hate crimes legislation presentation
TRANSCRIPT
Andrew Hiller
Nick Gambo
HATE CRIMES LEGISLATION
OVERVIEW ON HATE CRIMES
Group membership
Religion
Sexual Orientation
Disability
Ethnicity
Nationality
Age
Gender
Gender Identity
Political Affiliation
THE DAMAGES
• Physical Assault
• Damage to Property
• Bullying
• Harassment
• Verbal Abuse
• Offensive Graffiti/Letters
CURRENT LEGISLATION
• In the United States federal prosecution is possible for hate crimes committed on the
basis of a person's race, color, religion, or nation origin when engaging in a federally
protected activity. Hate crime laws generally fall into one of several categories:
(1) laws defining specific bias-motivated acts as distinct crimes;
(2) criminal penalty-enhancement laws;
(3) laws creating a distinct civil cause of action for hate crimes; and
(4) laws requiring administrative agencies to collect hate crime statistics.
PURPOSE FOR TEST #1
• Unfortunately, there are five states (Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, South Carolina and
Wyoming) that don't have any type of hate crime law (as of July 2009).
Are hate crimes rare enough in these states to not need hate crime legislation?
4
27
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Ala
bam
aA
lask
aA
rizon
aA
rkan
sas
Cal
iforn
iaC
olor
ado
Con
nect
icut
Del
awar
eD
istr
ict o
f Col
umbi
aF
lorid
aG
eorg
iaId
aho
Illin
ois
Indi
ana
Iow
aK
ansa
sK
entu
cky
Loui
sian
aM
aine
Mar
ylan
dM
assa
chus
etts
Mic
higa
nM
inne
sota
Mis
siss
ippi
Mis
sour
iM
onta
naN
ebra
ska
Nev
ada
New
Ham
pshi
reN
ew J
erse
yN
ew M
exic
oN
ew Y
ork
Nor
th C
arol
ina
Nor
th D
akot
aO
hio
Okl
ahom
aO
rego
nP
enns
ylva
nia
Rho
de Is
land
Sou
th C
arol
ina
Sou
th D
akot
aT
enne
ssee
Tex
asU
tah
Ver
mon
tV
irgin
iaW
ashi
ngto
nW
est V
irgin
iaW
isco
nsin
Wyo
min
g
Agenciessubmitting incident
reports
Agenciessubmitting incidentreports
x-value sample 1 27 x-value sample 2 4
sample size 1 945 sample size 2 61
pooled proportion 0.031 proportion 1 0.0286 proportion 2 0.0656
std error 0.023 PA^ GA^
NULL: p1 = p2 The l ikelyhood of a hate crime occuring in Georgia i s the same as in Pennsylvania .
ALTERNATIVE: p1< > p2 The l ikelyhood of a hate crime occuring in Georgia i s NOT the same as in Pennsylvania .
one-tailed or two tailed? 2
test statistic (obs) (1.621)
critical measure 1.960
|obs| > critical?? Yes
p-value 0.105
a-level 0.050
p-value < a-level?? No
Hate Crime Likelyhood in Gerogia vs. PA
CONCLUSION• Reject the Null
• The ratio of incidents to agencies in GA is is greater than
the ratio from PA
• Georgia and the other states that currently do not have
should enact hate crime legislation
#2 PROPOSAL OF ADDING GENDER AND SEXUAL
ORIENTATION TO LEGISLATION
• Measures to add perceived gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, and disability to
the list have been proposed, but failed due to conservative opposition. Fourteen states
have adopted hate crime laws that don't cover sexual orientation; however, these crimes
occur more often than hate crimes stimulated by national origin.
CAUSES FOR HATE CRIMES
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
Race: Religion: Sexual Orientation: Ethnicity/NationalOrigin:
Disability: Multiple-BiasIncidents
Incident
Incident
x-value sample 1 1195 x-value sample 2 984
sample size 1 7722 sample size 2 7722
pooled proportion 0.141 proportion 1 0.1548 proportion 2 0.1274
std error 0.006 Orientation Origin
NULL: p1 = p2 Hate crimes based on Sexual Orientation occur as much as crimes based on National Origin .
ALTERNATIVE: p1 < > p2 Hate crimes based on Sexual Orientation do NOT occur as much as crimes based on National Origin .
one-tailed or two tailed? 2
test statistic (obs) 4.877
critical measure 1.960
|obs| > critical?? Yes
p-value 0.000
a-level 0.050
p-value < a-level?? Yes
Sexual Orientation vs. National Origin Occurances
CONCLUSION• Reject the Null
• The observed is < the critical showing that hate crimes happen more so
because of Sexual Orientation than that of National Origin
• The bill should be proposed on these grounds
THE FOLLOWING IS AN EXCERPT FROM THE WILKES UNIVERSITY 2008-09 STUDENT
HANDBOOK (HTTP://WWW.WILKES.EDU/INCLUDE/HANDBOOK09.PDF):
• Guidelines for Student Conduct
• The primary concern of the University is the welfare of the student. All actions that may affect the future of the student
are part of this concern. The following behavior may precipitate disciplinary action:
• 1. Actions indicating a lack of concern for the welfare or safety of others or conduct which may discredit the University.
• 2. Actions or conduct that are intended to intimidate another person because of race, color, religious or national origin,
gender, disability, or sexual orientation;
• 3. Involvement in difficulties with law enforcement bodies;
• 4. Abuse of property — public or private;
• 5. Irresponsible fiscal conduct;
• 6. Non-compliance with the University policies and commonwealth and federal laws relative to drugs, alcoholic beverages,
and gambling;
• 7. Plagiarism, academic dishonesty, stealing, or cheating;
• 8. Behavior that results in blocking the administrative, educative process at Wilkes.
• 9. Furnishing false information to the University.
• 10. Fraud, forgery, alteration, or misuse of University documents, records, or identification cards.
• 11. Assault, obscene, lewd, vulgar conduct or public profanity.
• 12. Actions that demean, or debase a person’s sexual freedom, gender, sexual or affectional preference.
• 13. The display of sexually demeaning written, electronic or visual materials in living or work areas of the University.
• 14. The deliberate creation on the part of an individual student or a group of students of a hostile environment.
• 15. Hateful acts or utterances that are flagrantly abusive and intended to insult and/or stigmatize an individual.
• 16. Hostile conduct or behavior that might incite violence.
Test #3
WHERE HATE CRIME INCIDENTS OCCUR
x-value sample 1 941 x-value sample 2 1387
sample size 1 7722 sample size 2 7722
pooled proportion 0.151 proportion 1 0.1219 proportion 2 0.1796
std error 0.006 Schools Dark Alley
NULL: p1 = p2 Hate crimes are l ikely to happen just as often at a school as in a dark a l ley.
ALTERNATIVE: p1 < > p2 Hate crimes are NOT as l ikely to happen at a school as in a dark a l ley.
one-tailed or two tailed? 2
test statistic (obs) (10.030)
critical measure 1.960
|obs| > critical?? Yes
p-value -
a-level 0.050 Yes
p-value < a-level??
Hate Crime Location
CONCLUSION• Reject the Null
• The Observed Value is greater than the Critical
• Crimes are more likely to happen in a dark alley than in School, but crimes are
4th most likely to occur at school
• Wilkes (as well as other schools) should maintain high levels of security on and
around campus
ENDING NOTES