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LIBRARY

Citing your references using the Harvard

( uthor-Date) system

Is this the correct guide for you?

Before using this guide, please check whether your Department, School or Faculty specifies the use of aparticular referencing system and, if so, if it provides its own guidelines to that system. Note that some Departments,Schools or Faculties may expect both a list of cited! references and ageneral! bibliography, rather than one single reference list"bibliography.

Why is it important to cite references?

• #t is accepted practice in the academic world to acknowledge the words, ideas or work of others and

not simply to use them as if they were your own. Failure to do this could be regarded as plagiarism $see http%""www.brookes.ac.uk"library"skill"plagiarism.html

• to enable other people to identify and trace your sources &uickly and easily

• to support facts and claims you have made in your text

1. In-text citations

'he in-text citation is placed at the exact point in your document where you refer to someone else(s

work, whether it is a book, )ournal, online document, website or any other source.

#t consists of author or editor"compiler"translator! and publication year, in brackets%

eg Agriculture still employs half a million people in rural Britain (Shucksmith,2000).

 *n author can be an organisation or +overnment Department common with websites!%

eg  (English Heritage, 2010)

#f there are authors, both names should be given%

eg (ines an! "alker, 200#)

#f there are more than authors, cite the first author, followed by -et al’  in italics!

eg ($organ et al., 1%%&)

WWWBR!!"#$AC%"&LIBRARY

esearch +uide

There are 2 parts to a referencing system:(1) an in-text citation(2) an entry in the reference list/bibliography at the end of the assignment/work 

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For several documents by the same author published in the same year, use a,b,c!%

eg  ("atson, 200%a)

#f the author(s name occurs naturally in the sentence, only the year of publication is given%

eg  'his concept is !iscusse! y ones (1%%&) *

#f there is no author, use a brief title instead%eg (Bur!en of anonymity, 1%+&)

For websites, if there is no author or title, use the /0%

eg (.rookes.ac.uk, 2010)

#f the date cannot be identified, use the abbreviation n.d.%

eg (aour -arty, n.!.)

1age numbers! should be included when there is a need to be more specific, e.g. referring to specificinformation or data, or when making a direct &uotation.

eg ('hompson, 2011, p.100)

#f referencing a secondary source a document which you have not seen but which is &uoted in one ofyour references! the two items should be linked with the term -cited in(%

eg *economic !eelopment (ones, 2000, cite! in "alker, 200+, p./!.

NB for above example of secondary sources: 2ou would only be able to include the source you haveactually read  in your reference list 3 in the above example you could only give full details of 4alkerunless you have read 5ones yourself. #t is good practice to try to read the original source 5ones! so thatyou can cite and reference it in addition to the source which &uoted it 4alker!. 

andling !uotations in the text

"hort #uotations may be run into the text, using single &uotation marks%

eg As ens state! (200&, p.%#), the alue of...3

$onger #uotations should be separated from the rest of the text by means of indentation and optionalsi6e reduction, and do not need &uotation marks%

eg Simone !e Beauoir (1%#2, p.4/) e5amine! her on past an! rote rathergloomily6

 'he past is not a peaceful lan!scape lying there ehin! me, a country in

hich 7can stroll hereer 7 please, an! ill gra!ually sho me all its secret

hills an! !ates. As 7 as moing forar!, so it as crumling.

%. &eference list'bibliography

 *t the end of your assignment"work you need to provide a complete list of all sources used.1lease note that some Departments, Schools or Faculties may expect lists 3 7! a reference list of allsources cited in your text and ! a general bibliography of sources used but not specifically cited as in$text citation.

'he entries in the lists! are arranged in one alphabetical se#uence by author(s name, title if there is noauthor, /0 if no author or title 3 (hatever has been used in the in-text citation, so that your readercan go easily from an in$text citation to the correct point in your list.

2

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 *ll entries"references, including those for online resources, must contain author, year of publication andtitle if known! in that order . Further additional details are also re&uired, varying according to the type ofsource, as follows%

Boo)

1 *uthor'+ditor: Surname first, followed by first names! or initials ,be consistent.  #nclude allauthors. For editors, compilers or translators use ed"eds, comp"comps or trans after thenames!. emember that an author can be an organisation or +overnment Department.

 % ear of publication: #f date not known, use n.d.

/ 0itle: #nclude title as given on the title page of a book8 include any sub$title, separating it fromthe title by a colon.  9apitalise the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns.  /se italics,bold or underline the most common practice is to use italics! ,be consistent

+dition: :nly include if not the first edition.

2 3lace of publication and publisher: /se a colon to separate these elements. #f not given use%

s.l. no place! and s.n. no publisher!.

4 "eries: #nclude if relevant.

eg  8omrich, E. H. (1%##). Art and illusion. /th e!. on!on6 -hai!on.eg 9i!ley, A., -eckham, $. an! :lark, -. (e!s.) (200). Cell motility: frommolecules to organisms.

:hichester6 "iley.

E5amples of organisation;8oernment <epartment as author6eg  <epartment of Health (2001). National service framework for diabetes.on!on6

<epartment of Health.  9oyal Society (2001). The future of sites of special scientific interest.on!on6 9oyal Society

E5ample of ook ith no author6eg Whitaker’s almanack (2010). on!on6 "hitaker an! Sons.

+-boo)

1 *uthor'editor  % ear of publication use the date for the e$book version rather than any print version!/ 0itle

+dition2 3lace of publication and publisher if available!4 56nline7 in s&uare brackets8 *vailable at: 9&$ this should be the /0 of the e$book collection if it is from a collection!. ,*ccessed: date you read it in brackets!

eg Holli!ay, A., Hy!e, $. an! =ullman, . (200+). ntercultural communication: anadvanced resource book. on!on6 9outle!ge.  >nline?. Aailale at6http6;;.!asonera.com; (Accesse!6 1/ August 2011)

;hapter in boo)

1 *uthor of chapter  % ear of publication/ 0itle of chapter not italics!

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In: and then author< title of complete boo) (in italics), place of publication< publisher< page  numbers of chapter. 

eg  Smith, H. (1%%0). 7nnoation at large. 7n6 ames, S., (e!.) !cience andinnovation.  $anchester6

@oon, pp. +4/0. ** (** Please note that the convention for some disciplines e.g. Science is toomit ‘pp’ for page numbers)

3rinted =ournal article

1 *uthor  % ear of publication/ 0itle of article not italics! 0itle of >ournal (in italics)2 olume number< issue number and'or date4 3age numbers

eg "illiams, . (2000). 'ools for achieing sustainale housing strategies in rural8loucestershire.

"lanning "ractice # $esearch 1/ (), pp.1//1#+.

+lectronic'online >ournal article

Same as for printed )ournal article *ND *0S:8 Name of online >ournal collection if applicable! 56nline7 in s&uare brackets@ *vailable at: 9&$ if ; applies, this should be the /0 of the online )ournal collection!.1A ,*ccessed: date you read it in brackets!

eg  ones, -. an! Eans, . (2004). Cran regeneration, goernance an! the state6e5ploring

notions of !istance an! pro5imity. %rban !tudies +(%), pp.1+%11/0%.Aca!emic Search

:omplete >nline?. Aailale at6 http6;;e.escohost.com (Accesse! 1#August 2010)

Web page: aour -arty (2010). "olicy guide. Aailale at6http6;;.laour.org.uk;policies;home (Accesse!6 1 August 2010)

&eport from a database: $intel (2010). !ports goods retailing & %' & (ay )*+*.  $inteleisure >nline?. Aailale at6 http6;;reports.mintel.com (Accesse!6 1# August 2010)

Ne(spaper article: Hunt, -. (1%%%). 'ime is running out. ,aily Telegraph, & Deruary, p. 10.

NB% For internet edition there is no page number 3 instead give <:nline=, *vailable at% /0 and *ccessed% date8 ifciting newspaper article from a database e.g. Factiva, follow pattern above for online )ournal article!

+mail: Saun!ers, . (2010). Email to in!a Hinton, 1& August.

ilm on CC: "ride and pre-udice (2000). <irecte! y Simon angton ><<?. Base! on thenoel y aneAusten. on!on6 BB: "orl!i!e t!.

0hesis: 8roschl, S. (2001).  An eploration of cultural differences between /rench and 0ritish

managerswithin an international hotel company. -h< thesis. 5for! Brookes Cniersity.

+

** Please note that theconvention for somedisciplines e.g. Scienceis to omit ‘pp’ for

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;onference paper:  Sattler, $.A. (200#). E!ucation for a more sustainale architecture. 7n6!un1 wind andarchitecture: proceedings of the )2th nternational Conference on "assive and 3ow 4nergy

 Architecture. @ational Cniersity of Singapore, 222+ @oemer. Singapore6 <epartmentof Architecture, @ational Cniersity of Singapore, pp. &++&/1.

or further examples see: 1ears, . and Shields, +. >7>!. Cite them right: the essential referencing

guide. ?th ed. Basingstoke% 1algrave @acmillan. "helfmar): A.A% 3+*

+ndNote:  'his service enables you to build up a database of your references and thenautomatically format both in$text citations and the references in the Brookes Aarvard style like thisguide!. For full details see http%""www.brookes.ac.uk"library"endnote.html

0S":xford Brookes /niversity 0ibrary ?"7

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