c o t t l i t t g t r - r t l t c P l l i l o s o p l r L : r s ( ) 1 1 ) ( ) t l l t l i t t l i l i o r r s -

, ; i ; , - r" , i ' -or , ' :c, iGir I t i i l ic i 'cr prcscrt tct l i t t crpcl icIrcc ' '' I '1, . ' . , , , , i . , , ,p,r1ur1,-m$rr l - i .s-c l lNff ' - . l l l l f ! i l t t t "n ' f ryt : t t ,n: ; l : -s j :11

1 ; , , . i i . ; t , , i i u , a r , , . r r , r r t , r l r r l r L l j L ' i r r t l v a i ) l q L ' ( i c ( \ r r \ c t s ; r ( i o r l s ' - i l l l ( l t l l c i l -

f 'x , i i ,gn. i lL- ruDI i r . ' - t i ' l r t i rs ' r t ' l tnsyc cal l or t r t l r i r lk i r rg I : t t tg 's lc( l \ \L '

i . , t i t l i . s . J , . , , r , l t i p i c s y r r r l t e t i c r r r r i t i c s ' S c l v c s . l ' . ' l l r c r r r : r r r : r , - t t t g 5 t ' l l , c " o K c t t

i )u t not r )anre c l ty t t ic r i t tc oI Lhc *orkshop' r l i l l l - 'c ca l lc t l a 'Sc l f - I ' rvh ic l r I

rv i l l rc fc l lo as l t s i t tg t t l l l l t ty . ' l r lo l t r r rgcr kr lorv rvho I ant l ' is l l c lv typ ic l r l o I

. , l . , r , ' g " I t r s t t c l l a . i , ' i ' ' p l , ' i ' t t t l t e p l o i r o r r l t ' l ' c l o c s L l o t r h l e d t r t v l l l l h c I i r s t

s l o t i i ' l a b e l s t l t c t c t n l t t l k u ' i t l r r h c S c l f - l * ' l r o s c r c r r t a r k i l i s ' r v h i l e i n t i t t

s c c o n d s l o t i 1 r ' e f c r s t ( ) t l l D v a f i o t l s S c l ' ; c s - 2 s ' l t i c l r r l t c s P c a k c t n t i g h t . t i r k c

t r 1 . ) . ' [ ' h c , . " ' l t r l l e r c t t l l t r k c x l ) r c s s c s t l t c s l l t - l l k c r ' s L t l r f c n t t l t ] { l c l t l l i l i t y i l l r ( ) l l t

. r ] l t i . l t , , f t l lc I l tar lv pos: ; i l . r lc St : l i 'cs-2 hc or she cat t scct t t c l l t l t ! lc t l tc t t lsc l r r 's

to be. I t s l roL l l t i [ , 'e 'kcpt

i l r r r l i r r t i t l l i l t t l ]c c( ) r ]ccPt o i Sc l f - l c l idL)s c i ls i lY \ " iL l l

o n c c r l t h c r t i l t i t l n s o l P L - r s o i l a i i t v c r t t r c n t l y i t l t r s c

I qff.ll lr.,rg (,j1glscfl1lfcss is r ootccl itt thc siitqLtlrtt i l\ ' ()f l poitr t o f \ icn'

l l f l 'L ' t lcc l O' t l ) t l robLls t n , ' i f ia l 'c rs is tcncc t r f t l ;c l t t tn l l l i t bod; ' l rs t l lcL e l t c h p e t s t . r r l g ; r i l l s t l t c i l p c r : p c c t l v c o t l t l l cI v;'!-llS!:B).!U lrl)nr \\ rrrcrr'

i r l iysrcal \ \ ( ) r lL ] . Nlo l : l l c t l r l t i r tu i ry i ls i ln agcn{ is l i lor t - \ \c i lk ly f ' lx tc( l to

i l . ' i .onnoo. t s i r tce ot t t - 's c l i t in ls to and c l isc i i l i r l rcrs t l f rcs l lons ib i l i tv l r rc

i l r .or , r r r t ic t l i t r t tne 's s l r i [ r i r lg locat i t l r r in a l t lca l t tc lsork of p t ls i t ions \ \ 'h i lc

i tnc h i ts onlv or lc bt l r ly l lonr rv l r ich to s t l rvcv t l tc r ror l t l t l t tc l t i ts ' i l t lc i ls t i l t

p l i n c i p l c . n l : t n y n l o t a l l l t l s i t i t l n s l l o n l s h i c l r t o i l c l t r p o r l ! t

R c c c t t t t c l l c c t i o n s o n l h c s e n l a t t e r s h x Y c ( l r a w l l l r t t c l l t i o n t o t l ) c

in f l t tc t tce oI soc ia l lact t l rs ot t sevct a l aspects of t l le sc l lc l l ]e I l tavc skctc l ret l

lbtrve. For c\iult i) lc. i t lras bcconrc'!s! ' ' t l '4l l : l l l) l ! : i l lg: ' l l1fl ' l l" '- l ]): l ln.rs( )n\ : [ ) l ]c r t ( ) l tave l rv nr , t t t rc cat t t fs ]x l r rn t t j be- i l r r r ih ' : t ic ' i in i i i l i'' --;-''.'t' ' - '-'-..;^;r*r;;:r:,',-.. ;r;[Gfiii.r' Itliat itti df iCT[-ircsanl'linilil-.-

'

Pf Otl-tr. eil i I l i r n (l lI rt)U Sl I cl tl s at' rs u I { llsctl I sl\ c

I f l t i i l i l s 1 ) t ) c c o n t e c l e a r t l t a t t h c r c a r c v : l l l ( ) u s r l l l p c r i l l r \ u 5 ( r s r t l r r r Y r r r " ' '

iffi li1'es-xat- -c\i)cc1'(l-lo-co tr fixrii'

",,".*i#;;*fi ;ti tster*.^t olL!',rLc r-gr(lili p.n(9,rtlr]iillJ (if

;. #s#*ifu"'. ir ,liity-91-11grui of caclr ScIt-I as

^;ffi ,",p;'trrr".*-r."1''"ri:1n:rl"!nl'FlU:!q::1:i----'-s nc-ltisrilGil.lt wllT5iar-gtrc r-1 try i0 attl-rc rc nc,-l\L jr cllurllllt lgriu]lll-L'll.:

i1."ff,r:1;f i*nrgrr*rfr, ' i , , r l ,e dis,"\ i i i i tc l)rescrl irt ir).sol 'our'.!-e!!s-]..b ,:t::l:::i

I s ( l c r tv r t tq l r t ln t

j . " " " ' I' l r 1 s l i , ' J l r c c r t r r l ' s o t h c r l i r l ( ( \ a ( ) r l . t c r l l l ) - ( ) r i l ' : y " j

t ' " " ' l ' t I . . . . . . . r i r . . , r 1 , , . . i . r r

ri"r,,ii,ii;. iii'+,,rCCU.Uqirti!iir,'rg'.-r,"i5 !\lqrr 111!1i9!ft! tt-uttrc;f it'f. i i ' cL l r . i 'e I i ' ' . [ . r [ - r " ' i i * t .sc tu . ls - t . ' l l r is l r r ' r l " 's l l l r . ' ! ]J ' l++: . : : l i' l r i

v lTi i ; r rs i i ieJirr . iLr , l i .^ , , t S. l t t t r ( ) , ) ( l i r rc l r t i i i ;q- lTxt 'a i lTSTl() t lLr ' : tn( i ( .1!-rscr l

a-9TS. ,.\.cg!Ir1i11r., "

lr[l tliallre l-'rt'Ts llc' di]s[-ircliitlri\t !lrrsrr' lqlr]

t hc t t t : ccss l t tY s i r t gL r l ; r l i l v , . l l ' l t . t t , ' * * i ' ' S t ' l t ' t i - 1 ; r r ' : t l "

' c l r -o t ' l l r c co r l ( i ngc l l !'in ait,ii.-'i-ti (lT'-Anrf.\iiL11 1t'1;r'r1ti:1rli!1cs 'r1 1re rv'trs ls Scl"'cs'l :trc

I,iniJ-.'.i-r'-" tr;Ufai.ji 'i^ ',, -c1l-r!irlg--(1111 t':rtrrirr '.lri191l

iltiiili:s-'il '

5-l

t l i . sc l r t -s ivc l t r i t c t i ccs co t t [ t t r t t t i t l q lo

S c l r c s c ' s i r t t r t t l . t - : t : P r c s c ' t t t : l l i ( ) t l s l 0

I l lF. l ) ts{ r 'RSlvE PRol) l rc [ l ( }N (} t : s l i l - t ' l is

Ioc: r l c t r l lur ; t l r tor r r ts . lJoLl t k i r r t l -s t l l' o l r c s c l l ' ' : u t t l l o o t h c l s .

Onc l lodY, One Scl f l

- l 'hcbroatl conclttsitln ll lat clllcrges fr-tlnt rhcse p le linrirl4-ly- c'9.nsiq-clj! 'gtrs'-

- i ( ,c l t l l -s in ! ru l i i i ty : lna l i - i i l ls i , - ; r i r f t l isut r r t i r r i u ' t r .s : t t t t l t l i rcr 'c nsvc l t r r l t rg ic l t l

- , ' , ; ' i^,,;; i , ; ; ' i i .- i , ;r i . i i i", -, l t

r",; i ; ; ; .ui i ,cr, l i f i i . 'Lrlr ici ihti;rc't..Tist[(;-arr i i ioeir i r i r i l r iJ i t i i i lL ' .L-Af t l . ' ,xt sonie.r t the r l i l i ic t r l t ies charactcr ist ic (

i'llq s9_!.t l_l!!l trpl rc,r I rcs. rg"1g-51ln1f* f r .ne . , iu, . i r . ,nr the pcrsistcncc o[ t l tc ct tst t tnr t l I r - rs ing thc

rvord 'Sc l l ' bot l t [or l l lc l lcccs- \ary s ingular i ty of l lor t -grat l to log ica l persot : -

hoQr l ant l [Or ' t l re r r l t r l r ip l ic i ty c l f t l r i r rgs \vc ?rc to ond l l l ' lo t l lc r i ln( l Lo

oLrrsc lvcs. ' I ' l rc

in tc f focat ivc l ) ro i lo t l l ) ' \ \ ' l t t l ' / l "hr l t ; r ' s l l :L ics sonlc r r f ( l is

arr rb i ! :u i tv . In onc se t tsc o[ ' r r l t t r ' ; t rc t t lark I ikc. l t l rq r i ' -11o11y]19- I l in i l ' - r l l .

s" l i - i " fc , r r iu , r - i "1 , ru i ' i ,ur , ' r l t . ' l -s . ' 'xc l l l r r r I 'c t lscd t ( ) c \ l l lcs \ ( l l ' r ic..t,.riit,lt.t.ur.,t-'r

L,,t ..,ri,'I lrf,,'*r,t cfrE]iail-slntuld,14-tltt!,t1:ry- c:t1nc tir bc

-oriati.,-"-,ir'tiL;i'9;,-q'r;111',"-ri* rli:!i'9'l'Jl'lgr.txt i' rirc ilfst scnsc1n,,r.r , ,* i ; , i i ;J i in i tr . : , t i i iv cr i i is in the seci," i l ' Onc way to I 'c-solrc t lrc

.rirtrqnir_r1f*r1C;ryS:) n*ltrrlrii to fail oriJ's exl1rcr6ir.c oi i,,t"i"iC,i. t

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I)c r\t ) I l l l L)()(l .

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s t l t c o l n r i s c r l ' l t r t t l c , r r l f t t s i t l t l $ a s r c s t l l v c c l i l l t \ \ ' o s t a g c s l t t t l t c l i r s t s 1 : r g c

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s to cxprcss rv l la t s l :c sccs, fcc ls , in tcnds ant l rc tnetr lbcrs as c l t ls tcrc( l

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l t th is s t i rgc the orrc bot ly r l I lv l iss l ]caucl r i t t t tp is occt lp ic t l by o l i lc r l r lps i t

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p l o p c r ' . ' S : r l l y a t t r i t l t c a l l o t t y t t t o u s t l t i r c l a r c n u t r t c r i c i t l l v c t i s t i r t c l ' S c l v c s i r t

t h e S c I L I s c r r s c . ' l

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t l r l l n r t i t t s o I o r c l i t t i t t v l t c r r p l c a l c c l i s t i r l c t E a c l t c : p r e \ s c s i t l l o i t t l t l I v i c r v

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t t t c t t t t t t i c s i t t t t l c t s t t t o t l : t s t c c t r l l c c t i t t t l s o I c v c t t l s i r r ' l t c r - ' l i l c '

R O N I I I I R T i

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l l r , i tc indcpcnt lent of rv l rc thcr ivc { l r r i l rhat thc chcrn is t rv t l f thc br l t i r rs of

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that thcrc shoulc l i rc only onc Sei i t pct l r t tnr r t t t bodl ' - ' l l1 : : t : : l { ,y l :

l l ' ' r r t : e l t ; t r t r I t l t t r r r s t i t : t t - l l t c e l ' r i r t t l i r i l l . ' l r r : i t ' r t t l : r r i t i ' i t ) l 5 e l l l l L i ( \ { l ; ; i J

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, , t , r " " , ; l l t , t , in s t l i t te uni " " rs" l sc l ls ! " t l la i l i \ l iss I lc l lL lc l ran lp 's 3 in I ' l

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t l c r e l o i t a t l i s c t r u t s c p f a c l ! c c i n r i l l i c l l 1 1 . ' 1 1 1 s g r l f ' l ' r v l t s i i l t l c r i c l - t l o f o i r l v

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t i ra t n loYe as an at te l l lpr to get l lc r t t ) co l r tor l l l t t l l r c t t l t t l la l l lor t l l ' throLlg l l

the ac lopt ion o l thc s tandar t l pr i lc t ic t 's r ) . f evcr ! - ( l ' t ) ' ,d lscot l rse '

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Iooki r t4 i t t ( l lc I lcc tss i l rv conci i t ior ts l r>r t l re l loss i l l i l i ty o t t \ " 'o i l l l i )or t i l l l l

s o c i o p s y c l r o l o u i c a I l l l r c , t t l r t r c l t i l ' t t a t l l c l y l i v c c l c o r r t t l d i c l i t l r l i t t t t l t l i s c L r l s i Y c

' l l l l i l ) l s c t r R S t V l i t R { ) l ) t J c ( ) N ( ) l : s l j t . v l i s

p o s i l i o n i n r . ( i r r t s i t l c r l i r s t l l r c P l o l r l c l l l r r [ ' l i t ' c d c ( ) l l l r i l ( l i c l i ( ) r l ' . ' l

l t c ' r c : t r c

i t t l c u s l t \ \ ' ( ) l n i t i n l ( ) n l r s l l ) i s c i r n l r r k c . O l r c l ) c r s ( ) n c ; l n l r c r c t l t r i r c t l

succcssivc lv lo I ) fc t ic t t t t l tcnrsc l r .es i ls ( l is t i r tc l . ivc arr t l i r tconrpat ib lc Sclvcs-2.

I :o l i r rs lur rcc. s( ) t l reo l rc t t tav bc rc t ;u i tc t i to bc Lrot l r a Lr idd i r l l lc c t t tp lo lcc

arrd an : regless ivc sa lcspctsotr . A s ingLr lar l tc ing, 'X ' , rvh ich h l rs sot r tc sct o f.a t t r ibutes, inc l t r t l ing t r iddablc at { in te 7 ' - l in s t t t r te hrnr i tn cot l text , the

nrunagcr 's t t f f icc . nrust , as the very satne l re ing, l tave : t t r (a t lcast par t i i l l ly )

inconrpat ib lc sct ( ) [ a t t r ibutcs. i r tc i r . r t l ing aPgressive. at T-2 i r t anot l ler

context. thc shoir . ) i ntust l ;c thc_Stl f -sanre Self- l throughout for his or ' l_tcL.s u c e c s s i r c D r c s c r r i a t i t t n s q [ t h c t r ' . o i ! ! ! ! l r r r ubl ic Sclvcs-2 for thcrct,r t.'c a co'rtf:\tiS!str,.l [ (hcrc ''r'crc only Se lves-Z' then X rvotrlcl lit st bc onco c r s o t t a n ( l t l l e r ' l a l l ( ) l l i c r . I l l c r c 1 s : l t ) I ( l l ) l c l l l l o r s t l c l l : l p c f s o l l o l l l V l l t l l c Yi-'_- ___ --., _-,_-:;,---=--

l rcrL, r r rc cr lnr i l teuLl l l t : r t or tu r - r r , ' t l rc ' r o I t l r isc Sclvcs- i ls r ' r s i lQ!r l t l l l<- -O-e

i;rnile-:-' ' --F[iit]ia ri, o,'c ihc I)c't so|r ll l l i lf{lqlll l l lD$uqJc:Lt'- rq li ':ctivc.

' l ltcy nrtrst

b:;;;r.- t haiTlla-\, (litl;l ' iGil .l 'trcient lit.ibutes at 7-- i-fx;il l lr()sc rl)cv

nor , r r l isp lay l t 7- -2. lJ r r lcss t l te l lc tsot t takes t l ter r tsc- i f lo Lrc thc s l tn tc [ rc i t rq

t l r rougtrout ar tc l (cr rc t t tcr t tLrcr l i t t iv th ings lvc lc ' .1( 7 ' - l and t t t k t l t l rv l t t l ' . r '

l i r i n g s a r c i i t p r c , \ c r ' l l , t l t c r c i s i r ( ) c o n t l l t ( l i c l i o l r . A s : r S c l f - l t l t c l l e r s o l l i s

i r r : n r c | i c a l l y i t l e n t i c i r l t I t | o t t g l t t r i t t t h c d a v . t l t o u q h r e l l r i i l ' e d t o p t c s e n t

q L r l l i t a t i v c l y t l i l [ c r c r t t S c ] v e s - 2 , a s t ] i c c b a n g i n g s i t u a t i o r t d c n t i t n c l s .

Nlcnrorv obvioLrs l , , , p lays an inrpor t i ln t par t i r r t l te p l le r l { i r l l cn() I l i l l

q u c s t i ( ) r l . I f ) ( l r l s l o r g o t t c n l t , r ' , v i l w a s r e q u i r c d t o d i s p l a y i t s c l f a t 7 - - l

rvhen cal lcd u i ron to d isp lay a t i i f ferent Sel f -2 at f -2 t l ren t l tcre is r to fc l l

c o n t r a t l i c t i o n t ( ) t r o r t b l c i t . I f i t l t a s r c p r c s s e d t h e f a c t t h : r t i t r v a s s o t t t c t i t t l e s

cnl lc t l t tpr . r r t t l t l t to c l isp lav l )drsr) i tas c l i f ferc i r t f ront i ts currenl or prefc t red

a p l ) e l r a i r c e s t h c s t o r v i s n t o t e c o t t l l l l c x . ' f l t c t c s c r l t t t i o n w o u l d r t l n i i l o n g

c s s c n t i l l l l y t h c s r n ) c l i n c s . . i n v o k i r r g a S c l f - l a s t i l c s o t l r c e t l f t l t e p s y ' c h i c

cont in t r i tv upon l l rc assur .npt ion r r f rv l t ic l t a t re i t t t t tcr r l o f t l t is person, say f t l r .

h i ' s i e r i a , u , o u l r l n r a k c s c n s c . O n c r n i g h t l r e t e l r p t c d t o g o n c l L r d c l r o n t t l t i s

th i l t nrcr 'norv g ' r ts : r cor ts t i tL t t ive [c l t turc of Se ' i fh t loc l in thc Scl l - l sc l lsc, s( )

r c v i v i n g L o c k c ' s l c c o u r t t o I p c r s o t t a l i t l c r r t i ( y . O f c o t t r s e , o n l y i f r n c r n o r y i s

t rn intpai rc t l can onc nrar ' r i lge t l te rv l to lc ganr t r t o f c l iscLrrs ive pract ices o l '

cver l 'd l ry l i l ' c throur :h rvh ich Sclvcs- l : t rc cot rs t i t t t tc t l . But , as I s l torv ' t l tc

g r a n r n r i r r o f t l t c p r o r t o u r r ' l ' t l t r t t L r g h t l t e t r s e o f * ' h i c l r S c l v c s - l a r c p t i r n a r i l y

c o n s t i t u t c t l , r c s { s o l l t h r c c i n r l c r i c l l i t i e s . ' l ' h e f i r s t p c r s o t i i s i n d e x i c a l o i

p l a c c . t i r t t c u n r l r c s p o n s i b i l i t y . r \ r r y t r v o o I t h c s c c a t t c t t t t s t i t t t t c a S c l f . I r l

t l r c I l l l C s c r i c s 7 7 r c i t l i t t d i \ ' l u c l t i n c . l l r c t l L r a s i - i n ( a c l . S c l l l t o o d o f l r v i c l i r t t t l l '

v i r a l r t t c r t i n g i t i s r v i t s l r o i t n i r r t t l y t l i s p l i r y c d i n C ' l i v c W i i r i r r g ' s n l a s t c f y o f t h c

i n t l c x i c l l i t i c s o l p l r r c c r r n r l o l ' r c s l r o r t s i b i l i t v i r r t h o : t l r s c r t s c o l ' i t s c t t s c o f

I o c i r t i o n i r t t i r t r c .' l - l r c r c

i s i u r ( ) l l l c r ' \ \ , i r v ( ) r ) c c l r r r b c l c t g u i r c d t o ' l i v c a c o t t t r a d i c l i o t r ' . I t t

scc ing sr l r r tconc l r : ; i r Sc l l -2 or tc l t t t tks fur l t thrc l tc l ( ) l consis tcncy i r t l l rc rv t ty

l l r : l t I c f s { ) n I c t s . i \ S c l l - 2 j r r s t i s r n r i r n i l c s t e c i c o l r s i s t c n c y i r t i t p c t s O n ' s

56

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s ( ) c i a l : r c t s . l i r r i r r s t a r r c c i r r s t y l c i t n r l i r ) c ( ) n t c n t . l ' l r c d i s t i n c t i o t t l ) c t \ \ ' c c l l

act ions l tn t l i lc ts can l tc r rscc l to shorv I rOrv onc I )crson can s intu l ta t lc t l t ts ] r 'c i i s p l a y n t o r c t l r a n o n c S c l f - 2 . r \ n i n t c n d c c l n r o v e n l c n t , s i l y a n r o t i o n ( ) f l l t cl r a r r d , i s a n a c t i o r ) . : l g e s t L l l e , i f i t i s p o c c i r c t l a s l u r ' , ' i n g a b o L t r t c l e t l ,c o h e r c n t a n c l c l e n r c n t a l y c l r a r a c l e r . i n s l r o r t i f i t i s s c c n a s a s i g n . B u t t h a tone i lc t ion can - \ervc as the pLrb l ic grounr l for a i l k inc is of acts-

' fhe

s igni f icance of t l re gcsture can t l i f fer for thc ac lor , those to $ 'hont i t ' ' vas

c l i rcctec l anc l [or thc onl r tokels . r \ rvave can be < l isnr iss ive to o11c, i r grcct ingto anol l lc r , a s ig l r o f agrccnlcnt to yet anot l lc r , anc l so o l r . In t l tc l lorv t t fc v c r y d a y l i f c t h c a c t f o r c c o I a n a c t i o n i s r r o t d e t e r r r r i n c c ] o n l y b y t h c a c t o r ' si n t e n i i o n i r r p e r f o r i n i n g i t . . , \ s a n a c t i t i s a j o i n t p r o d u c t i o n t l f l t l lc t r r rccrner l . Onc ant l thc s : : rnre act ion can bc enrbct ldct l in t l i f fercnt s t r ! ' i lnrso f i i r t e m c t i o n . I t i s a n a c t o l c L ) n t f i t i o n a s s c c n b ; , o n c g r ( ) u l l o f i t t t c r u c t t l t s .a! r lc t o f c le{ iancc i ry r rnother . An ac lo lcsccni 's bc l rnv i t - lu | can bc scc l t ; rsp c t u l i i n t b y h i s o r h e r p l i c n t s , b r i t c a n a p p e a r t ( ) s \ r r l ) a t h e t i c s i b l i n - e , s a s a

i r r ( ) l l e r : r c t o I D r o ( e s t t o a t r e l i t t l i n g o f i t s b r r r r : c o i r i n g a d u l t h o o d . S o r n cl ! -n l in is ts , I ( ) r insta i lcc \Vceclon ( 1937) . i rave ' . , ' r ' i l tc r r a l ;out l ived conl ra-d ic t ion i is i i t l r is p ic t l ic , rnrcnl lvcrc sc. r l lc i ror , , ' c ; rc l r rs ivc ly a fe l t r r le of\ ' , , o n l c n ' s i i v c s a n t l a s i f i t i n i ' e c t c d t h e c o r c c l f p e r s o n a i i c l c n t i t y . t i r c S c l f - 1 .I t i s a s u n i v e r s l l a f c a t u r c o I L ' e i n g h u n a n a s a n \ t h i n g o r r e c o u l d t l r i r r k r i f .\ r lhy has th is comnroi rp l : rce been emphasized so rnucl r by thcse ' ,vr i te ls '? Ane x p l a n a t i o r r r n i g h t r u n s o i n e t h i n g l i k e t h i s : n r e n a r e n r o r c l e a d v t o d c a l r v i t ht h e v r r i c t v o f t i r e i r S c l v e s - 2 b y f i r i n g o n o r r e : r s t l r e c o r e o f t h c i r s o c i t r lb e i n g , a n c l t f e a t i n g t h c o t h e r s a s s e c o n d e r y ; ' I n r a y b c a t a x c o l l c c t o r d u r i i r gt l re * 'ork ing c lav. but real ly I anr nrus ic iar . ) t tnr ry t rd. ' Wonrei r take cer ta inSelvcs-2 cr l r ra l ly scr io t rs ly , anr l arc l ike ly to bc t rot r t r lcd by the feel ing th: r ti t nray be inrpossib le to ass ign a r , , 'ork ing pr ior i tv to onc out of the Selvcs-2that c la i ly l i fc sccnrs to rcc lu i re. In no sense thorrq l r can th is be takcn to bc ac i e n r a n r l l o r t h c i r n p o s s i b l c f c a t o I l i v i n g a s i l c ( ) r ] t r i r L l i c t o r v S c l i - 1 .

' [ h e r e

n r u s t b c j l r s t r t n e p e r s o r r u ' h o , a s a s i n A u l a r i t y . r c n r c r r r t r e r s t h e i n c o n r p r t t i b l ec l c n r a n d s n t i t d e u p o n h c r a s s l r c , a s a c o n t i n u o r r s a n c l u n i t a r y S c l f - 1 , i scal lcd upon to c l isp lay thc var ious Selves-2 of dai ly l i te . I ror thcrc to be atelt co n-t1{ir!qq1i.q[c ing_th.a I is _tl1us-$91[51* a rc rnus! bc. identiqi]l \vith

_:'.1: .f:!rXl),-es-2-rra!__lvith ily_99lt t1S!io1 o1,cli1j.1191ion. o,f l_ll.:1t..ltr . r rcrnen i l rc rnorc conrni t tecl to each of thc nrul t ip l ic i ty of their socialident i t ies t l r : rn are nlen. thc nrore l ikely are conrrni t tccl fenr inist auth()rs toe l i dc thc two scnscs o f Sc l f i n desc r ib ing the con r r l onp laces o I eve ryc iuyl i l e .

- l ' l tc sanic sort of arr i r lvsis is let lu i led for thc unclerstunr l ing of horv the

t l i scu rs i vc p l t cnon rcnon o l pos i t i on ing (Dav ics . t l { a116 , 1990) i s poss ib l c .z\ Jrclsorr is posi t iorrccl i r r lh is or that social locat ion is a speakcr in at l i scou rsc r r ' l r cn l hc s to r ; ' - l i r r c r v l r i c l r i s un l i t l t l i ng r r rakes av ; r i l ab l c l o l hcn lo t t l y i i cc l l l t i r r l i n t i t c t l r cpc r to i re o f poss i t r l c co l t l r i bu t i ( )ns to l l l ; l tc ( )nvc r \ i r l i ( ) n . I ; o r cx i rn rp l c . r v l r cn A s l ys to B ' l ' n t s ( ) r r y you ' r c r ro t l ' c c l i r l l

-s7

I)l r

5rl n l r . : t ) l s (uRs rv t : . tR ( ) t ) uc l r oN ( )F S t i l . \ ' Fs

Sclvcs- l are dis l ; la1'ccl in t l te t lses of , th_e- f i rsqpcrson..FLrrthcr tvork on t l tc

' r , , turc of t l re .S c ITTLF esTls ro t i te giair i rn; t r of ihe l i rst persol) . ' I 'he point to

-bc urguccl is rrctrpl lysical bt l t the I)ret l rod of i ts t rc r f l tEnJ-wi l l - bc'linl

ryritr r. rnal'c'--t,' sh.@nrpirical conteqt.

t o o s ' c l l . C ' i r n I g c t v o t t r t t t y l l l i n g ' / ' A 1 ; o s i l i o r t s l l i t t r t l r h c r s c l f i t s l l t c a c t i v c

rr r r r l he lpf t r l t t tcr t t l rcr o l - t l tc dt to l tn t l pos i t i t :ns l i l ls p l rss ivc and hc lp lcss. r \s

A arrc l I ] r l lc now t l iscurs ive ly cot ts t i t t l tcd c i tc l r I t t ts an apl ) ropr i : l lc

lc1. rc l to i lc t : l f t t r t l tc r s i iy ings l t r td t lo i r rgs l tva i l l tb lc Pfopcr to t l rc i r scvc la l

posi r ior rs . ln thcse sayings ar td doings e l rch nt t rs t bc d isp lay ing a Sel f -2

s incc. o l r ln( ) lher t rccasi t t t l , the posi t ions t t ray be revcrset l , or o thers t i tket t

up. I t is possib lc f t : r sot t tcot tc to refuse the posi t ior r prov ic led for in thc

opc n ing rc nra rks o I co nve t sa l ion. ' I

hat is possib lc on ly i f t l tc speake rs havc

t r s c n s c o f 1 l 1 g 1 1 1 s g l v c s i t s t h c s i i n r c b c i n g s , t l r e s a r r t c S c l v c s - 1 , i n a l l t h e

posi t ions t l tey have occt rp ic t l i r t the l l l rx of everyt lay l i fe . - [ -hcrc

I ' l l t ls t l ]c

psychologica l cot r t in t r i ty of t lc t lcr r i t t l po int o f v ic ' ,v , o f co l lsc ious i l \ \ ' i l rc l less

inc l o f act ion i r r thc + o l l t l , r " ' i t l tout rvh ich l r e r io not havc posi t ior t ing at l i l l ,

b u t t h e u p p c u r ' : t t t c e a t l t l d i s a l l p e a r a n c e o I s L t c c c s s i r e a n d d i f f e r c n t b c i r t c s '' I 'hcrc coul r l Lrc nei thcr l ivc t i cont l i ic l ic t ion nor_gosi t ioqrqg. - i , ! - \q1t ]ar1

E..,lCrtjgtlIfiltl,Llj!r.SeG-"s-.-l.t.iii.t" ,it ,'..i jltf !irl; $J1';q.5:2-i.l-ir1-c-rrrrrrt

[ i J n s inq r r l : t r i { } ' o l -Sc l f -1 . l l L l t ' , ' , c h l t vc scc i r t i T l l t l he p l i ne ip l c t l ] a t c i l c l l

i i i l i i i i ; i ; r . i rL,r . i . i i i Ui j i l i i i i i r r ju\r r rnc b.r t ty. stroLr l . l l rave jLrst o| ic Scl f - l r t l$,

I ' t l r r v i t J c : 1 r r c l l . l I ' t r t c t t l t t t t : r l l v r ( r o t c ( l \ ( ) i l t i : l : c n c y .

Rut r|lr4 is ii [or slr rtr.c_ortc-,!iLl'f lt-!Sli ]. llr Lililgllott! !-ll-c- Ir:!:tljlls-rs,llol':, ..l l. ,S"; l r?s-2t i r l l r - ' r l i r1t9. l 'c- . i r rgby_t l rc. . ' r iguncicsL,Ir i l i lv_l j lc ic\ f . 119191,- t1, , '.f,Jii,r .oi,it' u.r;l;lii;i;.j..IG.r1lCLf ql-lftl-l,is to, oe rooKetr !eLln ll)-illc.

- ler t u r;- o f_-illc-dt-s c tu si v c p!ll! !,c l- ![, 9]lCi,':!l.,ii P9_llglll -lttt qlf c s ttfic rrisrlics-iRT rjritlii; IiT!, iic:n i;iix;iL' P]ncr ic-rs irr ri;tiiili the}.rnitni[e sti hFrtrsc ltc'.s srlin trTt.rric,)ialt nr .ilcTGn!1r Ii ai a irrailiiintctiLj;-itt-S'-'lt:ei-l t''

"liTt-rva l'-.kx s tirrc -Fafonoscit iiiioi:{i{i,:l*-e-Ils :r .';ng[liilLv irr rircrriirlst t;l nrultiplicity'l OnL), $$lrlj!)' r11 a !919 1,e p1glilLly !q!l'n!o!!: r r rc l ru t i t l t tc ly sp l t i l l ly located is nrani fcsted in . - the- -use of - l )e f$qn. l lpiirrxriur.s. IiTiffr-i'gtUllll.rlil-i-, .ll9-r_lilljq!f'.'r11" and'rrtine' thatir l l- i i l , irI l s"- '--"n...- r l* io bc t ' . . ,u',a. It- is by t lrc usc of prono,,,,s (rrntl in rton-

- i r i ) l r o ; i r ; a l r , rg r [ . r r i - s t -pc i so , i i , t t l " . i i , , n , o f t l r e r c rb ) t l ] i r t ( )nc s t r i r r ! . sr ' t o t . - t hc l i t l l r nu l i vc o f t hc l t i s to ry o I a Se l [ . I t i s i r r N " l i ss Rea t t c l t a t l t p ' s

p ronu ' . , , ' usaqe th r t r vc pc tce i ve hc r rn r r l t i p l i c i t y o f Sc l ves - 1 .

Ii iriirr t ihii.rmc or cfiifu ircii c6sciiptlor_-ri-f :iiiytlrirrg, iri paiiifulrrr it is nott l l c r ) i l n r c o l - son rc i nnc r ' . t l i : t phano t t s l t r t r t ' t L t t t c t t l t t s . - l t i s l r , t l ev i ce by r vh i ch

-unilir:t1 !l:!!ltativcs irnd c,ohc-r-,c],1q[ -conl r]t il n clrts,ilrc CI91194 I.t g,lprcsscs lhc

..i,lglligll t:{ S.9!,-_l_. O u r s g n sc o l o u rsc l ::I l -:}u.tlot}rr torl oly- ir-Ic t lccr i i i l r - t i l l Ic t r : r r r rnrr r i ic l r l t t t r t l l ts t r I l i l l t -n-c ' rs i rn t l ' isc t rLt rsc. I f t r rv coLr l ' l (

t l r c ' s i i l r i i r s l , c s i l l ' i t r , , r r i , r i c l i? I r c i in , tn iv t ' . ' i ' v ,u i , ' u , ' t y r i i , , I t l , " g r , , " t ' , t . ' - ( 'o l t h c I i r s t p c l s o n i r r t d t h c i t l c n t i f i c a t i t l t t t t l t h c n t i s l c a t l i n g g r i l n l n l a t i c i l l Ir r ro t lc l rv l r ic l r sonlc l -c i r turc of t l ta t g t a t t l t t i t t - cat l tcr r lp t L Is in l t l accc l l t ing as a Jn r c t : r n l r v s i c : r l l l r c s i s i t l r o L t t I r c r s o t t l t o o r l .

R ( ) r t l t R R t l :

' l he ( i ra t r t t r t r l r o f S l lcak i r rg in t l lc I ' ' i rs t I 'c rsr t r t

i,;;:l;;;:'1,:'iiJi-,lir.:]iil":lllii*#ii;r'll,i-iil"-ori*l';:.[::",:.*+,,ill;3.'."- * iilri#;'i';.\11}i;::[,,1"J1",\::-ri"O.'r l ,,, i f 'r,, i rrr.rnrc.r, L. 'okc,. l i , t irr irni ' t lrclr- iry irrt!91ic119!T.:: lu"t:-

. ir ""i '" ' ,rr, ' ."- l t i , ' i , ' i

r"Etl-t l ls-4lg]I! ' Id- lr l l c' l .bcls rt Ir l ircd I II

ffi . i : llli#-\il.;ri'.*'lf&[J:,1:', ;I :,," l:

in lpor ta l t t i r t t l tc casc ut t i ' " i " t l " * i t " l 1 ' l t ' 'n t tunt ' l - l re t tse of thc l i rs t

p c r s o t r i n s t r c l ] a s t a t c l l l c l " ' " t ' i t " n f e e l a r l l a l t ' l a b c l s t l r c c o n t e l l t ( ) f t l l c

u( tc i : lncc \ \ i11r a spat i l l l locat ion rc l r r t i " 'c to t l tc i t lc l t t ion oI spcakcr ar td rv i t l r

r t tcr l l i )or i l l l l lor l lc l l I c t t ' r t t : t t t1- 'o 'uncor ts rv i t l t l ] ic evc l l t o f t r t tcr : l l lcc ' l ' l lc

".19r-;,1.,r+:+*9"^+;l,S::,.-i,l;;*i:,i:i.'ii:;ib.'"ii,t'i;li'il',:iiitr :r jcLror\ '" ' t l t ' ] l '^": l : , : ' . i l i ; t iLt"r ir ;1;, i" ' i1,ui, ,r uf ierv is locateri i r t thc

::l::l i i::l i l".l '. i: l l;:l i i, rlisrriburcrr rhi'qs ,rntrlen,poraily rristrirr'rctr

.',.1,,'i,.'lr: i, ,,", ,,j,"rt-,g-tsll-elyr'r, tr,4r-!y:1.:jjru"xes tlre rrtaterial

i;:*";F,:,-1.;i:i:ltl'.Fl**$l[:li:ili*'ftll':,.,',tll;1;1."#,;;; ir ';. i,,, i;.. . ,f;; k'..:, i ion oi the rict of slcrrkirrg_irlLrc .;bsfii:, i11:

,,itt",, *r. : l' i. l i (c r lrc s,,,c-9!li. :ilitrg .g t r l tt l' 1-.lUl"-.tli.lffi*ffir,".'' *l::::l;;l;f ,t,lly, l"n,?1,' ::Lrse o[ the Proper n: t l ] le '

u,,it"y, i,,r.tg"'r'ft,rtr, ,'l:,'l.i:,ll;::';=,*:,T::.#".i,"-',;l]:i]|1,'li,t:]illl

ixtjnarc994!

j}#-t' *-atffi9r-1vr-j'}qur-{!le!!l t):v -tll-c. ;i.:ri;.:A-;"i "';;#,'rtft

,;rn" o'* ,' * i-' r' ; "'i:.'"'' ? i " p" " L"' t'l' it:

' i lf lr.,tur*ty1,t.-s.-Dry-i!iLlluldx\!!!rcal:ry-crprusss(rrrrr'!L

$_rt pgtnl.- l-ln.lcxcs-rnc--iilocLfftglll'ii"'"r.'r't-^:;::::::"i,:,1.'li,]'l:ili"l.,\' d. l!., :, i*"-'* "-i#ll'-, ;; :l .;l : i ";,'l' : ilr'ff .ti'''n: i' i,il' I i;ii'ili#y;li1'T3,t*#H,;.#'.;i;-;r''tt,ii,".u,',,,ritn'1c''ti.'r;l:t::the spcakcr i f i t c locsn' t b 'euk

" tuty in thc spcci l ict l , t i , rnc

' l - l rc social val t tc

of thut l rct oI ct l t t rnr i tnrcl l t tor t l rc othcrs invt i l t 'ed "vi l l

bc cleterr : r i r rccl t rv t l rc

knorvt t l t tc i t t i t l t i oI rhe spcirkel i r r t l rc ]or:al t l lor i t l . t l r t let

' t t . : t ' ] t ] . : :1: : l ) : l

r v c l s h c r , a t t l t o t t t l t t r a t l l c p " " o n , " " a

s t l o r r ' W l r i l c ' s D a t i o - t c t n p t l l a l

indcxicalirv.!-Eers:ur!r-"n,"*'**iillJrly,,ll,::1r,.--lg$:-TT*llilffi

-l'";;l

",;i,l-ti ii i-.l-.',.,r I I ir fl-;r- r 9 nr rr rt ii b() u I t I I c

'gr i r rnrr i r r ' oI l l tc cottcci : f .g ' - lar"p. ' - t l l t ]111"r 111tt t11! 'q l ty i i t i f tc l r r t r t r l t ip le ' '

i="6:sg!,frl-""1i riur.i',,u,, IuoII''c|It !r1 r1r1'41ciitL.'Iu.' 'ubi:1-.--

\

60 l l l E l ) t s (uRs rv r - tRo l )uc l l oN O l : s t l ' v l : s

accor(li to the co nstruct ionisti folds ot

i dcx ic l r l i ty of l l tc rnontct t t q : \ l lMsl ! l_ ! l , lc r t tor l r l t lua l i t ics of o t tc- 's c t t t rc t t t-S i IFf .

Ni t ru I spc i rk : t t r t l ror i ta t ivc ly in t l te c lassr t to t t t , as t l tc o l lc s ' i th t l lu

i lg f . r l to dctcrnr ine a s t t r ( lcn( 's gradcs. Norv I speak t ie ferent ia l ly in thc

a, i , , r , ' r ' r . r , , ro t l tn , t tck t torv lc t lg ing ar td rJefcrr i r rg to t l tc supcr ior cxpcl t isc oI a

col lcaguc- And so on.' Onc's sense of Sel f

sense ol o actual ani t i ons , l i t e ra l anc l ronr rvltich o as a uni f ied

cal and al beinq. Tl te nrvster ious 'one' that keeps returning to

iiii-',,lt "u*

so great a sophisicate aslgtlrStfqltCi-Gge !g!er1), is nlrthinghiii lhFlic-rson-iiJ sneakcr. Oric e-xperiences atrd cxnresses tlncseli as ztUjr_t !t]C_pei:sm.i\l_ lllc_il.p1._._O nc experiglgt-lll]ll-lxptesses oncscll as a

s n r g u l i l r r l y I t l l l l c ( l l s c t l r s l ' c i " Iwi t-'ii-- tlic

-r6iirir J-rc leva n t locations lronr rvhich one is spclrkin-gl in.

* - ? - r - - - - - - - - - - , - , i - - = r - : : - j : - : t j - ; a - : - ' - ; i ' i a ; i , . ; 1 . - . t . ; , , ; , , i ; , , ; ' . ' 1 1 1 , , .n#t.. ffi" ir,r.

" i oiinr $ i;a-a ;,i' i iir c .'i'ii i' r i a k e cl lll g L r i :i r i i v i ( r l r c

;tl@lfi-et3Ialr* It6i-,-d ',oibe C '+q..:!-+--

-::,f-fl*--lllS-ot.sonil''utlv' !"-$l"t' ttf".9+91i9!9q-s-l!P.9.-!,c-q-i1l-1'l!LgllFl:llq! "$!-" u t l:a u glrf g11 t.. ll-t',o1-11e a s c r i b e d' I !,s r p rc ss t: silq,p-gfll1Al--\:ierv..fr:orl rihic_Il-lbg.sg 1.c'p9rt-s :rre given-nif tlii lo-cirtiorrin.:1

tl : : . - r - - - - i i - i : - " - ' j ' . - '

, * - . -

i{-.yrt11t-lftrtlq|.9,LG1 flqr1 .'''hich tho'se contnritmc'n(s ai-c Lrndertakcn lloiil

sblf-f rin.i Sc\91-2-a1e1-51nt1p1i1111191,-.s-ttgcrintposctlr'rt ttld nTq91; x p e ii eni e Ft i r t u e o f tl e i r ro l e-!4! e d 5 g1s !5-PI9{99 ry!9I I'l r ss r'-r g- l!- :rFe giEalitfffi;ulttfilktiugEllt.tel"tislltslll-inJ tace oi tcnrptatiortsto alkxv t i ' ie iclca t lrat in spcaking in t lrc ' l rst person I ant rcierr inq tt l

nr l .sclf . the nanting nroclel, can tre i l lustratcd by a sl ippage in - lohtr Sltotter 'scontl iLrut ion to an Atnerican Psychological Associat ion synrposiunr ( 1987)

on 1;ost nrot le rnisrn in psycholo-ny. His contr ibut ion contai l ls a deep ins igh t '

" ' l ; ' c locs not s igni fy lny ident i tv, rv l to I anl to nrysel f . " ' i t is not the

nanre oI rvho rve are. ' l hc use of ' I ' does not spcak Selves-2 i t . l to existetrce

by rranr ing them. In these passagcs, Shottel avoicls the [arni l iar s l idc

bttu,ee ,r t l rc t rvo scnscs of ' rvho' , nantely nry Self I or one oI nly fepertoire

o f se l vcs -2 . Bu t i r r ' ; i t i r t g o f t he n lu l t i p l i c i t y a r rd h i s to r i ca l co t r t i r t scncy o I

Selves-Z hc sl ips into the old presrrpposi t ion that thcre is sonre pernrancnt '

extra-cl iscursivc singular i ty of Sel f rvhich (rvho'?) c loes al l these rrrarvcl lous

things. ' . . rv l to I atn to nrvsel f [s ic] , ' l re retr tarks ' ' . . is sonrcthing rv lr ic l t

i t is nry l i fe 's project both to make ancl to discover as I occupy:tnd rct i t r

R O A | I I A R R I

ol'Miss IJcaucltalll l) is rlot docisivc.'l ltitt sltc tliscu rs [-d1'-9s!i1b]-r-d-rcl!l ' tl ltqS---: : : j -- :

_ ----- - ' : ' ---

:- ' - '

'

Sclves-l does not Dro\:c thlt ttrc -t',iiJttt'.ut' rllrich sllc s.l-:r -ct!'..i,t-:lfigtL!:tt-l !y)C l vCS- I UOCS I lO t I ) rO \ :C t l lA t t l l c r , ( r ) u

o-ISelTiio-cxl. rvi;;-oaili;'Cii.-Oi, r ii'rgulziiilici of Prescntc:d lrcinq rnav tre

natura l I ,l l_i l"t logq-yls not t l glvclr. l.., 'rrr srrri i \rr 'rr Iut

i l i t - t , rzr t . t ler rnul t in l ic iw a cul tur: t l abcrrat ip l ic i ty ron. l2g!:!!]!gjt!jLl9r_!l-_yr:t )etai lct l studics ii r r t he

1--tru.'ticc-s by ,r lrich !clvcs- I itrc disctlr'sivcly -c;14lrlishcd, >.

co nrparat i ve e t h n oeranh v o f s llctl\ "lg ill9_1S,lit1t",'t-19jt49-11i 11 qrll1:1ffi-iai- as tncs. liavc becir u!-q!9(akq!r..ffio

-b illslt Iii"c-trigrr- ut'dcrlilkclr-

r " : : : : . - .

iffihl6;utl.r' & Hffi; 199()). thqy-sg-em-to-opctr'rrp-a vistrr.-of a:variety oI

first-person srzlnll.nars, tlrc indexical propertici ,ol,ty-hjqh- clo--Y!!r'y _tn .r"':tys

ilutrps'l@ho<;rl irr-tlrc {jrs1 ,sense It rvotrltl

i6t u"',*te^.tnitrl=-" t.-l takq-!rts.+Lqfts"..s-lpi a .:trittjlzrl o-rigiq 9f t-[c-- - - - - . - : , - - : - . - . - - ; t '

- - ; . - , . : - . - r - . ^ . . . . . t - | : . . r - ̂ , I

' l ' irc 'Sclf Paratligm

So far in th is arra lys is I l t l lvc cx i t t t t i t tcc l thc c t l t l l l t lcx c l r ts tc- r o f c ' ) l )cc l ) ls ( ) i

'Sclf'syntagmatiS!].!y. Py tllat I nlearl Il11t-!,!tj,i!-!lokl!l-j'r!-q tllcrv:tv tl't't

thcsc torr i i l t t .s l f [ .G r , - thr r i r rgh '

s t i tn l t ]1 i r r , in to t l tc ( ) t dcr l \ ' \cq l l ' ^ l ) t l i r l

structutc of cl i-scqu,rle., !ol! svcr. the-1r1eirn irg.-trl-!l c:llllcqp,l !: -!L!'.!9I!r-i111:^!l

.not jusi liy bLircr rvordshrt6rrgh u'hich it clrt be glplicated bu! '.t]1o lry tlxr-sc

Lf*--S."l,, rjl:l:{- -liri' opcn ic t

- o f i,r rr t ras t i'con I rast lVc

11rffdl-s,i,'triur*ci1llq.ltil'pilrlrtli-c",fiic-ainGniioForllq.l$$!$!1p!1i" *. o t;l; "-tti' " i, r r q.t t il' ;; *1i-c ",

[i [-.ll

r t is d r : ie r t t t i r tcc l

ti19 p-.ll'q.dlg11n. . f hc tlisctrrsivc slnrtrols thxt Pxir irt a polarizccl 1-'araclignt arc

t t . ' f ty *" i t . l ingf, , l only t ry contrast r . ' i th onc at tol l tcr ' I t l at tY act of spci tk i r tq

the choicc oia ternr f rorrr one ' t l le of strc l t a pat 'a4igrn cxcluclcs t l rc ol l lc f .

carbaugh (19s8/ l9l i9) has slro$,n ho$' one sct rr l ' d iscrr ls ivc s1' t t tb ls l i r r

Sel f-const i t ut i r rg talk, nanrely Anlc:r ican Engl ish, const i tutcs just strch a

paraclignr. 'l ' lrc linguistic: foctts tnoves alvay frtlnr the nrcans for thc

cxpressi"e crei t t ion of selves-1 to the uses of $,or i ls f t l r abstract conccpts

e*presr ing indiv i tJual i ty l ike 'pcrson' ancl 'scl f i l l contrast rv i t j t $,orr is ancl

phiascs l ikc 'contcnrpor:rrv socict \" . ' th is country ' . ivhic l t exprcss col lcct-

talk createci in the shorv the poles of thc palacl igr l r arc r tsecl i t r sucl l l t rv ly as

to display a cul tural prcfcrcnce for onc of t l tenr. ' [ 'hus Carbatrgl t ( l9 i i t i /

1989, p. 20a) states, 'cul tural ly, "sel f" is a ntoclel of pcrson rvhic l t scparatcs

one f tonr ot l ters, loregrotrnt l ing t l rc rrniqtrc ancl f rcc act ing pcrst ln i t l thc

prcsent. , .Society" is i nroclc l . f sociat ion, a coln. lo* at tc l ctr t tst l i t in i t tg

social b,ckgrour id. In Donah.e t l isc.urse. t l r is nro4cl . f 1!crs.n is valLrccl

over t l r is le ic l of sociat ion, crcat ing a sccne n, l rcr-c "scl f" is assc' ted a{ l t inst

"society". c.g. . .eacl t synlbt l l s int t t l t i t l tcot ts lv grants ant l takcs arvi ty

cornmonal i ty ior ident i f icat ion) : rnd incl iv i t lu l l i ty (or t l iv is iort) '

iv i ty. ' fhcse rvorcls are vehiclcs o[ ' inragcs' at the contrast ing po les - '&] !g - t !

..ui p.rron' as an intagc of irtglividua]ji15;gq o1e1 :qt 11,tg1c Clrtr.rch'

c couniif .Ifril so on as irtragcs of -c'ollcctivitl'.e*fa"sl]\ rcs"rr.h materirifis iti,"un fi:i.) n] thc Don;thttc shorv lrt tlte

J

62 l l i I ) r scuFs tv l i I ,R ( ) t ) l : ( . I l ( )N ( ) t : s l : t v r . s

Drarving ort ( lccrtz 's (197(r) stut ly oI Javlr tcsc socicty, Cartratrr l r s l torvshorv Jav;rncsc discottrscs of Scl f ancl srrc icty drarv on ( l i f fcrcnt ly sPcci f ict lparzldignr-scts and usc t l rcsc rcsources to display a crr l t r r ral prcfcrcncc f t ) r' u r r i on an r l c t rn r l no t ta l i t y ' . ' l ' hc pa r i r t l i g r r r i L t i c po la r i t i cs r c l cvan t (o Java t t cscSclf appcar in t* 'o sets of contrasted inrages. 1 'he f i rst set is struct .urcd bythe opposi t ion bctrvecn /air ( ' insidc' a persolr , rnorc exact ly pcr l t rps'privatc') Nrth bnlin ( 'otttside' person or'public').

' f l te secontl sct is

struct t r rcd arounr l t l re opposi t ior r a l r rs (c iv i l ized) and / r r rsar (vu lgar) . I -a i rc x p r c s s e s t h e p e r s o r t a l l o c a t i o n o f i n r n r e d i a t e l n d p r i v a t e f c e l i n g s , r v l r i l cbal i r r exprcsses t l tc in tcr l )crsonr l loc i r t ion of soc ia l ly co l rcct publ ic lc t ions.r \ccorr l ing to Javancsc nrr t l i t l psychologv t rot i r fcc l ings ani l i tc t io t r s l tou l t ii rc in accor t iar tce v , i ih t l lc pr inc ip lcs sr rnrr r rc t l t r l ) o I t thc c( )ncc i ) t o [ r t / r l . t .A.ccor t l ing to CaLb.rugl t (19f3/1989, p. 2 t ) l ) . ' r i 'hct r t i tc J l rva l lesc i r r l .ou lv iar r l ly i r t , , , ,ays c i ' , i i but un[cc l in ,g, thc L l r r fc l l gcs ' r l t rc is propcr iyc i isp laycr l ; i rnd rvhcrr arorrscd in icc l ing b l i t cr - r rs tnt i t tcc i b ' , ' t i te s tant l l rds ofact in .s , pr .oper lv fe l t is ungesturcd iec l ing. '

\Ve arc uorv i r t l pos i t ion to ar ic l ress the pro l r lc t t t lc f t over f ro t r t t i :cd iscussion that brought out t l re d i f fcrc-nce l , .u t r . , 'ecn Sel f -1, t l lo presc i r ta t ionof r , . ' i r ic l i is : rch icvct l granrnr : l t ica l ly , l r r ;c l Sc lycs-2 r " 'h t tsc I t t t t t ic o fc : : 1 > r e s s i o r r , , v a s i e [ t p a i i i a l l y u n e x p l i c a t c d . ' l ' h c r c i s r ] l o r c t L ) e l l c i l o f o n c ' sSclves-2 t l lan the c l raneing lcvels of cornr l i i r r rent t l r i : t occr , r r as one s i r i f tsf t .onr posi t ion to posi l ion. We hare fo l lorvcc j ihc \ \ 'xy Sci [ -1 is cre a ' red b]s t L r c i ' , i n q t l r c g r i t r n n : r r r o f f i r s t - P c r s o n i r r r l c r i c a l s . I t u : r s b y [ o l l o r v i n gg m r n r r r a t i c a l c l r i c s t l r : r t t h c c i l s e o f L I i s s I l e l u u h : l i n p w a s u r l f a v c l l c d . B u trv l rat o f t i re d iscurs ive product ion of Sclves-2 ' l Carbaugh's s iudics arcclirectly re lcvant to that (Frcstion. Selves_.1_rdl, lt p it ti-r--iit -c!ilc.lurrLlq -ia_1ltc,ibrnr of discursive svnrbols rvhich_!ryg_llg sgd.[C1199_tlf9y-q9_]YlL".l !!$!t' . ._----.----. ' ' 'L.--

1xe-scnce rs sccn as thc rcsul t o f a paruc l igntat ic choice. ' fhc

rcgcr . to i re ofSel lcs-2 nrr . rs t be exact ly cquiva lent to thc poLLI- .qoncepts t l la t dc0trc theprrflgl]rsjri[aqq-Tdff-iil:r-m.lF;Fir!rL{!!.A-ri].'..rr-prui"ctr c levan t t o the un ( l c r s tand ing o l t l t e c l i scu rs i vc p loduc t i o r t o f genc l c r . say ,rvould bc fornrulated. in this f ianrervork, as a study of the contrast-scts byrvlr ich the paracl igm ' [ent in ine/mlsctt l i r te ' rvas discursively reir l izccl . Such acontrast-set nr ight bc 'c lorncst ic porvcr/publ ic powcr ' ; 'part ict t lar ist ic nt t l ra lj r : dgn rcn ts /p r i nc ip l cd rno ra l j udgn ren ts ' , and so o r l . Much o f t he n la te r i a lfor the cxpl ic i t constrrrct ior) of sucl) contrast-scls already exists scattercdt l r rouqh the l i t e ra {u rc . ' [ ' hc i nnova t i ve s t cp i s t o scc th i s n ]a t c r i a l i l s a i lexpression of the par:rc l ignr and i ts use in (he t l isctrrs ive procluct ion () fgencler. Sirni lar rervorkin.g of exist ing rnatcr ia l rvoul t l be a l l rst step into thceverycluy psychology o[ ]'outh arrtl agc. /]_li lit '.s _-!l-ggll!i::._llPoL a Irrndcr ly i rrg i rssurnpt ion, th lr t pcoplc i r re rv lr t t t l tcy l i rc locl l l ]1 Lc( i t t i rc!* topSr-:'{L.EftflCIE:!1_tjcjlg: .\-'rd tliorb iJqtriltr:rcnLs arc. in thc-ir turn.io'istruliiO by-tfrc linrits ot ihe ltxafrcio-uEs fo-th-e:lilgirrsive prcSen-tliiion o t.-rvh al c vqlsc].rcsr-t h-c-y_]Ll_!gl_l_!_U9:.

'['hcsc local rcsource .s !\ r_g r q.In

I I C U I I I- be-preTelff6A in tlle contrilst-scts that constitute the rclcv nt Pir t,L{.g,}._

Rorvl IIARR6 6.1

AcKNowt-t:D(j t l i \tENt-. I i lrn plrt icularly gri ltcful f()r srrnc vcrY hclpftrlcon ln rcn ts f ro r r r I ) ; t r r I lo t r inson.

Referonccs

Carbaugh, D. ( l9SSl l9S9). Dcep agony: 'sc l f 'vs . 'scc ic ty ' in l ) t rnahuc t l iscoursc.Ileseuclt irt l..anguage anl Social Interaction, 22. li9-212.

Davics, 8., & I-larr6, R. (1990). Positioning. Journd J'or tlrc Theory oI Socit:lB e h a v i o u r , 2 0 , 4 1 4 3 .

Gccr tz , C. ( 197(r ) . Fronr thc nat ivcs ' po int o f v icrv : On thc naturc of an i l r ropologica lu dcrstanding. In K. Basso .Q I-1. Sclby (Etls.). .1/earrrirg irt nntlropolog;y(pp- 221-237). Albuqucrtluc: l.lnivcrsity of Ncrv \lcrico Prcss.

Ccrflrnan, l]. (1959). Tirc prcsenlotiot of self in cr'.r-r.ll.v /r/c. Gardcrr City. NJ:Doublct l ly .

I Iar r i . R. (1983) . Pcrsoaal L 'c i r rg. Oxforr . l : I l lacktvc l l .Kohr t t , I I . (1971) . ' f t rc analys is of t l rc scf i Ncrv Ytr r l : J t t tcrnat ion i r l tJn ivcrs i t ics

Prcss.i \ f r rh lh: rus lcr , P. . & I Iar r6, l f . (1990) . l ' ronouns tn l i ' toJ; l t ' . Or for t l : l l l r tckucl l .t 'rincc. irl. (1905).'l '\rc di.ssrtciatiort ttf pcrsonulity. [-crntlon: Kc-[li l f)rrrl"llLrsccrtt

:rncl Trir bnc r.Shot tcr , J . , & ( icrgcr t , K.J . ( lg l l f l ) . 7 'e . \ rs of idc l t t i4 . Lr rnt lon: Sr3cSlrottcr, J. (1c)81) - Post-nodcni,rnt itt 1;s1'cholo.gu. Papcr prcscntctl to thc Anrcrican

Pslcho!ogicr l As-<oeiat i r tn Symposium, Ncrv York.\\'ccclon. C. (l9ll7). Pttslslructur,,rlist anolssis at;d ,/}/rr1lrrs/ l/rdol)'. [.ondorr:

Ilotrtlcdqc.

I* iI

I1

i

I

Rorr l l . rnef lccturcs in phi losophy at I - inrc tc Col lc 'gc. L . ln ivcrs i ty o[Orfortl, C)xford OX I lYY, and in psycholoev at Gccrrgcto$ n Llnilclsity.washinr ton, DC 20057.