harvesting machines
TRANSCRIPT
Harvesting Machines
Prepared by
Er.Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee) Professor of Agricultural Engineering,AFU
[email protected], 9841684994 ForBatch 2069/2070,BSc.Ag,4th semester(071/7/16-071/10/15)Course Code:AEN-301,Farm Power and achinery(1+1
Indigenous harvesting tool used in Nepal Harvesting equipments for different crops Mowers-Types ,working principle and
constructional details Reapers and reapers binders-Types,working
principles and constructional details Potato digger-working principles and
constructional details
Indigenous harvesting tools used in Nepal:- Harvesting of field crops is one of the most abour consuming
operarion of farming in Nepal.Harvesting of almost all cereals crops,potato,sugarcane and other crops in Nepal is being done manually by using most popular hand tools like CommonSickles Serrated Sickles and Spades.By experiences as well as field research, It is realized that harvesting manually by using sickles it takes about 170-200 man hours to harvest 1 ha of paddy crop. Due to high labor demand at the time of harvesting, the entire harvesting operation continues for weeks together,resulting grain losses to the extent of 5-15 % due to over drying of crop in the field .
Harvesting MachinesUse of mchanical devices or machines like
reapers,mowers potato diggers combine harvester are initiated to harvest cereals crops like paddy and wheat being feasible in Terai areas of Nepal but the application of such machines is not being feasible in rest areas of hills and mountains.Therefore harvesting of cereals crops,potato,sugarcane by using hand tools like sickles spades in hill and mountain is a compulsion without other alternatives of machine use.
Harvesting tools,sickles used in different countries
Types of sickles used in different countries
Serrated edge sickles
Rice harvesting due to labor shortage
Rice harvesting
Paddy harvesting alone due to labor shortage
Paddy harvesting
Wheat cutting manually
Indiginuous wheat havesting
Maize harvesting
Tea crop harvesting
Cabbage harvesting manually
Wheat harvesting ,manually
Collecting rice straw
Manually harvesting
Harvesting Equipment• Crop harvesting equipment:-In developed countries farming systems is
fully or partially mechanized with the use of seeding,planting , harvesting and threshing macnineries/equipments.The use of such equipments is supported by commercial farming principle ,economy and technologies in developed countries like as the use of following harvesting equipments
Cereal crops harvesters like Rice/Paddy Harvester ,Wheat,Barley Harvester,Maize harvester as well as Combine Harvester
Sugarcane Harvester Root crops harvester like Ground nut harvester,Potato Harvester Cotton Harvester Forage crops harvester Fruit crops Harvester
Rice harvester ,Reaper
Rice harvester,Reaper
Rice harvester ,Reaper
Combine harvester
Wheat harvester,combine
Maize harvester
Maize harvester
Combine Harvester,Rice
Wheat harvesting in conservation farming
Sugarcane harvester
Combine harvester
Combine harvester, Wheat
Forage harvester
Grass cutter,mower
Forage harvester,mower
Rice harvester, combine
Potato digger
Potato digger in operation
Harvesting Machines(HM)
• Constraints of harvesting:- The overall constraints of field crops harvesting in Nepal by mechanical equipments are categories as:
Farmer Constraints:- Which are listed as-Low income-Low investing capicity,-Reluctance to change traditional methods,-Poor mechanical aptitude,and -Desire to save straw for other use
HM
Farm Constraints:-Which are listed as:-Small farm holdings -Very small plots size with high bunds - Poor water control or muddy field -Inadequate ground support for harvesting
equipment -Lack of access road to the field
Harvesting Machines(HM)
Crop Constraints:-Which are listed as : -Excessive moisture content at harvesting time -Uneven ripening -Severe lodging and high shattering tendency of
local and tall varities -Low grain/panicle-straw ratio -
HM
Equipments constraints:- which are listed as: -Lack of functionality of machines regarding
operation and maintenance skills -Difficult to change the operational practices of
farmers for operating indigenous tools -High cost of imported equipments
HMT• Harvesting tools and machineries:- Manuals Tools - Differents types of sickles like serrated sickles,plain
sickles -different types of spades like hoe type spades,flat
type spade etc Animal drawn machines- -Mowers -Diggers
HMMechanical Harvesters- -Tractor operated Mowers -Tractor operated Reapers -Self propelled Reapers, -Power tiller operated Reapers, -Power tiller operated Reaper with winders - Tractor operated combines harvester -Self propelled combines harvester, -Potato diggers or Potato harvester.
• Mowers:- Mowers are designed to cut meadow grasses and fodder crops/forage crops.Depending upon the source of power used mowers are classifed as:-
Animal Drawn Mowers,Trailed type Tractor drawn Mowers -Trailed type with ground wheels -Semi mounted type with ground wheels -Tractor mounted type:-Rear mounted mowers, front mounted
mowers,side mounted mowers,Central or mid mounted mowers Depending upon the mode of construction as well as working action
these mowers are classified as:- - Cutter bars type or finger bar type used for fodder or forage crop
harvesting -Rotary blade type or rotary grass cutters used for lawn maintaining ,lawn
grass cutting
HM• Main parts of cutter bar mowers:- Cutter bars or finger bars unit:-It is the main part of
mower.The main function of this unit is to cut crops and separate it from uncut portion.The knife moves back and forth over the guard surface to cut plants in both direction due to shearing action .It consists of parts as knife of triangular section, inside shoe,out side shoe,guards,ledger plate,wearing plate, knife clips,and grass board.The knife is the most important part of the cutter bar.The types of knife are smooth cutting edge types,top serrated cutting edge type,bottom serrated cutting edge type.
HM Power transmitting unit:- The main function of this unit is
to receive and transmit motive force. It consists of main axle,spur gears ,bevel gear,crank shaft, crank wheel and pitman (connecting rod).The main axle receives power from PTO shaft of tractor in case of tractor mounted type and one of the transport wheel in case of trailed type.The reciprocating(back and forth) motion is transmitted to the pitman which in turns operates the knife on the cutter bar by converting rotary motion to reciprocating motion by means of dynamically balanced devices.The knife makes about 1600 cutting stroke/minute.In order to engage or dis-engage the driving unit a clutch is provided on the counter shaft so that operator can operate it by foot from the seat.
HM Frame or body of the mower :-It support all moving parts of the
mower and provides penings for main axle,countershaft,crankshaft as well as also provides space for gears ,clutch and bearings.
Transport wheels-The transport wheel transmit power to the cutter bar knife.It is so arranged that when the wheel move forward the rachet and powl(gear box mechanism) mechanism comes into play to drive the main axle.
Auxillary parts:-In tractor drawn mower hand liver is provided to regulate,and adjust the cutter bar height as well as stopping and starting of mower in action from operator seat.Similarly in animal drawn mower foot lift is provided so that the cutter bar can be raised when turning at corners or to avoid obstructions.A hand liver is also provided to adjust the height of cut.
HM• Rotary Mower:-These are the mowers which have knives rotating
about a substantially vertical spindle.Rotary mowers mostly are used in lawn or orchard to cut grass to maintain the lawn,orchard and play ground.Rotary mowers are of two types:-
Drum type mowers:- These are driven from the top by a shaft and gears or V-belts having numbers of rotary blades or knives moving inside the drums.Drum mowers with 3-4 double edges blades or knives carriers are of single drums or double or multi drums with more coverage of grass cutting areas in a single operation.
Disc mowers:- Disc mowers are smaller in size than drum mowers. Rotating discs with sharp serrated cutting edges are fitted with vertical spindle.When disc rotate with high speed the cutting action take place with serrated edge of the disc.
Cutter bar mower
Cutter bar mower/reaper
Mini type cutter bar reaper
Rice crop ready for harvesting
combine
Rotary drum mower
Front mounted cutter bar mower
Cutter knife assembly
Parts of cutter bar
Lawn mower(Rotary type)
Front and side mounted rotary mower
Hand tractor mounted cutter bar mower
Front side mounted reaper/mower
Front mounted multy drum Rotary Mower
HM• Reapers:-The working principle of reapers is same as like cutter
bar mowers.Reapers are used to harvest cereal crops like rice and wheat.The size of machine varies from 1.8-2.1 meter depending upon the size of a prime mowers.They are mostly power tiller operated as well as tractor operated and self propelled reapers powered by 6 hp diesel engine.The cutter bar receives power from that engine for crop harvesting operation.Reaper consists of a cutter bar,crop row divider called reel and conveyor belt,star wheel etc. The reel direct the crop towards cutter bar where it is cut.The star wheel lift the cut crops up and turn it at 90 degree.
Front mounted cutter bar reaper
Mostly the reaper are mounted on front, rear but side as well as mid side of tractors or hand tractors. The tractor front mounted machine s having cutter bar length of 1.9-2.1 meter are operated at the forward speed of about 3 km/hr.The cut crops are carried along by belts to the entire width of machine before being placed on the ground with reaper winder or without winder.The reaper have the hydraulic lifting and lowering mechanism of cutter bar as cutting height adjustment of crops.Reaper is generally used to cut plant leaving crop stubble to a height of about 8 cm on ground.Reapers are available
HM• Harvesting devices for root crops: The harvesting devices
or use of equipments for root crops like potato diggers or potato harvester,groundnut diggers or harvester is beneficially increasing trends.
Potato diggers:- It is realized that in some circumstances the cost of harvesting of potato manually is higher than the market price of potato in terms of commercial potato farming.So it is need to create a situation of profitable potato farming by the use of potato farming equipments like potato planter,potato diggers or potato harvester in case of large scale potato farming.
HM Types of potato diggers:- -Animal drawn potato diggers-single row diggers -Tractor drawn potato diggers-Double row or multi row diggers Potato diggers consists of parts like digger blade,conveyor,shaker
belts ,elevators,graders and other associaries.The ridge bottom and replaceable bar point share,shovel type share are in common use in potato digger.The digger share uplift the whole mass of soil containing potato tubes then passes this mass to conveyor and shaker belts where seperation of potato tubes from soil takes place by falling soil mass to ground and conveying the potato tubes either to fall down to ground surface or to store in container by the use of elevator.
Potato digger
Hand tractor operated digger
Two row digger
digger
Potato harvester
Potato harvester
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