Hatchery and Design Hatchery and Design ConsiderationsConsiderations

What to do BEFORE you start?What to do BEFORE you start?

OCEAN

1mm WELLSCREEN

OVERFLOW

EFFLUENTTREATMENT

MAIN SWPUMPS (2)

SEAWATER TREATMENT SCHEMATIC

PRESSURIZEDSAND FILTERS(PSF)

OVERFLOW TO RESERVOIR

OVERFLOW TO RESERVOIR

LARVALMODULECULTURETANKS

MATURATIONMODULECULTURETANKS

HEATEXCH.

HEATEXCH.

UV

UV

MA

IN D

RA

INLI

NE

DE-GASSTORAGERESERVOIR

PUMPS

PSF

5 MICRONFILTERS

1 MICRONFILTERS

OZONECONTACTCOLUMNS

COMPRESSOR

COMPRESSOR

OZONEUNIT

OZONEUNIT

BLOWER

BLOWER

MATURATIONMODULERESERVOIRS

LARVALMODULERESERVOIRS

FRESHWATER

BRINETANKS

Lecture 1: Farm Site SelectionObjectives:

• Proper approach to site selection: conceptualization

• “Good” vs. “bad” information• Water: quality criteria, source capacity, tidal

issues• Soil (part 2): texture, chemical properties• Vegetation, climatic, other determinants• Evaluation process (part 3)

Conceptualizing the SiteConceptualizing the Site

• WHAT WENT WRONG?WHAT WENT WRONG?– IMPROPER SITE SELECTIONIMPROPER SITE SELECTION– INAPPROPRIATE ENGINEERINGINAPPROPRIATE ENGINEERING– INADEQUATE FINANCINGINADEQUATE FINANCING– INEFFECTIVE HUSBANDRYINEFFECTIVE HUSBANDRY

SITE SELECTION IS CRITICAL..IT CAN DETERMINE:

• LOAN POTENTIALLOAN POTENTIAL• ENGINEERING LAYOUT/DESIGNSENGINEERING LAYOUT/DESIGNS• LEVEL OF EQUIPMENT REDUNDANCYLEVEL OF EQUIPMENT REDUNDANCY• PRODUCTION METHODOLOGYPRODUCTION METHODOLOGY• BUSINESS STRATEGYBUSINESS STRATEGY• MARKETING/SALES STRATEGYMARKETING/SALES STRATEGY

WHY "BAD" SITES ARE SELECTED

ALL THE WRONG REASONS!• "THE LAND PRICE WAS A BARGAIN"• "THE GOVERNMENT WAS JUST

GIVING IT AWAY"• "HEY, IT WAS NEAR THE WATER!"• "BUT THERE WERE OTHER FARMERS

NEARBY.."• "NOBODY ELSE WANTED IT"

CONCEPTUALIZE THE SITE:WHAT CONSTITUTES A SITE?

• A PIECE OF LAND? COAST? COUNTRY?• A SPECIFIC PROFIT CENTER?• A SPECIFIC PRODUCT?• SOCIAL OR ENVIRONMENTAL MISSION?

ASSUMPTIONS• STRANGER IN A STRANGE LAND• PLAN TO UTILIZE EVERY INCENTIVE• STRIVING FOR VERTICAL INTEGRATION

DISCLAIMERS• NO SITE IS TYPICAL• NO PROJECT IS ENTIRELY

PREDICTABLE• NO GOVERNMENT IS ENTIRELY

ACCOMODATING• MONEY DOES NOT GROW ON TREES• THERE ARE NO GUARANTEES!!!

Hatchery Sanitation

• Purpose 1: prevention of any foreign disease agents from getting into hatchery

• Purpose 2: limits disease spread to tank of origin

Is clear water clean??

Pick a good site!!!

Hawaiian Hatcheries, Phillipines

Typical Well Abstraction

Perforated well Perforated well screen (500 µM), 4 screen (500 µM), 4 in. PVCin. PVC

Perforated well Perforated well screen (250 µM)screen (250 µM)

2 in. 2 in. PVCPVC

2-3 hp self-2-3 hp self-priming/coolipriming/cooling centrifugal ng centrifugal pumppump

Discharge to Discharge to hatcheryhatchery

Sealed concrete pump house

high tidehigh tide

low tidelow tide

hydrologic zone

Seawater Abstraction: well-point

Microscreen- 1mm

Pea gravel

sand substrate

Ocean bottom

24 in. perforated pipe

6-8 ft

Seawater Abstraction: open ocean intake

Hatchery Sanitation

Preventive Guidelines

• Reduces vertically-transmitted pathogens:• 1) import only eggs, never juveniles/adults• 2) eggs should be from SPF/high health facilities• 3) wild individuals should be prohibited or all

water, etc. needs to be disinfected• 4) disinfect all eggs prior to stocking hatching

containers (also disinfect/destroy all shipping containers)

• chemicals: iodophores (Argentyne) 100 ppm for 10-15 min

Guidelines for Limiting Spread• Disinfect all hatchery and personal equipment

after or between use (equipment must be clean prior to disinfection)

• sports fishermen or farmers should never be allowed near facility (political issue)

• transfer/shipping equipment, vehicles must all be disinfected whenever leaving grounds

• do not overlook any possible source of contamination

• proper hatchery design limits spread

Biosecurity: General Issues

• Definition: the sum of all procedures in place to protect shrimp from contracting, carrying and spreading diseases

• critical to identify all known and potential vectors • critical: use only seed from SPF or high-health

facilities• stocks monitored periodically for disease using

rapid methodologies• infection of facility = shut-down, complete

disinfection (chlorine gas, formaldehyde, etc.)

Biosecurity: General Issues

• Other potential disease sources: incoming water

• facility should be isolated from other farms, processing plants, capture fisheries

• water should be recycled• replacement water disinfected by chlorine,

ozone, ultraviolet light• avoid vectors: gulls, dogs, crabs, etc.• feeds ( prepared vs. raw)

Part 2. Biosecurity

• Recently, fish/shrimp disease agents and associated problems have spread from foreign countries to the U.S.

• major efforts established defense against disease

• due to severity of issue, parallel efforts were undertaken to design production systems to exclude diseases

• such systems are called “biosecure”• key issue: zero water exchangezero water exchange