àh$au nmmdo nð> h«$. 303-365 bva c{cv gm{hË`mvyz...

$: àH$aU nmMdo nð> H«$. 303-365 BVa c{cV gm{hË`mVyZ …shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/44955/10/10_chapter_05… · 317 àH$aU 5 BVa c{cV gm{hË`mVyZ à{Vq~{~V Pmcco VH$mam_m§M$
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BVa c{cV gm{hË`mVyZ à{Vq~{~V Pmcoco VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd

àñVmdZm -"_amR>r gm{hË`mV à{Vq~{~V Pmcoco g§V VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd' `m àñVwV

à~§YmV AmVmn ªV d¡Mm[aH$, H$mX§~ar, ZmQ>H$ mVyZ à{Vq~{~V Pmcoco VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd_r Aä`mgco. `m àH$aUmV H$Wm, H${dVm, AmË_M[aÌ, {MÌnQ>, c{cVcoI, `mgma»`mAÝ` àH$mamV VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd H$em àH$mao à{Vq~{~V Pmco Amho, BVa gd©M àH$mamVVwH$mam_mÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo g_J« Xe©Z H$emàH$maMo Amho, Ë`mVyZ Zo_Ho$ H$moUVo ê$n {XgVoho nmhUo hm `m àH$aUmMm CÔoe Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo d¡Mm[aH$ gm{hË`, H$mX§~ar, ZmQ>H$ B.dmL²>_` àH$mamÀ`m VwcZoV `m gd© àH$mamV VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm AmT>mdm WmoS>çmH$_r à_mUmV KoVcm Agë`m_wio `m àH$aUmV Vo gd© AÝ` dmL²>_` àH$ma EH$Ì KoVcoAmhoV.

g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm Aä`mg m AÝ` àH$mamV H$aVmZm VwH$mam_m§À`m{ZdoXZmVyZ CÎm_amd IamV `m§Zr gm§{JVcoco VwH$mam_m§Mo AmË_M[aÌ, X. X. Omoer, a§JZmWnR>mao `mgma»`m H$WmH$mam§À`m H$Wm, gwaoe ^Q>, Hw$gw_mJ«O, {dÇ>c dmK, H$dr _mYd`mgma»`m AZoH$ H$dtÀ`m H${dVoVyZ `oUmao VwH$mo~m Am{U {MÌnQ>mcmhr VwH$mam_m§À`mì`pŠV_ÎdmMo AgUmao AmH$f©U B. gdmªMm _r `m àH$aUmV Aä`mg H$aUma Amho. _amR>rgm{hË`mVrc gd©M àH$mamcm VwH$mam_ H$go ì`mnyZ Caco AmhoV, mMm Aä`mg H$aUma Amho.

XmgJUy _hmamO -XmgJUy _hmamO `m§Zr VwH$mam_m§da "lr VwH$mam_ M[aÌ' ho H$sV©Zmon`moJr

Am»`mZH$mì` {c{hco Amho. mV Ë`m§Zr VwH$mam_m§À`m Am wî`mVrc H$mhr KQ>Zm àg§J H$mì`mÀ`m

ê$nmZo e×~Õ Ho$co AmhoV. `m Am»`mZ H$mì`mMo à_wI XmoZ ^mJ AmhoV. `mMo nyd©a§J dCÎmaa§J Ago XmoZ ^mJ nS>VmV. `mV Ë`m§Zr VwH$mam_m§À`m Kar AZJS>emhmZo {^jm _mJUo,H$sV©Zàg§J, {OOmB©cm nm§Sw>a§J Xe©Z, VwH$mo~m§Mm ì`mnma, Jwê$nyOZ, H$m|S>mn§Vm§Mr VrW© mÌm B.àg§J Amco AmhoV. ho àg§J JÚ-nÚ {_{lV AgyZ mV nXo, cmdÊ`m, H$Q>md, qXS>r, Amodr,nmodmS>m, gmH$s B. AZoH$ H$mì` àH$mam§Mm g§{_l ñdê$nmV dmna Ho$cm Amho. darc gd© àg§JVwH$mam_, {OOm~mB© d Ë`m§Mr _wcJr mJw~mB© m§À`m g§dmXmVyZ Amnë`m g_moa a§Jdco AmhoV.`mV àmgm{XH$Vm, ^ŠVrag B. JwU {XgVmV. Ë`mMà_mUo AWm©ÝVaÝ`mg Ac§H$mamMr aocMocAmho. `mV `oUmao VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd ho ^ŠVr_`, ^mdZmdoJmZo AmoW§~coco, j_merc,gmpÎdH$, Z_« AgoM Amho. VwH$mam_m§À`m M[aÌmMm d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Am{dîH$ma KS>{dUmè`m `mAm»`mZH$mì`mcm Zm. ~m. Xoenm§S>o, "AmYw{ZH$ _{hnVr' åhUyZ Jm¡a{dVmV. mà_mUo Am»`mZ

320

H$mì`mV VwH$mam_m§Mo nma_m{W©H$ ì`pŠV_Îd gm§JÊ`mV Amco Amho.

n§{S>V H$dtZr H$mhr ûcmoH$mV d Am»`mZmV KoVcocm g§{já VwH$mam_m§À`mì`pŠV_ÎdmMm doY

_moamon§V -_amR>rV Á`m§Mr Am`m© à{gÕ Amho Ago n§{S>V na§naoVrc EH$ loð> H$dr åhUOo

_moamon§V. ho ~mam_VrÀ`m ~m~yOr ZmB©H$ `m§Mo Am{lV. Ë`m§Zr Am`m©d¥ÎmmV {dnwc aMZm Ho$cr.Am{U åhUyZM Vo "Am`m©nVr' åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVmV. Ago ho _moamon§V VwH$mam_m§Zm g_H$mcrZ

ZìhVo {H$§dm Ë`m§À`m g§àXm`mVrc hr ZmhrV. na§naoÀ`m Ñï>rZo H$mhrhr cmJo~m§Yo ZgVmZm gwÕm

_moamon§Vm§Zm VwH$mam_m§{df`rMr {deof lÕm d ŠVr dmQ>V hmoVr. Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmZo mamdyZË`m§Zr VwH$mam_m§da EHy$U Vrg Am`m© {c{hë`m. `mcm "VwH$mam_ ñVdZ' Ago åhUVmV. `mVË`m§Zr Ë`m§Zm AmdS>Umao VwH$mam_m§Mo ê$n eãX~Õ H$ê$Z VwH$mam_m§Zm A{^dmX Ho$co Amho.`mAm`m©V _moamon§Vm§Zr VwH$mam_m§Mr VwcZm ewH$, ZmaX, ì`mg, OZH$ `m gmè`m nyd©gwater Ho$crAmho. `mVyZ VwH$mo~m ho EH$ loð> H$dr hmoVo Ago Vo gm§JVmV. Am{U åhUyZM S>m°. gXmZ§X _moaoåhUVmV, ""n§{S>Vr na§naoVrc EH$m loð> H$drZo g§V na§naoVrc loð> H$drcm _mZmMm _wOamHo$cocm Amho. Vmo \$ma {dcmo Zr` Amho.''1

_moamon§Vm§Zm VwH$mam_m{df`r IynM AmñWm hmoVr. Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm à^md_moamon§Vm§da Mm§JcmM nS>cm hmoVm. _moamon§Vm§Zm VwH$mam_m{df`r, Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdm{df`r OrlÕm hmoVr Ë`m g§X^m©V EH$ H$Wm gm§{JVcr OmVo, Vr Aer H$s, ~mam_VrV AgVm§Zm n§Vm§MonwamU hr {ZË` ldUmMr ~m~ hmoVr. `mV ~m~yOr ZmB©H$ `m§Mohr VwH$mam_ ho lÕm ñWmZ Ago._moamon§V d ZmB©H$ `m§Mo VwH$mam_m§À`m ê$nmer Pmcoco EH$ê$nÎd Xwgè`m ~mOramd noeì`m§Zm_mÝ` ZìhVo. H$maU Ë`m§À`m _Vo VwH$mam_ ho EH$ eyÐ H$dr hmoVo. AWm©VM hr Jmoï> _moamon§Vm§ZmH$icr Ë`mdoir Ë`m§Zm Iyn Šcof Pmcm. VwH$mam_m{f`r Ago ~mocUmè`m§Zm à{VCÎma XoÊ`mgmR>rMË`m§Zr `m Am`mªMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr. `mV VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdm{df`r Ë`m§Zm {H$Vr AmoT>hmoVr ho ñnï> hmoVo. `m Am`mªn¡H$s Imcrc Am`m©V _moamon§Vm§Zr VwH$mam_m§Mr àe§gm H$ê$ZVwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd ho H$go Acm¡{H$H$ hmoVo, ho gm§{JVco Amho.

""{dîUw`emMo Kmcm Km`m A_¥Vm Ìnm XwH$mZ VwH$m Ÿ&O[a `mgr Z Xodmgr lram_mgr {h nmXwH$m Z VwH$m Ÿ&&Zm{`H$m Z `m, åhUo Omo KmVwH$s{M {Xgmo AKm VwH$m dmUr &ào_o Ü`mdm, Jmdm, ^ñ_ H$am`m AKm VwH$m dmUr Ÿ&&ZaH$mVw{Z H$m{T>Vgo H$mTw>{Z ~hþ n{VV nmVwH$mdmUr Ÿ&Vmo Jwê$ H$gm Zìho hmo kmZm§~w{Y A{VVnm VwH$m dmUr Ÿ&&''2

321

`mVyZ VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdm{df`r _moamon§Vm§Zm AgUmam AmXa gw§XanUoAm{dîH¥$V Pmcm Amho. mhr nwT>o OmD$Z Vo VwH$mam_m§À`m A^§Jê$nr ê$nm{df`r åhUVmV H$s,VwH$mam_m§À`m A^§Jm{edm` EImÚmZo H$sV©Z Ho$co Va Vo H$sV©Z hmoD$M eH$V Zmhr. BVH$slÕm _moamon§Vm§Zm VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdm{df`r dmQ>V hmoVr. Á`m Vrg Am`m© VwH$mam_m§da{c{hë`m AmhoV Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhr Am`m© `m dmXJ«ñV AmhoV. Ago amYm JmoS>~moco Amnë`mVwH$mam_m§{df`rÀ`m à~§YmV åhUVmV. Ë`m§À`m _Vo 16 ì`m Am`}V Ë`m§Zr lram_mà_mUo Vo"gH$m`' ñdJm© bm Joco Ago åhQ>co Amho.

`m à_mUo n§{S>Vr na§naoVrc eodQ>À`m H$drZo VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdm{df`rdmQ>Umam {Oìhmim, lÕm àH$Q> H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm _mZmMm _wOam Ho$cm Amho.

em{har dmL²>_`mVyZ {XgUmao VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd -em{har dmL²>_` ho àmMrZ _amR>r dmL²>_`mVrc eodQ>Mo XmcZ Ago _mZco OmVo.

cmdUr d nmodmS>m {_iyZ em{har dmL²>_`mMm OÝ_ hmoVmo. g§Vm§À`m aMZoda AmYm[aV em{hardmL²>_`mÀ`m H$m§hr aMZm AmT>iVmV. H$maU g§Vm§À`m wJmZ§Va em{har dmL²>_`mMo wJ Amco.Ë`m_wio em{har dmL²>_`mda g§Vgm{hË`mMm à^md AgUo An[ahm`© Amho Am{U mVhr ~hþVoH$gd© _hÎdmÀ`m em{ham§Zr g§Vna§naocm Am{U àm_w»`mZo VwH$mo~m§Zm à{VgmX {Xcocm Amho._amR>r gm{hË`mMm _w»` àdmh Agcoë`m g§VH${dVoMo nmPa em{ham§À`m H${dVoV {PancoMZgVo VaM Zdc. Ë`m_wioM _amR>r em{har dmL²>_`mV VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd àH$Q> PmcocoAmho. em{ham§Zr Amnë`mcm Jdgcoco VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd ho Amnmnë`m narZo XmIdcoAmho. Ë`m§Mm AmT>mdm nwT>rcn«_mUo -

hmoZmOr ~mim - (18 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarg d EH$moUrgmì`m eVH$mMm àW_ nmX)hmoZmOr ~mim ho em{har dmL²>_`mVrc EH$ cmoH${à` emhra. Ë`m§À`m AZoH$

cmdÊ`m m cmoH$m§À`m _ZmV AmOhr AmhoV. Ë`m§À`mda chmZnUrM g§Vna§naoMo d dmL²>_`mMog§ñH$ma Pmco. hmoZmOrda VwH$mo~m§Mm {deof à^md nS>cm. Am{U Ë`m§Zr ŠVm§À`m Zm_mdcrMrcmdUr aMcr. `mV VwH$mam_mZ§VaÀ`m ~{hUmB©, ZmamÙ~m~m `m§Mm CëcoI Amho. Ë`m§ZrVwH$mam_m§Mo Oo ê$n Amnë`m cmdÊ`mVyZ XmI{dco Vo Ago :-

""VwH$mam_ d¡am½èrc OJ Vmaròco Ÿ&ñdò AmnU Vamo{Z`m, ñWycmg{hV eodQ>r dmg d¡Hw§$R>rŸ&&'3

AZ§V\§$Xr - (1744 Vo 1819)em{har dmL²>_`mVM Zìho Va _amR>rV Á`m§Mm "\$Q>H$m' à{gÕ Amho, Ago emhra

åhUOoM AZ§V \§$Xr hmo . ho ~«m÷U. Ë`m_wio g§Vgm{hË`mMm à^md Ë`m§À`mda AJXrchmZnUmnmgyZ hmoVm. \§§$XtZr Or H$dZo {c{hcr Vr ~hþ_yë` AerM AmhoV. `mVM Ë`m§Zr

322

"g§V VwH$mam_ àepñV' m ZmdmZo 14 AmoitMm \$Q>H$m {c{hcm Amho. mV Ë`m§Zr VwH$mam_m§Mr{Zð>m, ŠVr, _mZdVm d gmpÎdH$Vm B. OrdZ_yë`m§Mr ñVwVr Ho$cr Amho. mV oUmao VwH$mam_m§Moì`pŠV_Îd ho Acm¡{H$H$ Ago Amho.

am_ Omoer - (B. g. 1758 Vo 1813)H$sV©Z Am{U V_mem JmOdUmao EH$ à_wI emhra åhUOo am_ Omoer gmocmnyaH$a.

Ë`m§À`m KamÊ`mVM H$sV©Z gm§JÊ`mMr na§nam Agë`m_wio g§Vgm{hË`mer Ë`m§Mr Zmi AmnmoAmnM

OmoS>cr Jocr. Am{U {dÇ>cmcm eoOma AgUmao Ë`m§Mo Jmd gmocmnya. Ë`m_wio AmUIrZ hmg§~§Y KÅ> hmoÊ`mg ho EH$ H$maU Amho. am_ OmoetZr "nm§Sw>a§JmMo _hmËå`', "n§T>anya joÌmMm_{h_m' Á`mà_mUo dU©Z Ho$cm Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`m§Zr VwH$mam_m§Zm Amnë`m eãXmVyZ gmH$ma Ho$co.`mV Ë`m§Zr nm§Sw>a§JmMo {Zñgr_ ŠV, H$mê$Ê`mMo à{Vq~~ åhUyZ VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd dU©ZHo$co Amho.

"n§T>arMr' åhUyZ am_ OmoetMr Or cmdUr Amho. Ë`mV VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd

Am{U Ë`m§Mo d {dÇ>cmMo AgUmao EH$ê$nÎd gw§XanUo Amco Amho. Vo Ago, ""VwH$mo~m Am{U

{dÇ>c `m§À`m g§~§Ym§À`m EH$m {deof n¡cyda am_ Omoer§Zr A{Ve` H$mì`mË_ arVrZo àH$meQ>mH$cm Amho. am_ Omoer åhUVmV, VwŠ`m dmUJQ> VwŠ`m _mar nar _wŠ`mnar Xo XS>r & VwH$mo~m§MoXwH$mZ Amho. AmVm nyduMo XwH$mZ åhQ>co åhUOo VŠŠ`mcm Q>oHy$Z ~gcocm XwH$mZXma AmcmM.am_ Omoer åhUVmV, H$s VwH$mo~m {dÇ>cmcm VŠŠ`m \o$Hy$Z _maVmV. nU {~Mmam {dÇ>c H$mhrMZ ~mocVm _wH$mQ> cnyZ ~gVmo. am_ Omoer `m à{V_oVyZ Iyn H$mhr gm§JyZ OmVmo.''4 `mVam_Omoer `m§Zr C^m Ho$coco VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd ho nm§Sw>a§Jmer {H$Vr VmXmËå` nmdco hmoVo`mMo àË`§Va `oVo. Am{U am_ Omoer `m§À`mda AgUmam VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm à^mdAmnUmcm {XgVmo.

`mà_mUo _amR>r g§ñH¥$VrMo Iao Xe©Z Á`m em{har dmL²>_`mVyZ hmoVo, Ë`m em{ham§Zrhr _amR>r g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m `m _hm_mZdmcm Amnë`m eãXmV gmH$ma H$ê$Z EH$ _mZd§XZm {XcrAmho. Am{U åhUyZM ho EH$m AmXe© g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m XrnñV§^mMo Xe©Z Amho.

g§V VwH$mam_ - H$dr _mYd - 12 Zmoìh|~a 1927n[aM` -

H$dr _mYd åhUOoM _mYd Ho$ed H$mQ>Xao hmo`. `m§Mm OÝ_ 3 {S>g|~a 1892cm Pmcm. H$ñQ>_ ImË`mV ZmoH$arcm Agcoco _mYd H$dr M§ÐeoIam§À`m g_H$mcrZ H$drAmhoV. åhUyZM Ë`m§Mm M§ÐeoIam§À`m nR>S>rVco H$dr Agm Jm¡adnyU© C„oI Ho$cm OmVmo.

Ë`m§Zr N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamO, emhÿ, gdmB© _mYdamd, _ñVmZr B. B{VhmgH$mcrZì`ŠVtÀ`m JwUJm¡ad H$aUmè`m "VmamnyaMm g§J«m_', "nmZnVÀ`m _¡XmZmda' Aem H${dVm

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Ë`m§Zr {c{hë`m. Ë`mMà_mUo ~mcH$dr, {Q>iH$, JmoqdXmJ«O B. da AemM àH$maÀ`m H${dVm{c{hë`m. adtÐZmWm§À`m H${dVm§Mr ^mfm§Vao Ho$cr. Aem `m H$drMo {ZYZ 3 gßQ>|~a 1958gmcr Pmco.

"g§V VwH$mam_' `m H${dVoV òUmao VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd -H$dr _mYd `m§Mr "g§V VwH$mam_' hr H${dVm B. g. 1927 cm {c{hcr Jocr.

`mV VwH$mo~m§À`m OrdZmVrc AIoaÀ`m àg§JmMo {MÌU AgyZ Vo AË`§V CËH$Q> Amho. `mH${dVocm n[aUm_H$maH$Vm AmUÊ`mgmR>r EH$ AË`§V gw§Xa Ago aoIm{MÌ `mV Amcoco Amho.`m {MÌmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$drZo VwH$mam_m§À`m M[aÌmda àH$me Q>mH$cm Amho. ho H$mimoIramÌ, àM§S> Agm Vw\$mZ gmogmQ>çmMm dmam Am{U gmJamV CgiUmè`m cmQ>m `mV \$gcocrVwH$mam_m§Mr ~moQ>, dmè`m§er, cmQ>m§er _wH$m~cm H$aV gmJa VaÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUmar. `m{MÌUmVyZ H$drZo ZH$iVnUo VwH$mam_m§Mo AàË`jê$n H$pënco Amho. VwH$mam_m§Mo OrdZhrAgoM hmoVo. Ë`m gmJamV AS>H$coë`m Zm¡Ho$gmaIo ApñWa, nU eodQ>r VwH$mam_ Amnë`mAI§S> à`ËZmZo Amnco {ZpíMV Üò` gmÜ` H$aVmV.

VwH$mam_m§Zm {ZOYm_mnmer OmÊ`mgmR>r cmJcocr Vi_i, Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr emoYcocm_mJ©, `m _mJm©V òUmar AZoH$ g§H$Q>o, AZoH$ {~H$Q> àg§J, `mV gmJa, Zmd, cmQ>m, dmao `mà{VH$m§VyZ Cô H$aÊ`mV Amco AmhoV. åhUOoM VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd ho EH$m àM§S> g§Kfm©VyZVmdyZ gwcmIyZ V`ma Pmco Amho. Am{U ho ê$n V`ma hmoV AgVmZm Ë`m§Mm OJmer d ñdV:erMmccocm _mZ{gH$ g§Kf© `mVyZ XmI{dÊ`mV Amcm Amho. Vmo Agm H$s -

""H$Q>mh gigiVm Vgm hm {Xgo qgYwamO Ÿ&~moQ>rMm Pmcm a‚my{dU nmiUmM AmO Ÿ&&H$c§S>oc H|$ìhm V`mMm Zo_ Zg| H$m§hr Ÿ&

Vw_Mo V[a Mmco gmaIo "{dÇ>c aIw_mB©'Ÿ&&''5

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{dÇ>c_` Pmco. m Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmZoM AmnU ^mamdyZ OmVmo. VwH$mam_m§Mm àdmg qH$dm

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Hw$gw_mJ«O - 1984n[aM` -

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325

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`m H${dVoV H$dr åhUVmo H$s, VwH$mam_m§Mr dmQ> VwH$mam_mcmM R>mdr H$s Á`mdmQ>oda MmcyZ Vmo kmZr Pmcm, Amnë`m _ZmVrc dmXio em§V H$aUmam EH$ g§V Pmcm. Am{UB©ídamer Ë`mZo Oo g»`Îd Ho$co, Ë`mVyZM Vmo na_oídamMr cmO H$mT>Ê`mBVH$m _hmZ Pmcm.`m gmè`mV VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd ho H«$_mH«$_mZo H$g-H$go {dH${gV hmoV Joco ho {XgVo.g§H$Q>m§Zr h¡amU Pmcoco VwH$mam_, kmZmÀ`m dmQ>oda Mmcy cmJco. Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Zm _ZmVrc dmXioem§V H$aÊ`mMo `_H$ O_co. Ë`mVyZ g§V åhUyZ Ë`m§Mm Pmcocm {dH$mg `mV H$drZo AË`§Vgw§XanUo eãX~Õ Ho$cm Amho.

Hw$gw_mJ«O nwT>o åhUVmV H$s, VwH$mam_ `mVyZ AmnUmcm g_OVmV, H$mhr A§erAZw^dVmhr `oVmV. nU Ë`m§À`m OrdZmV d ì`pŠV_ÎdmV AgUmao JyT>VoMo dc` VarhrH$m`_ amhVo. nyU©V: VwH$mam_m§Mo ê$n AmnUmcm H$Yr AZw dm`cm oVM Zmhr. `mgmR>rM VoåhUVmV H$s,

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327

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VwH$mam_ ho na_oídamer BVHo$ EH$ê$n Pmco hmoVo H$s, Ë`m§À`m H$miOmV AmnUmcmnm§Sw>a§JmMo nm` {XgVmV. Á`mà_mUo hZw_mZmÀ`m öX`mV am_ gm_mdcoco hmoVo. ho VwH$mam_m§Moê$n {OVHo$ dUm©do {VVHo$ Vo AdU©Zr` Amho. Hw$gw_mJ«Om§À`m H${dVoda VwH$mam_m§Mm à^md{H$Vr àIa hmoVm Vo ñdV: H${dVoV gm§[JVco Amho. `mgmR>rM Hw$gw_mJ«O åhUVmV H$s,""AmË_{Zð>oMo VÎd B§J«Or H$mì`mÀ`m à^mdmZo _amR>r H$mì`mV à{dð> Pmco, Ago _mZUo~amo~a Zmhr. g§Vm§Mo H$mì` ~hþVm§er AmË_na Amho Am{U VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mì`mV Va AmË_naVmnamH$moQ>rcm nmoMcocr Amho. OwÝ`m H$dtVM Zìho Va Zì`m H$dtVhr VwH$mam_m§BVH$m AmË_{Zð>H$dr Xwgam AmT>iUma Zmhr. VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm åhUOo Ë`m§Mo A§V~m©ø AmË_M[aÌ Amho.''12

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328

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329

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{dMma, mdZm ì`ŠV Ho$ë`m AmhoV. VwH$mam_m§Zr Omo _mZdVmdmX _m§S>cm, Xwgè`m§À`m Xw:ImcmAmnco _mZco VoM `m{R>H$mUr ^Q>m§Zr Ho$co Amho. `m JµOc_Ü`o VwH$mam_m§À`m JmWoMm àH$meAmOhr Amåhmcm Mm§Jco OrdZ OJÊ`mgmR>r _mJ©Xe©Z H$aV Amho. Ë`m§À`m JmWoV Ë`m§MoM[aÌ AgyZ Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Zr cmoH$m§g_moa OrdZ H$go OJmdo `mMm n[anmR> R>odcm Amho. åhUyZVa ^Q> åhUVmV H$s,

""AOyZ Ë`mÀ`m àH$memVAmåhr eãX doMV AmhmoV''15

`mVyZ VwH$mam_m§Mo H$mcmZwH«$_o g_mOmcm XrnñV§^mà_mUo _mJ© XmIdUmao ê$nåhUOo A{Ic _mZdmÀ`m CÕmamgmR>r Ë`m§Zm dmQ>Umar AmgŠVr Amho. AmOhr VwH$mam_m§MrgmW AmnUmcm Amho. Ë`m§Mo Amnë`m {dMmamV AgUo, AmMaUmV AgUo åhUOoM Ë`m§Moì`pŠV_Îd Ë`m§Mo AmnU AmMaU H$amdo AgoM Amho Am{U hoM VwH$mam_m§Zm Amnco A{^dmXZAgoc `mV e§H$mM Zmhr.

"EHy$U H${dVm - 2' (1995) {X. nw. {MÌo{X. nw. {MÌ|À`m H${dVmVyZ à{Vq~{~V Pmcoco VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd -"VwH$mam_ dmÊ`mMo nwZéËWmZ'

{X. nw. {MÌo `m§Mr "VwH$mam_ dmÊ`mMo nwZéËWmZ' hr H${dVm "EHy$U H${dVm -2' `m H$mì`g§J«hmVrc Amho. `m H${dVoV VwH$mam_m§Mo Oo ì`pŠV_Îd oVo Vo XmoZ àH$maMoAmho. Ë`mM~amo~a m H${dVoVrc Ame` hm AmOÀ`m dV©_mZH$mcrZ n[apñWVrda AmYmacocmAmho. AmOÀ`m g_mOmMr AgUmar à{VHy$c n[apñWVr Am{U `m nmíd©^y_rda C^o amhUmaoVwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd åhUOo EH$ doJioM g§{_lU Amho. AmOÀ`m g_mOmZo Z¡{VH$VoH$S>o{\$a{dcocr nmR>, ImoQ>m nm§Kacocm à{Vð>oMm ~waIm, ì`gZmYrZVoMr AmgŠVr `m gmè`mnmíd©^y_rda VwH$mam_m§gmaIo, kmZXodm§gmaIo g§Vm§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd g_mOmcm nQ>dyZ XoUoAdKS> Amho. Ë`mVhr OmVrì`dñWoMm, Y_© ì`dñWoMm nJS>m Agcoë`m g_mOmcm `m§MoEH$ê$nÎd g_OmdyZ gm§JUo hr AdKS>M Amho.

330

`m H${dVoV H$dr åhUVmo H$s, VwH$mam_m§À`m M[aÌmda Oo coIZ Pmco Ë`mMo XmoZ^mJ hmoVmV. EH$ nma§n[aH$ gZmVZr cmoH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z _m§S>coco Ë`m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd Am{UA{cH$S>À`m H$mimVrc nwamoJm_r coIH$m§Zr, {dMmad§Vm§Zr g§emoYZm AmYmao C o Ho$coco ì`pŠV_Îd`mV XmoÝhrV AmOMm _mUyg hm VwH$mam_m§À`m _yi ì`pŠV_Îdmcm Z H$iVnUo nmaIm Va hmoVZmhr Zm? Am{U Oa hmoV Agoc Va AmnU VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd g_mOmcm H$emàH$maogm§Jm`cm hdo `mMm {dMma H$am`cm hdm. hr XmoÝhr ì`pŠV_Îdo EH$Ì H$ê$Z EH$ gwdU©_Ü`gmYm`cm hdm. gZmVZr ì`dñWoZo VwH$mam_m§Mo _{cZ ê$n H$go Cô Ho$co Amho Vo gm§JVmZm {X.nw. {MÌo åhUVmV H$s,

""VwH$mam_ dmUr, {MS>Imoa, ^«{_ï>,EH$ gm_m{OH$ Anè, EH$ Aèñdr {ddmhEH$ ^mfoV ^«_cocm {dH¥$V _ZmMm Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmUr,ì`mnmamV R>moH$a Imëcocm, OJm`Mm H$ƒm,VwH$mam_ dmUr EH$ {damQ> VmoV`mC^m Am_À`mg_moa''16

Ago ho VwH$mam_m§Mo A`mo½` ê$n Amnë`m B{VhmgmV H$mhtZr gm§{JVco Amho.

g§Vm§Mr ^ŠVr, lÕm, Ë`m§Mr nma_m{W©H$ AmoT>, A{YH$ma {dMmamV Z KoVm _mUyg ~møcjUmdê$Z H$moUVohr ê$n Cô H$aVmo. H$moUVmhr {dMma Z H$aVm ho Wm§~m`cm hdo Ago H$dråhUVmo. Am{U ho BVHo$ {df_ dmVmdaU AgVmZmhr Amåhr _mÌ S>moio PmH$V AmOhr Oo AmhoVgo ñdrH$maVmo. Am{U ZwgVm Q>miHw$Q>onUm H$arV n§T>arÀ`m dmQ>oda _moH$mQ> MmcV amhVmo.Ë`mnojm VwH$mam_m§Mo EH$ g§V, EH$ H$dr d EH$ _mUyg åhUyZ AgUmao ê$n AmnU {ZVinUoñdrH$maco nm{hOo. nU Ago hmoV Zmhr. VwH$mam_m§Mo nwZéËWmZ ñdrH$maco nm{hOo. åhUOo Ë`m§ZrOo {dMma _m§S>co, Oo ñdV:À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV ê$O{dco Am{U Ë`m§Mm _hmd¥j Ho$cm Vo {dMmaAmnU ñdV:_Ü o YmaU H$ê$Z AmMaUmV AmUco nm{hOoV. Amnë`m _mZ{gH$Vo_Ü o OmVrVyZ,Y_m©VyZ Amcocr Ë`m§Mr Or à{V_m Amho Vr Zï> H$ê$Z Oo VwH$mam_m§Mo Acm¡{H$H$ ê$n Amho, VoñdrH$maco nm{hOo. `m H${dVoVyZ VwH$mam_m§À`m {damoYr ê$nmVyZ d AmYw{ZH$ OrdZe¡crMrË`m§À`m Zì`m ì`pŠV_Îdmer gm§JS> KmcyZ EH$ doJimM Ame` gw§XanUo {MÍ`m§Zr `mV_m§S>cm Amho.

VwH$mam_ dmÊ`mMm gdmc -{X. nw. {MÍ`m§Mr hr VwH$mam_mer g§dmX gmYUmar H${dVm B. g. 1962

"gË`H$Wo'V {c{hcr Jocr. hr H${dVm åhUOo VwH$mam_ Am{U {X. nw. {MÌo `m§Mo _mZ{gH$EH$ê$nÎd ì`ŠV H$aUmar Amho.Á`mà_mUo VwH$am_m§Zr nm§Sw>a§Jmer hm A§Va§Jr g§dmX _m§S>cmË`mMà_mUo {X. nw. {MÌo `m§Zr Vmo VwH$mam_m§er _m§S>cm Amho. EH$ H$dr åhUyZ VwH$mam_m§Mo

331

AgUmao _moR>onU {X. nw. {MÍ`m§Zr AZw^dco hmoVo. Am{U VoM AZw^d Ë`m§Zr `m VwH$mam_m§À`mH${dVoVyZ ì`ŠV Ho$cm Amho. m H${dVoV gwédmVrcmM VwH$mam_m§Mo Oo doJio d AË`§V ~mocHo$Ago ê$n `m H$drZo _m§S>co Amho, Vo Ago H$s -

""AmOda ^m{dH$nUo _mZc§ Ÿ& AmVm ò â añË`mV Ÿ& ôQ> ZmŠ`mda Ÿ&_r qnH$ Q>mH$Vmo Ÿ& gd©ñdmda Ÿ& â JXuV CVa Ÿ& ò WoQ> g_moa Ÿ&g§Vm§Mr CpÀN>ï>o ZH$moV & _cm Jìhmam _cm gm§J ñdV:M§ &EImX§M erV {eOdc§ H$g§ Ÿ&''17

`mV Omo H$drZo VwH$mam_m§er g§dmX gmYcm Amho d Ë`mVyZ VwH$mam_m§Mo EH$AZmH$cZr` ê$n Ë`m§Zr XmI{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. `mV Vo åhUVmV H$s, `m dmñVddV©_mZmV òD$Z _cm ôQ>. VwÂ`m ê$nmMo Xe©Z Xo Am{U _J ~K hr OJÊ`mVrc AñdñWVm.H$drMr VwH$mam_mda EdT>r lÕm Amho H$s Amnë`m àË oH$ àíZmM§ CÎma VwH$mam_ XoD$ eH$Vrc.Amnë`mcm åhUOo g_ñV _mZdOmVrcm Oa àH$memMm _mJ© H$moU XmIdrc Va Vo VwH$mam_M.VwH$mam_ d H$dr `m§À`mV AgUmao ho VmXmËå` AmOÀ`m H$mimV VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMoVoOmo_` _hÎd nQ>dyZ XoVo. H$dr d VwH$mam_m§À`m `m ZmË`m~Ôc S>m°. gXmZ§X _moao åhUVmV

H$s, ""VwH$mo~m§Zr Á`m àH$mao {dÇ>cmer AZoH$ ZmË`m§Zr d AZoH$ ñVam§dê$Z g§dmX gmYcmAmho, Ë`mMà_mUo {MÌo VwH$mo~m§er AZoH$ ZmË`m§Zr d AZoH$ ñVam§dê$Z g§dmX H$aVmV. H$YrVwH$mo~m§Mm AZwZ` H$aVmV Va H$Yr Ë`m§Zm AmìhmZ XoVmV.''18

`m H${dVoV {X. nw. {MÌo `m§Zr VwH$mam_m§er Ho$cocm g§dmX hm H$Yr {_Ì åhUyZòVmo. H$Yr gm§JmVr åhUyZ oVmo, H$Yr CnXoeH$ åhUyZhr oVmo. Va H$Yr ZH$ma åhUyZhr oVmo.`mVyZ Amnë`m àíZmMo CÎma \$ŠV AmnUmcm VwH$mam_M XoD$ eH$VmV. g^modVmcÀ`m OrdZmVn[adV©Z H$aÊ`mMr eŠVr VwH$mo~m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV Am{U {dMmamV hmoVr Am{U åhUyZMAmYw{ZH$ H$mimVgwÕm {MÍ`m§gma»`m H$drcm 17 ì`m eVH$mVrc VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m {dMmamZodoS> cmdco. hr eŠVr VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV hmoVr. _mZ{gH$ nmVirda Pmcoë`m `mg§dmXmV VwH$mam_m§Mo ê$n H$g-H$go mdco ho hr AmnUmcm {XgVo. Am{U ho ê$n mdë`m_wioMVo Ë`m§À`m BVŠ`m doJdoJù`m ZmË`m§Zr ~mocy eH$co Am{U mM mdZoVyZ Ë`m§Zr VwH$mam_m§darc

Amncr lÕm ì`ŠV Ho$cr Amho. `mgmR>r Vo {dÇ>cmcm åhUVmV H$s, {dÇ>cm Vy gJù`mg§Vm§Mm àmU Agcm, gJio g§V VwÂ`m ôQ>rgmR>r Amgwgcoco Agco Var _cm _mÂ`mVwH$mam_m§_Üò Vy {XgVmo. _cm VwÂ`mnojm VwH$mam_M OmñV {à` Amho. Vy Ogm g§Vm§Mm àmUAmho. Vgo VwH$mam_ _mPo àmU AmhoV. Am{U hoM H$drMo VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdmer OS>cocoZmVo {XgVo Vo Ago,

""{dÇ>c Agoc {dÇ>c, Oa Vy Agerc VwH$mam_ Ÿ&XohÿnmgyZ n§T>arn ªV _w§~B©n`ªV _mÂ`mn`ªV Ÿ&àËòH$ AmoirV àËòH$ {Oôda Amnë`m XmoKm§À`m ngaV OmVmo

332

g§e`r {R>nH$mŸ&''19

`m H${dVoV VwH$mam_m§ZmM AZoH$ àíZ {dMmê$Z _mZ{gH$ g§dmXmVyZ H$drZo gmH$maHo$coco VwH$mam_m§Mo à{Vq~~ Amho. ho g_OÊ`mgmR>r H$dr Am{U VwH$mam_ m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMrOmU Am{U Ë`m§À`m g§dmXmVyZ CcJS>Umao cmJo~m§Yo H$iUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Am{U åhUyZMVwH$mam_m§Mo ho ì`pŠV_Îd H$mhrgo AZmH$cZr` d JyT> dmQ>Vo d _amR>r H${dVoV doJionUmZoXmI{dÊ`mgmaIo d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Amho.

VwH$mam_m§Mm A§V -"VwH$mam_' ho {X. nw. {MÌo `m§Mo H${dVoVrc àoaUmòmoV Am{U `mM VwH$mam_m§À`m

ì`pŠV_ÎdmZo mamdyZ OmD$Z OmUrdnyd©H$ VwH$mam_m§da H${dVm {c{hë`m. "VwH$mam_m§Mm A§V'`m H${dVoV VwH$mam_m§À`m à`mUmg§~§Yr Á`m Á`m KQ>Zm gm§{JVë`m OmVmV. Ë`m Ë`m gd© mVAmë`m AmhoV. VwH$mam_m§Mo ZŠH$s eodQ>r H$m` Pmco ? hm emoY {X. ~m. _moH$metZm ¿`m`MmhmoVm. VgmM Vmo {X. nw. {MÍ`m§Zrhr KoVcm Amho.

H$drZo VwH$mam_m§À`m à`mUmg§~§Yr Or {d{dY _Vo AmhoV Vr Z_yX Ho$cr AmhoV.H$moU åhUVmo VwH$mam_m§Zm B§ÐmÙrZo Amnë`mV gm_mdyZ KoVco. H$moU åhUVmo Ë`m§Mm Xoh gXoh

d¡Hw§$R>mcm Jocm. H$moU åhUVmo Vo {dÇ>c {dÇ>c åhUV gÝ`mem§À`m _mJo Joco. Aer AZoH$àH$maMr eŠ`Vm gm§{JVcr Amho. H$dtÀ`m _Vo VwH$mam_m§Mo à`mU ho Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmVyZAmnU OmUyZ KoVco nm{hOo. åhUOoM Á`m nÕVrMo Ë`m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd hmoVo, Ë`mM àH$mamcmAZwê$n Agm Ë`m§À`m Am`wî`mMm eodQ> Pmcm. VwH$mam_m§À`m A^§JmVyZ Ë`m§Mo ê$n AmnUmcm{XgVo. Vo ê$n àËòH$ dmaH$è`mZo, àËòH$ _mUgmZo OmUyZ KoVco nm{hOo. Ago H$dr åhUVmo.Am{U ho ê$n EH$m doJù`m nmVirda H$dr gmH$ma H$aVmV Vo Ago,

""EoH$m gVmS> ngacocm ñdad¡Hw§$R> H§$R>Umam, âS>cocm, ^mH$cocmnhm EH$ KaKaUmao OmVoË`mMr JX© {nRy>i dX©iAm{U _yR> - _yR> - ngm - ngm OÝ_d¡Hw§$R>mÀ`m Vm|S>mV AmoVcocmVwH$mam_mMm Kgm

{dÇ>cmZohr ~gcm ZìhVmŸ&''20

`mVyZ {XgyZ òUmao VwH$mo~m§Mo Xe©Z AZoH$ dc`m§gmaIo Amho. Á`m à_mUo hrdc o Ë`m§Mm AZ§V g§nV Zmhr, Vr JyT> AgVmV, Ë`mMà_mUo VwH$mam_m§Mo ho ì`pŠV_Îd Amho.`mcm Ame`mMo AZoH$ nXa AmhoV. Vo g_OyZ KoD$ZM AmnU VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmcmAZw^dco nm{hOo.

333

B§{Ð`mV ~wS>dcoë`m _mÂ`m døm§VyZ -{X. nw. {MÍ`m§Mr hr H${dVm VwH$mam_m§Zm Amnë`m A^§Jm{df`mMr AgUmar

{dcjU AmoT> àH$Q> H$aVo. Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`mV AgUmè`m g§{MVm{df`r Ë`m§Zm {dídmg Amho.

ho nm§Sw>a§JmMo XoUo Amho. AmnU Zm_Xodm§Mo ho {dÇ>c ê$nr H$m`© _ZmnmgyZ Ho$co Amho. `mMrOmUrd Ë`m§Zm hmoVr. Am{U åhUyZM `m A^§Jm{df`r H$_mcrMm Agcocm AmË_{dídmg `mH${dVoV Amcm Amho. `mVyZ VwH$mam_m§Mr Amnë`m H$m`m©da {H$Vr {dcjU {Zð>m hmoVr VoOmUdVo. Ë`mMà_mUo Am`wî`mÀ`m àËòH$ àg§JmV VmdyZ gwcmIyZ OmUmam AmemdmX Ë`m§À`mì`pŠV_ÎdmV {XgVmo. Ë`m§Mo A §J åhUOo Ë`m§Mo ñdÎd hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m ñdÎdmMm A§V~m©øAm{dîH$ma Ë`m§À`m A^§JmVyZ hmoVmo mMr OmUrd ñdV: VwH$mam_m§Zm hmoVr. Am{U åhUyZM VoåhUVmV H$s,

""B§{Ð`mV ~wS>dcoë`m _mÂ`m døm§VyZòB©c EH$ A\$cmVyZ A^§J Va§JyZgd©^moJr hmoD$Z AZw^dmÀ`m {dfVo_YyZ

AmnmoAmn g_MaU hmoB©c {dÇ>cdOm Amodr''21

`mV VwH$mam_m§Zm Amnë`m A^§JmMr AgUmar Imocr _mhrV hmoVr. ho A^§JåhUOoM Ë`m§Zr ñdV:cm A{cá R>odyZ VQ>ñWnUo C o Ho$coco ñdV: ñdV:Mo ì`pŠV_Îd Amho.`m A^§JmV Ë`m§Zr Oo ñdÎdmMo ê$n Cô Ho$co Amho Vo AmaemVrc à{Vq~~mà_mUo nmaXeuAmho. Á`mà_mUo AmaemV Cô am{hë`mZ§Va ñdV:cm ñdV:Vrc JwUXmofm§Mr OmUrd hmoVo,Ë`mMà_mUo `m A^§JmV Ë`m§Zr ñdV:Mo Oo ì`pŠV_Îd Cô Ho$co Amho Vo g§{_l Amho. Ë`mVAh§H$ma Zmhr. Va ñdV:cm VQ>ñWnUo OmUyZ KoÊ`mMr Vr EH$ H$R>rU narjmM Amho Am{U mH${dVoV ho ñda{MV ì`pŠV_Îd gmH$ma Pmco Amho. Am{U `m_wioM Vo åhUVmV H$s ho gd©

àg§JmVyZ VmdyZ gwcmIyZ {ZKmcoco _mPo ì`pŠV_Îd ho nyU©V: {dÇ>c_` Amho. Ë`mV gd©Ì

àH$me_mZ M¡VÝ` gm_mdcoco Amho.{X. nw. {MÍ`m§Zr eãXm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gmH$ma Ho$coco ho ê$n Ia§M _Zmcm _mohÿZ

Q>mH$Umao Amho. Á`mà_mUo VwH$mam_m§Zr aMcoco A^§J B§ÐmÙrV ~wSy>Z da Amë`mZ§Va VocmoH$m§À`m _ZmV OmD$Z {damO_mZ Pmco. EH$ Zdm a§J Ë`mcm Amcm. Ë`mMà_mUo Amnë`mMeãXm§VyZ AmnUM ñdV: ñdV:Mo aMcoco ho ì`pŠV_Îd hmoVo Ago VwH$mo~m gm§JVmV Am{U ho

B§{Ð`m§À`m VmdS>rVyZ gwQ>coco, _moh{da{hV, _m`m Zgcoco, H$m_H«$moYmcm qOHy$Z {dÇ>cmer

EH$ê$n Pmcoco ho ê$n Amho Ago Ë`m§Zm gm§Jm`Mo Amho. Á`mà_mUo ~r _YyZ ZdrZ A§Hw$a\w$Q>VmV Am{U Ë`mMo hiyhiy d¥jm_Üò ê$nm§Va hmoVo, Ë`mMà_mUo VwH$mam_m§Mo ho ì`pŠV_ÎdQ>ßß`m Q>ßß`mZo {dH${gV hmoV Joco hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm AZoH$ H$R>rU narjm§Zm gm_moao Omdo

cmJco Am{U Z§VaM ho Ë`m§À`mVrc {dÇ>cmer EH$ê$n Pmcoco ì`pŠV_Îd àH$Q> Pmco Amho.

334

`mà_mUo {X. nw. {MÍ`m§Zr VwH$mam_m§ZmM {ZdoXH$ H$ê$Z VwH$mam_m§À`mM eãXmV VwH$mam_m§MoMEH$ doJio ê$n XmI{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. Am{U `mM àH$mam§Mr ZmZm ê$no Ë`m§ZrAmnë`m AZoH$ H${dVm§VyZ gmXa Ho$cr. åhUyZM S>m°. gXmZ§X _moao åhUVmV H$s, ""dmaH$ar

na§nam, {dÇ>c Am{U VwH$mo~m {MÍ`m§À`m H${dVoVyZ BVŠ`m {dnwcVoZo oVmV, H$s Aem H${dVm§MmMEH$ doJim g§J«h hmoD$ eHo$c.''22 `mVyZ H$drcm VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdm{df`r AgUmarAmoT>, AmpË_`Vm OmUdVo Am{U åhUyZM Ë`m§À`m eãXmVyZ VwH$mam_m§Mr darcà_mUo {d{dYê$no nmhmd`mg {_iVmV.

VwH$mam_m§Mm AkmVdmg -VwH$mam_m§À`m OrdZ{df`H$ AmoT>rVyZ, Ë`m§À`m à^mdmZo {dMmamZo mamdyZ OmD$Z

{X. nw. {MÌo m§Zr Oo H$mì`coIZ Ho$co Vo A{Ve` d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Amho. Am{U mM d¡{eîQ>çnyU©VoMmAmUIrZ EH$ Am{dîH$ma AmnUmcm "VwH$mam_mMm AkmVdmg' `m H${dVoV {XgyZ oVmo.H${dVoMo erf©H$ Amnë`m {dMmam^modVr AZoH$ àíZ{MÝho C^r H$aVmV. H$maU Amnë`m_m{hVrZwgma VwH$mam_ H$Yr AkmVdmgmV JocoM ZìhVo. Am{U _J hm AkmVdmg H$moUVm ?Agm àíZ Amnë`mg_moa C^m amhVmo. VwH$mam_m§À`m M[aÌmMm {OVH$m doY AmnU KoV AmVAmV OmVmo, {VVH$o Ë`m M[aÌmMo AZoH$ a§J `m H${dVoV H$drZo gm§{JVcm Amho.

`m H${dVoV oUmao VwH$am_m§Mo ê$n ho AmnUmcmM àíZ {dMmaVo. _r Jocmo, _rnimcmo, _mPm ñ_¥{V^«§e Pmcm Ago ZmZm {d{dY A\$dm Vwåhr cmoH$ gm§JVm. nU _rVw_À`mVM Amho. Varhr Vwåhr Ago H$m åhUVm ho _cm H$iV Zmhr. Am{U VwH$mam_m§Mo hoAgUo H$go Amho ho nwT>rc AmoirVyZ H$drZo gm§{JVcm Amho. Vo Ago,

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`mV òUmao ho VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd åhUOo Ë`m§Mo MamMa g¥ï>rer EH$ê$nAgUmao ê$n Amho. `mV Vo gm§JVmV H$s _r Hw$R>ohr nimcmo Zmhr, hadcmo Zmhr Va _r BWoMAmho. àËòH$mÀ`m Jù`mV gwamà_mUo AÑí` Amho. àËòH$mÀ`m œmgmV, Ü`mgmV, {dMmamVAmho. H$drZo `m {R>H$mUr ho KS>dcoco VwH$mam_m§Mo ê$n IamoIaM gw§Xa Amho. Á`mà_mUo

nm§S>dm§Zm EH$ dfm©Mm AkmVdmg ^moJmdm cmJcm Vmo gwÕm Amncr Iar AmoiI ~mOycm

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`m H${dVoV åhUyZM VwH$mam_ åhUVmV, H$s Hw$R>ohr Jocmo ZgVmZm Vwåhr "VwH$mam_hadcm', "VwH$m hadcm' Ago åhUy ZH$m. Va _r {ZË` Vw_À`m àË oH$mV gm_mdcmo Amho.AmMmamV Amho. Am{U Ago ho Pmcoco EH$ê$nÎd Vwåhr {dgê$ ZH$m. _mPo Vw_À`mV AgUoåhUOo Vwåhmcm àH$memMr dmQ> XmI{dUo Amho, ho {dgê$ ZH$m. Am{U _r Hw$R>oVar Jocmo AmhoAgm ImoQ>m S>§H$m dmOdy ZH$m. VwH$mam_m§Mo ho ì`pŠV_Îd {X. nw. {MÌo `m§Zr gw§Xa eãXm§À`m_mÜ`_mVyZ A{Ve` ^mdnyU© arVrZo gmH$ma Ho$co Amho. `mVyZ OZgm_mÝ`m§À`m _ZmVVwH$mam_m§{df`r AgUmar AmnconUmMr AmoT> {XgVo. Am{U åhUyZM `m H${dVoVyZ gmH$maPmcoco VwH$mam_m§Mo Xe©Z AmnUmcm ^mamdyZ Q>mH$Vo.

"Xohÿ 1988'"Xohÿ 1988' hr {X. nw. {MÌo `m§Mr H${dVm. `m H${dVoV H$drZo Amnë`mV

gm_mdcoco VwH$mam_m§Mo à{Vq~~ XmIdco Amho. Am{U ho ê$n CcJS>V AgVmZm EH$ AZm{_H$Aer AmoT> Amnë`mcm VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdm~Ôc hmoVr Ago H$drcm dmQ>V amhVo.`mMà_mUo VwH$mam_ Am{U Amnë`m_Üò EH$ Ako` YmJm Amho. 1608 _Üò Pmcoco VwH$mam_Am{U 20 ì`m eVH$mV OÝ_coco {X. nw. {MÌo. H$mimMm EH$ {demc nQ> `m XmoKm§_Üò AmhoAm{U Varhr H$dr hm VwH$mam_m§Zm oQ>Vmo Amho, ~mocVmo Amho. Ë`mÀ`mer g§dmX gmYVmo Amho.Aer hr H${dVm Amnë`mcm gm§JVo. {X. nw. {MÌo `m§Mr hr H${dVm åhUOo VwH$mam_m§MmAmOÀ`m H$mimVrc EH$ gw§Xa Am{dîH$ma Amho. mVyZ VwH$mam_m§er d Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdmer{X. nw. {MÌo `m§Zr EH$ d¡pídH$ ZmVo OmoS>co Amho. Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm AgUmam à^mdAmnë`mV gm_mdyZ KoÊ`mMm nwaonya à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho.

Á`mà_mUo {dÇ>cmer EH$ê$n Pmco hmoVo, Ë`mMà_mUo {X. nw. {MÌo ho VwH$mam_m§erEH$ê$n Pmcoco AmnUmcm {XgyZ òVmV. Am{U ho oUmao ê$n Imcrc AmoirV {XgVo.

""_r {dÇ>>cmMm àH$me H$YrMnm{hcocm Zmhr, \$ŠV VwH$mam_mMrAmoPaVr gmdcr, AmoPaVm eãXAmH$memcm, Mam nmS>Umam,CÈ>mUmMm, WoQ> _mÂ`m Mohè`mdê$ZJocr Vr gmdcr, V|ìhmnmgyZAgm H$mid§S>cmo, `m OÝ_r ''24

`mV {X. nw. {MÌo m§Mm nm§Sw>a§JM "VwH$mam_' Amho. Am{U Omo H$mhr VwH$mam_m§À`mê$nmMm Ë`m§Zm gmjmËH$ma Pmcm Amho, Vmo {Xì` AZw^yVrnojm H$mhr H$_r Zmhr. VwH$mam_m§À`mA^§JmVyZ VwH$mam_m§Mo AZw^dm`cm Amcoco ì`pŠV_Îd ho H$drcm COiyZ Q>mH$Vo. Am{UåhUyZM S>m°. gXmZ§X _moao `m H${dVo{df`r d Ë`mVrc ì`pŠV_Îdm{df`r åhUVmV H$s,

336

""{dÇ>c, VwH$mo~m Am{U {MÌo `m§À`m ZmË`mMm CcJS>m Xohÿ : Zmoìh|~a 1988 `m H${dVo_YyZPmcm Amho.''25 Am{U hm A{^àm` `Wm`mo½` AgmM Amho.

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Xohÿ - Owcm` 1989VwH$mam_mdarc {X. nw. {MÍ`m§Mr hr H${dVm àW_Xe©Zr Û¡AWu Amho Ago dmQ>Vo.

EH$ Va hr H${dVm VwH$mam_m§Zr {dÇ>cmcm CÔoeyZ {c{hcr Amho Ago dmQ>Vo Am{U hmM Ame`"Xohÿ - Owcm` 1989' m H${dVoV XoIrc Ë`m§Zr _m§S>cm Amho. VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m AmamÜ`X¡dV {dÇ>cmcm Amnë`m _ZmMr ì`mHy$i AdñWm XmI{dcr Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo Vo {dÇ>cmcmåhUVmV, H$s _cm H$mhr ZH$mo, nU VwÂ`m N>mòV _cm Zoh_r R>od. _r AkmZr hr Zmhr Am{UkmZr hr Zmhr Aer _mPr AdñWm Pmcr Amho. `mVyZ VwH$mam_ ho nm§Sw>a§Jmer {H$Vr EH$ê$nPmco hmoVo ho {XgVo. Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`m§À`mV AgUmar crZVm, Z_«Vm, ì`mHy$iVm, _¥XwVm {XgyZoVo.

`m H${dVoVyZ Omo Xwgam Ame` àH$Q> hmoVmo Vmo H$drMr VwH$mam_m{df`r AgUmarAÝ`moÝ` ^ŠVr n«H$Q> XmIdyZ XoVmo. Á`mà_mUo VwH$mam_ Amncr ì`mHy$iVm {dÇ>cmnmer~mocUo XmI{dVmV, Ë`mMà_mUo H$drhr Amncr AgUmar AñdñWVm VwH$mam_m§Zm gm§JVmV.H$drcm VwH$mam_m{df`r AgUmar {Za§Va AmoT> oWo {XgyZ oVo. Á`mà_mUo {dÇ>cmÀ`m Xe©ZmgmR>rVwH$mam_ Amgwgcoco hmoVo, Ë`mMà_mUo VwH$mam_m§À`m Xe©ZmgmR>r H$dr Amgwgcoco AmhoV. AgoH$drcm dmQ>Vo. BVH$s H$_mcrMr EH$ê$nVm AmnUmcm `mV {XgVo. H$drÀ`m {dMmamV,AmMmamV AmnUmcm VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmÀ`m IwUm {XgVmV. åhUOoM VwH$mam_m§À`mA §JmVyZ {XgyZ oUmao VwH$mam_ AmnUmcm {X. nw. {MÌo m§À`m H${dVoVhr {XgyZ oVmV. Am{UåhUyZM VwH$mam_ ho {MÍ`m§À`m H${dVoVhr {XgyZ òVmV. Am{U åhUyZM VwH$mam_ ho {MÍ`m§À`mH${dVoMm EH$ _yc^yV KQ>H$ Amho. hoM `m H${dVoVyZ H$drcm gm§Jm`Mo Amho.

337

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_wOam Amho. `mV EH$ {demc Ago VwH$mam_m§Mo ê$n AË`ën eãXmV _m§S>Ê`mV Amco Amho.doMH$ eãXm§Mm g_n©H$ dmna ho m H${dVoMo d¡{eîQ>ç AmnUmcm {XgyZ oVo. _amR>r H${dVoVMZìho Va _amR>r gm{hË`mV VwH$mam_m§Mo AgUmao EH$ Acm¡{H$H$ ê$n `mV H$drZo XmI{dcoAmho. Am{U `mVyZM VwH$mam_m§Zm Ë`m§Zr eãXm§Mr gwdU©_mcm KmVcr Amho. `m H${dVoV H$drgm§JVmo H$s,

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338

gm§JVmZm S>m°.gXmZ§X _moao gm§JVmV H$s, ""VwH$mo~m Am{U _amR>r ^mfm `m§Mo {ZH$Q>Mo ZmVocjmV KoD$Z B§J«OrV Oo ñWmZ eoŠg{nAaMo, Vo _amR>rV VwH$mo~m§Mo Ago åhUV VwH$mo~m{edm`_amR>r Zmhr Aer y{_H$m KoUmao nyd©gwar {MÍ`m§Zmhr cm^co hmoVo. nU {MÍ`m§Mo VwH$mo~m Ho$di_amR>r H${dVonwaVo dm mfonwaVo _`m©{XV amhV ZmhrV.''29 Am{U hoM VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îdm§MoAgUmao Acm¡{H$H$Îd {X. nw. {MÌo `m§Zr nmíMmÎ` gm{hË`mVhr XmIdyZ {Xco. Ë`m_wioM_amR>r H${dVoV VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdmcm {eamo^yV _mZyZ H${dVm {c{hUmao H$dr åhUyZ{X. nw. {MÌo Zoh_rM {Ma§VZ amhVrc.

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339

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Oo EH$ ê$n H$dr eãX~Õ H$aVmo Vo A{Ve` _Zmoha Ago Amho. Vo Ago -

""A_¥VmMm doc OJr A§Hw$acmd§Ú hmo gH$cm VwH$mam_'' 31

åhUOoM Ë`m§À`m OÝ_mV Ë`m§Mo EH$ nmacm¡{H$H$ ê$n à{Vq~{~V Pmcoco AmnUmcmOmUdVo. VwH$mam_m§Mo ~mcê$n ho lrH¥$îUmÀ`m ~mcê$nmà_mUo gwHw$_ma c{S>dmi d ZQ>IQ>Ago hmoVo. Ë`mV EH$ _mòMm Amocmdm hmoVm. gmpÎdH$ Ago VoO hmoVo. ~mo~S>çm ~mocrV EH$Anyd© AmnconUm hmoVm Am{U Ago ho gw§Xa _mo{hV H$aUmao VwH$mam_m§Mo ~mcê$n `mV òVo. VoAgo -

""pñZ½Y N>m`m {ear _mVm {nË`m§MrKar dmho J§Jm XwYm VwnmMrnmogcm gwaoI Xoh H$modimZri H$_cmMm cmô VOocmS>moio nmUrXma {hao A_mocÐmjmhÿZr JmoS> ~mo~S>o ~moc'' 32

chmZnUmnmgyZ AgUmao VoO ho àËòH$ d`mV dmT>VM Jococo AmnUmcm {XgyZòVo. chmZnUr Amnë`m AmB© dS>rcm§Zm {dÇ>c-éŠ_mB© _mZyZ Ë`m§Mr _Zmo^mdo godm H$aUmaoVwH$mam_, Amnë`m _mD$crMm àËòH$ eãX nmiUmao VwH$mam_, d{S>cm§Mm ào_`wŠV AmXaH$aUmao VwH$mam_ mV ŠVrV X§J Pmcoco AmnUmg {XgVmV. VwH$mam_m§Mo ho ê$n nwT>o Am wî`âAmnUmcm A{YH$m{YH$ àJë^ ñdê$nmV {XgyZ Amco. Vê$UnUmVhr EH$ dmUr gmdH$maAm{U Varhr EH$ CÎm_ _wcJm åhUyZ VwH$mam_m§Mo AgUmao EH$ ê$n m{R>H$mUr H$drZo C o Ho$co

Amho. VéUnUmV _mohmMo nme AgyZgwÕm AmMmamZo, {dMmamZo AË`§V _Zmohmar AgUmao Ë`m§Mo

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à{Vq~~ `mV oVo. Vo Ago -""ñd^md C_Xm hgar _wÐm _Ywa Ver dmUrgm¡OÝ`mMr emo^V _yVu {Z_©c AmMaUrVê$UnUmVhr Vmoc _ZmMm H${Y Zmhr T>icm''33

`mà_mUo VméÊ`mV AgUmao VwH$mam_m§Mo ê$n ho àËòH$mcm Amnë`m _wcmV AgoJwU AgmdoV, Ago dmQ>m`cm cmdUmao hmoVo. VwH$mam_mgmaIm _wcJm Amnë`mcm hdm hmoVm,Ago àËòH$ AmB© ~mnmcm dmQ>mdo BVHo$ ho ê$n CËH¥$ï> hmoVo. `m Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdmcm,gXmMmamMm, AmMaUmMm EH$ AË §V _hÎdmMm ^mJ OmoS>cm Jocm hmoVm. `mM d`mV Ë`m§ZrAmnë`m narZo AZoH$ J«§Wm§Mo dmMZ Ho$co. `mVyZ Ë`m§Mr ñdV:Mr {dMma H$aÊ`mMr j_VmVm{H$©H$Voda, H$gmoQ>rda kmZ nS>VmiUo B. AZoH$ Jmoï>r gmÜ` Pmcoë`m {XgVmV.

VwH$mam_m§À`m Am`wî`mV Á`m KQ>Zm d àg§J KS>co Ë`mVyZM VwH$mam_m§À`mì`pŠV_ÎdmV n[adV©Z hmoV Joco. ho n[adV©Z hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm ñd`§àkoMm \$ma _moR>m Cn`moJPmcm. Iao Va m_wio Vo OrdZmVrc emídV gË` emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mg àd¥Îm Pmco. EdT>oM ZìhoVa Vo emoYyZ H$mTy>Z Vr IS>Va nm`dmQ> Ë`m§Zr gmYZ _mZyZ Oo gmÜ` Amho, Vo Ë`mn`ªVnmohmoMco. `m ñd`§àko_wio _mUgmVcm newnUm, g¡VmZ Ë`m§Zm {Xgcm Vmo XwîH$mimV. Am{U`m_wio Ë`m§À`m _ZmMr Pmcocr hmoani, àmUr_mÌm§{df`r AgUmar Anma H$ê$Um AmnUmcmË`m§À`m nwT>rc ê$nmV {XgyZ oVo. Vr Aer -

"ídmZ ~mnwS>o {~cJo nm`mJm|Omê$Zr V`m ñ\w§$Xo VwH$`mVwÂ`mnar _r AZmW, XoD$ ^mH$ar Hw$R>cr Vwcm?''34

VwH$mam_m§À`m cm¡{H$H$ Am`wî`mVM Ë`m§Mo nma_m{W©H$ Am`wî` AmH$mamcm òVJoco. XwîH$mimVyZ ~mhoa nSy>Z Am`wî`mMm Iam AW© emoYUmao VwH$mam_ nwT>rc Am wî`mVna_oídamÀ`m MaUmer crZ hmoVmV. OrdZmMm n`m©`mZo ñdV:Mm emoY KoVmV. `mgmR>r Ë`m§ZrEH$m§VdmgmMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm. `m{R>H$mUr Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdmcm EH$ Acm¡{H$H$ VoO àmáPmco. `m EH$m§VdmgmV AgUmao Ë`m§Mo ê$n Amnë`mcm H$dr XmI{dVmo Vo Ago -

""H$mimMo ^mZ ZmhrJw§J g_mYrV amhr~mø OJmMr CnmYr {edoZm _Zmcm.''""M§Ðq~~mMm H$s Jm^memo o Ü`mZñV VwH$mo~m{ZO©Z Ë`m {Jar^mJm Zdm ò VOocm ''35

`mà_mUo nma_m{W©H$ àdmgmV VwH$mam_m§Mo EH$ VoO:nw§O ì`pŠV_Îd {dH${gV

341

Pmcoco AmnUmcm {XgyZ òVo. `mZ§Va Ë`m§Mr A §JdmUr Am{U Ë`m A^§JmV {dcrZ hmoUmaoa__mU hmoUmao VwH$mo~m åhUOo H$mì` d à{V^m `m§Mm gwaoI g§J_ `m{R>H$mUr nmhmd`mg{_iVmo. Ë`m§Mr A §J dmUr åhUOoM AmOÀ`m H$mimVrc VwH$mam_m§Mo EH$ A_yV© ì`pŠV_Îd.ho A §JH$ma åhUyZ AgUmao VwH$mam_m§Mo ê$n `mV gw§XanUo Amco Amho. Vo Ago -

""Am_«dZr {à` dg§V Amcmg§V VwH$m hm H$mo{H$i Pmcm_wŠV _ZmZo JmV a§Jcm`m YaVrÀ`m ^m½`mMm Vmo gwdU©{XZ R>acm''36

VwH$mam_m§À`m nma_m{W©H$ {dH$mgmV Ë`m§Zm AZoH$ g§H$Q>m§Zm gm_moao Omdo cmJco.Am{U ho gmao H$aVM Ë`m§Zr ñdV:Mm {dH$mg gmYcm. VwH$mam_m§Zr `m H$mimV VËH$mcrZg_mOm_Üò n[adV©Z H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. cmoH$m§Zm ^ŠVrMr nm`dmQ> XmI{dcr. åhUyZM~mnQ> åhUVmV, ""^ŠVrMm S>m§Jmoam {nQy>Z AZ² g_VoMm àgma H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr Ak OZVocmAmË_moÞVrMm _mJ© XmI{dcm. Vo gƒo cmoH$godH$ AZ² _mZdVoMo CnmgH$ hmoVo.''37

VwH$mam_m§À`m nma_m{W©H$ ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo ho {d{dY n¡cy m JÚ-nÚ H${dVmg§J«hmVyZXmI{dÊ`mV Amco AmhoV. na_oídamer cmS>Š`m {dÇ>cmer EH$ê$n ho VwH$mam_m§Mo ê$nåhUOo {Odm-{edmMr ôQ> Amho. EH$ gmYo, gai, nma§n[aH$ VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd `mH$drZo Amnë`mcm XmIdyZ {Xco Amho. Ë`mV H$moUVmhr ~§S>ImoanUm qH$dm à{VH$ma Zmhr.òUmè`m n[apñWVrda gZXera, gm¡å` _mJm©Zo à{VH$ma H$ê$Z BpÀN>V gmÜ` àmá H$aUmaoVwH$mo~m `mV AmnUmcm {XgyZ oVmV. nma§nm[aH$, nma_m{W©H$ ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm hm Am{dîH$maAgcm Var Vmo d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Amho. H$maU Vmo nÚmV Amho. H$mì`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ BVŠ`m{dñV¥VnUo Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm KoVcocm AmT>mdm Ho$di `mVM AmnUmcm {XgyZ òVmo.Am{U åhUyZM EH$ gmYo, ~mnS>o ì`pŠV_Îd ho a{gH$m§À`m _Zmcm Zoh_rM ^mdVo. Ago hoVwH$mam_m§Mo ê$n `mV Amcoco Amho.

n§T>arÀ`m dmQ>oda - 2001, {dÇ>c dmKn[aM` -

{dÇ>c {^H$mOr dmK `m§Mm OÝ_ 1945 amoOr qhJUr, {O. AH$mocm òWo Pmcm.AH$mocm oWrc {edmOr _hm{dÚmc`mV _amR>rMo àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ godm. Ë`mM _hm{dÚmc`mVàmMm`© åhUyZ {Zd¥Îm. "nma§n[aH$ dèhmS>r åhUtMm gdmªJrU Aä`mg' `m {df`mdanrEM². S>r. "H$m`m _mVrV _mVrV' (1991) hm Ë`m§Mm CëcoIZr` H$mì`g§J«h. "A§Yma`mÌm'ho ZmQ>H$. g§V JmS>Jo~m~m§À`m OrdZmda "S>o~y' hr H$mX§~ar Am{U "dèhmS>r åhUr d cmoH$Y_©'hm g§emoYZna J«§W hr gm{hË` g§nXm. nQ>H$Wm d g§dmX AgUmar "JmoQ>çm' hr cmoH${à`XyaXe©Z _m{cH$m. "XodH$sZ§XZ Jmonmcm' m {MÌnQ>mMr H$Wm-nQ>H$Wm-g§dmX d gh{X½Xe©Z,

342

dmacr OrdZmda AmYm[aV "H$mO' hr Q>o{c{\$ë_, "amKy _¡Zm',"gwdªVm', "Aao g§gma g§gma' m{MÌnQ>m§gmR>r JrV coIZ Ho$co Amho.

"n§T>arÀ`m dmQ>oda' `m H$mì`g§J«hmVrc H${dVm§VyZ à{Vq~{~V Pmcoco VwH$mam_m§Moì`pŠV_Îd -

"Ymdm' {dÇ>c dmK `m§À`m "n§T>arÀ`m dmQ>oda' `m H$mì`g§J«hmVrc hr H${dVmE[àc 2010 gmcr à{gÕ Pmcr. `m H${dVoV {dR²>R>c dmKm§Zr VwH$mam_m§Mo nm§Sw>a§JmÀ`môQ>rgmR>r Amgwgcoco _Z Am{U {dÇ>cmZo VwH$mam_ òUma åhUyZ Ho$cocr V`mar `mVyZ CôamhUmao {dÇ>c d VwH$mam_m§Mo ZmVo eãX~Õ Ho$bo Amho. EH$ ^ŠV åhUyZ VwH$mam_m§Zmcm^cocm nm§Sw>a§JmÀ`m ê$nmMm Ü`mg Va EH$ ^ŠV òUma åhUyZ nm§Sw>a§JmMo hancoco ^mZCËH$Q>nUo ì`ŠV Pmco Amho. `mVyZ VwH$mam_m§Mo ^ŠV åhUyZ oUmao ê$n gmpÎdH$, ^mdnyU©,a_Ur` Amho. Am{U VwH$mam_m§À`m òÊ`mZo {dÇ>cmMr Pmcocr {dah AdñWm XmIdyZVwH$mam_m§À`m ^ŠV ê$nmcm EH$m {d{eï> C§Mrda Zoco Amho. VwH$mam_ d {dR>mo~m `m§À`mVAgUmao ho A{^Þ ê$n XmI{dVmZm H$dr åhUVmV,

""Xohÿ JmdmhÿZ {ZKmco VwH$mo~m Ÿ&n§T>arV dmQ> nmhVr {dR>mo~mŸ&&''38

`mV VwH$mo~m Am{U {dc `m XmoKm§Zm EH$_oH$m§À`m ôQ>rMr cmJcocr Amg{XgyZ oVo. mV g§V kmZXodm§Mmhr CëcoI Amcm Amho. XohÿVyZ n§T>arcm OmVmZm Ë`m _mD$crMoXe©Z KoVë`m{edm` ^ŠVmMm nm` nwT>o {ZKV Zmhr. åhUOo `mVhr kmZXod d VwH$mam_ `m§MoAgUmao g»`Îdhr XmIdco Amho.

VwH$mam_m§Zm Á`mà_mUo {dÇ>cmcm oQ>Ê`mMr Amg cmJcr hmoVr. hm na_ {ZamH$ma^ŠV H$gm Agoc H$s Á`mgmR>r na~«÷ Amgwgcoco Amho. Ago {Vcm dmQ>V hmoVo. VwH$mam_m§À`m{dahmZo nm§Sw>a§JmMr Pmcocr {dahmdñWm `m XmoKmV AZoH$ ZmË`m§Mr drU KmcVmV. {à`H$a-ào`gr, _mVm-nwÌ `m§À`mV Á`mà_mUo {dahmMo ZmVo CËH$Q> AgVo, Ë`mMà_mUo Vo VwH$mam_-{dÇ>cmVhr hmoVo. `mV `m XmoKm§H$S>o XmoÝhrhr ê$no òVmV. Am{U åhUyZM VwH$mam_m§À`mì`pŠV_ÎdmV AmnUmcm {dahmZo ì`mHy$i Pmcocr {damUr {XgVo. VwH$mam_ {dÇ>cmcmôQ>ë`mZ§Va XmoKm§À`m _Zm§Mr Pmcocr V¥ár, g_mYmZ Am{U mVyZ V`ma Pmcoco EH$ ZdrZ ê$nH$drZo gmH$ma Ho$co Vo Ago -

""YmdV ò VwH$m Ÿ& CVmamMr dmQ>Ÿ&Xodo Joco Ë`mMm Ÿ& P|S>m C§MmdV Ÿ&&''39

`mVyZ VwH$mam_ d {dÇ>c `m§Mr ê$no nañnamV {H$Vr A{^ÞnUo EH$ê$n PmcrhmoVr, ho {XgyZ òVo. m H${dVoVyZ gmH$ma Pmcoco VwH$mam_m§Mo nm§Sw>a§J_` ê$n Am{U nm§Sw>a§JmMoVwH$mam_ ê$n åhUOo EH$ AZwn_ gmohim Amho. Omo Ad{U©` Amho. Zm_Xodm§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmVAgUmar CËH$Q> ^ŠVr oWo VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV AmnUmcm {XgyZ òVo. `mMo H$maU

343

Zm_Xodm§Mo VwH$mam_ ho A§eM hmoVo Am{U åhUyZ Zm_Xod-VwH$mam_ ho EH$ê$n Pmcoco ê$n gwÕm`mV nmhmd`mg {_iVo. `mV òUmao VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd ho ^mddoS>o ì`pŠV_Îd Amho.Am{U Vo AmnUmcm ^mddoS>o ~Z{dVo.

"nmhUo' -{dÇ>c dmKm§Mr hr H${dVm åhUOo EH$m g§VmMo Xwgè`m g§Vmcm CamCar oQ>Uo

Amho. `mV kmZXod d VwH$mam_ `m§Mr ôQ> XmIdyZ `m XmoÝhr g§VmV AgUmar AmoT>, Ë`m§À`mì`pŠV_ÎdmV AgUmao gmå` H$drZo _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. Iao Va XmoKm§Mo H$m © nañnanyaH$ nU na§nam doJir. EH$ ZmWn§Wr` Va EH$ M¡VÝ`n§Wr`. EH$mZo `moJ_mJm©Mm nwañH$maHo$cm Va Xwgè`mZo ^ŠVr_mJm©Mm. Am{U Varhr XmoÝhr ì`pŠV_Îdo nañnanyaH$ AmhoV. H$maUXmoKm§Mo H$m © Pmco dmaH$ar n§WmgmR>rM. Am{U hoM VwH$mam_m§À`m d kmZXodm§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmVAgUmao EH$Îd XmIdco Amho Vo Ago -

""kmZmo~m VwH$mo~m oQ> CamCar Ÿ&{_Q>Vgo Xyar XmohmoVcr&&''40

""gmohim Zm Eogm nm{hòcm Hw$Ur&A_¥V {_iUr A_¥VmerŸ&&''41

`mVyZ VwH$mam_ d kmZXod m§Mo Pmcoco EH$ê$nÎd d Ë`mVyZ Zì`mZo V`ma PmcocoEH$ Acm¡{H$H$ ì`pŠV_Îd åhUOo nm§Sw>a§JM hmo`. Am{U ho ê$n ~KyZ Ë`m {dQ>odarc Vo gmdiona~«÷ nU AmZ§XyZ OmVo. Amnë`mM ôQ>rMm hm gmohim Agë`mgmaIo Vo gwImdyZ OmVo.`mVyZ hr XmoÝhr Acm¡{H$H$ ì`pŠV_Îdo gw§XanU>o Am{dîH¥$V Pmcr AmhoV.

ôQ> -`m H${dVoV {dÇ>c dmKm§Zr kmZXod d VwH$mam_ m§MrM ê$no e×~Õ Ho$cr AmhoV.

VwH$mam_m§Zr kmZXodm§Zm ôQ>Uo åhUOo EH$ M¡VÝ`_` ê$nmMo Xwgè`m M¡VÝ`_` VÎdmV {dcrZhmoUo Amho. mà_mUo m H${dVoV gmonmZXod d VwH$mam_ m§Mrhr oQ> Am{U Ë`m§Zm nañnam§{df`rdmQ>Umar AmXamMr ^mdZmhr Amcr Amho. AË`ën Aer hr ghm AmoitMr H${dVm AgyZ"nmhUo' `m H${dVoVrc Ame` `m H${dVoV Amcm Amho. `mVyZ H$drMr `m g§Vm§À`m ~m~VrVAgUmar AmË_r`Vm, lÕm àH$Q> hmoVo. AmOÀ`m H$mimV H$mhtZr Oo ho ZmH$maco Ë`mVyZ{dÇ>c dmKm§Zr EH$ doJirM {Xem {Xcr Amho. OoWo g§Vm g§Vm_Üò EH$ê$nÎd Amho VoWo Ë`m§ZmdoJio H$aUmao AmnU H$moU? Agm àíZhr ZH$iV Ë`m§Zr CnpñWV Ho$cm Amho. mV kmZXodm§À`mì`pŠV_ÎdmMm VwH$mam_m§da Ho$dT>m à^md hmoVm H$s, _mCcrcm oQ>Uo åhUOo àË`j M¡VÝ`_`hmoUo Ago VwH$mam_m§Zm dmQ>o. Am{U `m gmè`m à^mdmVyZM VwH$mam_m§Mo OJX²Jwê$ VwH$mam_ho ì`pŠV_Îd gmH$ma Pmco. åhUOoM VwH$mam_ AmH$memEdT>o _moR>o Pmco. ho VwH$mam_m§Moì`pŠV_Îd ho Cn_m {Xë`mà_mUo IamoIaM ì`mnH$ Am{U {demc Amho.

344

Q>ßnm -`m H${dVoV {dÇ>c dmKm§Zr VrZ ê$no EH$Ì AmUyZ Ë`mVyZ AÛ¡VÎd XmI{dco

Amho. lr g§Vloð> _mCcr d Ë`m§Mo ~§Yy gmonmZXod `m§Mr Pmcocr CamD$ar ôQ>. `m ôQ>rgmR>rAmgwgcoco XmoZ Ord Am{U Ë`mVyZM AmËå`mcm cm^coco gwI `mV Amco Amho. kmZXod dgmonmZXod hr XmoZ ^md§S>o EH$_oH$mcm ôQ>Ê`mgmR>r AZmda Pmcr AmhoV. Am{U Ooìhm hrôQ>VmV Voìhm na_mË_m ôQ>ë`mMm AmZ§X hmoVmo. Am{U hm AmZ§X {ÛJw{UV hmoVmo Vmo OJV²JwéVwH$mam_m§_wio. `m {VKm§Mr ôQ> hr AmÜ`mpË_H$ nmVirdaMr Amho. cm¡{H$H$mV hr ôQ> eŠ`Zmhr. m {VKm§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmVyZ EH$ ZdrZ AÛ¡V VÎd {Z_m©U hmoVo. Am{U Vr ê$no åhUOoM~«÷m, {dîUy, _hoe dmQ>mdo BVH$s EH$ê$n AmhoV. ho ê$n H${dVoV òVo Vo Ago -

""ôQ>rMm harH$ dmQ>o OZcmoH$m Ÿ&XohÿMm ò VwH$m H$m¡VwH$mg &&''42

`mV ì`pŠVe: VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd eãXe: Amco Zgco Var kmZXod dgmonmZXod m§Zm dmQ>Umao VwH$mam_m§Mo AmH$f©U Am{U VwH$mam_m§Zr hr oQ> nmhÿZ Ë`m§À`m AmZ§Xmcmnmamdma Z CaUo `mVM `m {VÝhr ì`pŠV_Îdm§Mo EH$ê$nÎd XmI{dÊ`mV Amco Amho.

`m gd©M H${dVmVyZ {dÇ>c dmKm§Zr KoVcocm VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMmdoY hm cjUr` Amho. `mcm J«m_rU ^mfoMm ~mO Amho. Z¡g{J©H$VoMr {H$Zma Amho. ho ê$nåhUOo J«m_rU mJmVrc n«Ë oH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m _ZmV AgUmao VwH$mam_m§Mo gƒo, {Z_©i d {ZIià{Vq~~ Amho. `mcm _mòMm Amocmdm Amho, ^mdZoMm {ZIi Pam Amho. Am{U åhUyZM hoVwH$mam_m§Mo ê$n AmnUmcm Amnë`mVrcM EH$ dmQ>Vo. Añgc J«m_rU Am{dîH$mamV gOcocoho VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd ho _amR>r H${dVoV A{Ve` d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Amho Ago åhUmdo cmJoc.

Xÿa amhrcm Jmd, 1994, B§ÐOrV ^mcoamdn[aM` -

B§Ð{OV ^mcoamd (OÝ_ 5 \o$~«wdmar 1962). kmZmonmgH$ _hm{dÚmc`, naÛr

òWo _amR>rMo àmÜ`mnH$, _amR>r J«m_rU H${dVm g_¥Õ H$aUmè`m Zì`m H$dtÀ`mn¡H$s EH$

_hÎdmMo H$dr. Ë`m§Mo "nrH$nmUr', "Amåhr H$m~mS>mMo YZr', "Xya am{hcm Jmd' ho H${dVmg§J«h. "amZ_ù`mMr dmQ>' hm ~mcH${dVm g§J«h, "JmB© Amë`m Kam' hm c{cVcoIg§J«h

à{gÕ Amho. "nrH$nmUr' `m H${dVmg§J«hmg èd§Vamd MìhmU nwañH$ma, AZ§V H$mUoH$a

nwañH$ma Ago nmM nwañH$ma àmá Pmco.

"Ia§ gm§J VwŠ`m' - `m H${dVoVyZ òUmao VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd -B§Ð{OV mcoamd m§À`m "Xya am{hcm Jmd' m H${dVmg§J«hmVrc hr H${dVm Amho.

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VwH$mo~m (2003), H$dr Xmgy d¡Ún[aM` -

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`m H${dVoV VwH$mam_m§Mo ê$n ho à{VH$mË_H$ ñdê$nmV Amco Amho. Am{U `mVyZVwH$mam_m§Mo EH$ d¡{eîQ>çnyU© à{Vq~~ gmH$ma H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho. VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JmVEH$ XwX©å` AmemdmX Amho. OJÊ`mMr C_oX Amho. Am{U hr C_oX Ë`m§À`m OrdZmVhr AmnUmcm{XgyZ òVo. `m BÀN>meŠVrda n¡cVrar nmhmoMco. nU AmOMm _mUyg hm Agm Zmhr. VmoAmemdmXM hadyZ ~gcm Amho. Ë`m_wio OJÊ`mVcm Ë`mMm AmYmaM VwQ>cm Amho. Am{UhmM AmemdmX naV {_idm`Mm Agoc Va VwH$mo~m§À`m A^§Jm§{edm` n`m©`mZo VwH$mo~m§{edm`n`m© Zmhr. `mgmR>r H$dr åhUVmo,

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JmWm - (2007), _hmdra Om|Yio"JmWm' `m H${dVoVyZ à{Vq~[~V Pmcoco VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd -

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Xwgè`m Mma AmoirV VwH$mo~m§Zr cmoH$m§Zm {Xcocr nma_m{W©H$ {eH$dU Am{Ugm§{JVcoco d¡pídH$ gË` Amcoco Amho. XohmMo H$m`© ho H$Yr Zm H$Yr g§nUmao Amho. Xoh hmZmed§V Amho. Ë`m_wio `m XohmMm `mo½` Vmo dmna H$am. dmgZoZo, H$m__` OrdZmZo XohmMmMmoWm H$ê$Z YÝ`Vm _mZy ZH$m. Va Xoh hm na_oída àmárgmR>r Amho. ho cjmV R>odyZ AmncmBpÀN>V H$m`©^mJ gmÜ` H$am. m H${dVoV VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd eãXe: àH$Q> Pmcoco ZgcoVar Ë`m§À`m {dMmamdê$Z AmnUmcm Ë`mMo AmH$cZmcm hmoVo.

Wmoa Xohÿ Jmd òWo (2010), gm¡. g§Ü`m nmQ>rcn[aM` -

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348

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349

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"VwH$mam_mcm' m H${dVoVrc hm Ame` VwH$mam_m§er g§~§Yr Zmhr. Ago AgVmZm`m H${dVocm "VwH$mam_mcm' ho erf©H$ H$m? Agm àíZ ghO CnpñWV hmoVmo. nU Ago Zmhr.17 ì`m eVH$mV Oar VwH$mam_ hmoD$Z Joco. Var Vo AmOhr Amnë`mV AmhoV. _mUyg Jocm Var{dMma _aV Zmhr. Am{U åhUyZM àËòH$ H$mimcm àdmhr H$aUmao VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd mVoVo. H$dr AmOÀ`m OrdZm~Ôc VwH$mam_m§Zm àíZ {dMmaVmo, H$s ho Ago H$m? _mUyg _mUgmcm

_mUyg åhUyZ H$m dmJdV Zmhr ? `m gmè`m àíZm§Mr CH$c H$aÊ`mgmR>r BVa H$moUmnojmhrË`mcm VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm AmYma ¿`mdm cmJVmo `mV VwH$mam_m§À`m ê$nmMo gmaAmho.

"d¡Hw§$R>dmgr VwH$m WoQ>'"VwH$mam_mcm' `m H${dVoV Omo Ame` Amho VmoM Ame` `mhr H${dVoVyZ WmoS>çm

doJù`m nÕVrZo Am{dîH¥$V Pmcm Amho. AmO g_mOmMr Agcocr AdñWm à{VH$m§À`m

_mÜ`_mVyZ ì`ŠV Ho$cr Amho. m g§nyU© g_mOmMm Aml` åhUOoM VwH$mam_. VwH$mam_ åhUOog_ñV _mZdm§Mm à{V{ZYr. àËòH$mcm Amnë`m g§{MVmMo gma {XgVo Vo VwH$mam_mV. Ë`m_wio`m H${dVoV VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo n¡cy {XgyZ òV ZgyZ Ë`m§À`m {dMmam§Mm dmagmOnUmar g_mOì`dñWm, Ë`m§Mo {dMma AmOhr Cn`moJr Amho Ago _mZUmam _mUyg mV AmcmAmho.

"^wB©emó'`m EH$mM H${dVoV ghm CnH${dVm Amë`m AgyZ, àË oH$ H${dVm EH$_oH$scm

Yê$Z Amcr Amho. åhQ>co Va Vr ñdV§Ìhr Aä`mgVm òB©c. "^wB©' åhUOo O_rZ. hr O_rZOer gd©g_mdoeH$ AgVo Vgm dmaH$ar n§W hm XoIrc gd©g_mdoeH$ Amho. m H${dVoV H$drAmOÀ`m dV©_mZ pñWVrMr à{VHy$c n[apñWVr `m g§Vm§Zm gm§JyZ AmO `m g_mOmcm H$moUr_mJ©Xe©H$ H$m Zmhr ? H$m `m g_mOmMr Aer hrZ AdñWm Pmcr Amho ? Agm àíZ g§Vm§Zmd nm§Sw>a§Jmcm {dMmaVmo .

VwH$mam_mnwaVo ~mocm`Mo Pmco Va Vmo VwH$mam_m§Zm åhUVmo H$s, gË`mMm {dO`hmoVmo. AmOÀ`m g_mOmMr AdñWm ~[KVcr Var gJù`mM Mm§Jë`m Jmooï>rdê$Z {dídmgCS>Vmo. _J Oo Mm§Jc§ Amho Ë`m{df`r ZmZm e§H$m CnpñWV hmoVmV. m H${dVoV H$dr åhUVmV,

351

ho VwH$mam_ VwPo A §J ~wS>mco Am{U na_oídamZo VwPr ŠVr nmhÿZ Vo Vmaco ? nU AmOÀ`m m

OJmV `m n[apñWVrV gJir lÕm c`mcm Jocr AgVmZm `mdahr {dídmg ~gV Zmhr.VwH$mam_ Amnë`m _ZmVrc, g^modVmcÀ`m n[apñWVrMr OmUrd H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m nwT>o H$dr Z_«hmoVmZm {XgVmo. Ë`m_wio `mV VwH$mam_m§Mm {dMma òVmo d ì`pŠV_Îd Oo _mÂ`m {df`mMoAZwe§JmZo Amho Vo Ogo Amco Amho Vgo XmI{dco Amho.

ViR>md -`m H${dVoVhr H$dr Amnë`m _ZmVrc {dMma VwH$mam_m§Zm gm§JVmV. OrdZ OJÊ`mMr

Iar H$cm H$drcm gmnS>cr Amho. Vr VwH$mam_m§À`m JmWoV Am{U åhUyZM AmYr C{Û¾Pmcocm H$dr `mV OrdZ OJÊ`mg§~§YrMm Amncm AmemdmX ì`ŠV H$aVmo. Am{U _cm OaVw_À`mBVHo$ CƒnXr nmohmoMVm Amco Zmhr, d¡Hw§$R>mcm OmVm Amco Zmhr, Var _r Omo `mn¥Ïdrda d¡Hw§$R> {Z_m©U Ho$cm Amho, Omo H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV Amho, Ë`mV _r AmZ§Xr Amho.H$maU Vw_À`mH$S>o nmhÿZ H$go OJmdo `mMr àoaUm {_imcr Vr Vw_À`m JmWoVyZ. åhUOoMVwH$mam_m§Mm {dMma Am{U Ë`m§Mo Ë`m {dMmamVyZ àH$Q> hmoUo, OZgm_mÝ`m§Zm Amnco H$ê$Z{Xem XmI{dÊ`mMo H$m`© VwH$mam_ AmOhr H$aV AmhoV. Am{U hm {dMma darc àËòH$H${dVoVyZ gm§{JVcm Jocm Amho. `m H${dVo~Ôc kmZoe CJco {c{hVmV H$s, ""Eoíd`© nmQ>oH$a`m§À`m "^wB©emó' g§J«hmVrc hr gwédmVrMr H${dVm ! g§V, H$dr Am{U _mUyg åhUyZVwH$mam_m§er Pmcoë`m g§dmXmnmgyZ EH$m g§doXZoMm àdmg gwê$ hmoVmo.''47 åhUOoM AmOÀ`mH$drcm Amnë`m _ZmVrc g§Kf© hm VwH$mam_m§er g§dmXmÀ`m ê$nmVyZ gmYmdm dmQ>Vmo. `mVM

VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo _moR>onU Amho. AmOÀ`m {nT>rcm d¡km{ZH$ `wJmV gwÕm 400

dfm©nyduÀ`m VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd AmH${f©V H$ê$Z KoVo. `mV VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmVAgUmar VoOpñdVm Amnë`m cjmV oVo Am{U hoM VwH$mam_m§Mo ê$n gdm©V OmñV àËòH$mÀ`m_ZmV AmXamZo {damO_mZ hmoVo.

AmH$m§VmMo XoUo (c{cV JÚ coI) 1974, J«ogn[aM`-

_m{UH$ grVmam_n§V JmoS>KmQ>o C\©$ J«og `m§Mm OÝ_ 10 _o 1937 cm ZmJnya òWoPmcm. Ë`m§Zr Amnco E_. E. n`ªVMo {ejU KoD$Z Z§Va emgH$s` _hm{dÚmc`mV _amR>rMoAÜ`mnZ Ho$co. J«og `m§Zr gmYmaUnUo B. g. 1955 nmgyZ H$mì`coIZmcm àma§^ Ho$cm.{dX © m gm{hË` g§KmÀ`m "`wJdmUr' d am`Q>g© g|Q>a V\}$ {ZKmcoë`m "g§X^©' m _m{gH$mMo

g§nmXZ Ë`m§Zr Ho$co. gwê$dmVrMo gm{hË`coIZ Ë`m§Zr"N>§X' d "gË`H$Wm' mVyZ à{gÕ Ho$co."J«og' m Ë`m§À`m H$mhrem JyT> d AZmo»`m Zmdm_wio dmMH$m§_Üò Ë`m§À`m H$mì`m{df`r

Hw$Vwhc {Z_m©U Pmco. "g§Ü`mH$miÀ`m H${dVm' (1967) hm Ë`m§Mm n{hcm H$mì`g§J«h.

352

Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`m§Zr "amOnwÌ Am{U S>m{cªJ' (1974), "M§Ð_mYdrMo àXoe' (1977),"g§Ü`mndm©Vrc d¡îUdr' B. H${dVmg§J«h {c{hco. H$mì`m{edm` Ë`m§Zr c{cV gm{hË`hr{c{hco. "{_Vdm' (1987), "g§Ü`m_¾ nwéfmMr cjUo' (2001), "MM©~oc' (1974) B.

Ë`m§Mo c{cV coI g§J«h à{gÕ AmhoV.

"AmH$m§VmMo XoUo' `m c{cV JÚmV à{Vq~{~V Pmcoco VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd -H$dr J«og `m§Mm "AmH$m§VmMo XoUo' hm c{cV coI "MM©~oc' `m g§J«hmV 1974

cm à{gÕ Pmcm. `mV H$dr J«og `m§Zr VwH$mam_m§Mo Ë`m§Zm H$dr åhUyZ ^mdcoco d g_¥Õ

Agcoco ì`pŠV_Îd e×~Õ Ho$co Amho. VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm doY KoVmZm Vo EH$mdoJù`m _Zmo y{_Ho$VyZ VwH$mam_m§Mo ê$n Ý`mhmiVmV Am{U Ë`mVyZ Oo àË``mcm òVo Vo ê$ngmH$ma H$aVmV. Ë`m§Zr Oo `m c{cV JÚmcm erf©H$ {Xco Amho Vohr d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Amho.AmH$m§V, AmH«$moe Hw$UmMm H$emMm Am{U VwH$mam_m§Mm H$moUVm AmH«$moe `mV Amho? AgmàíZ gmh{OH$M _ZmV oVmo. Am{U `mMo CÎma AmnUmcm àñVwV coImV dmMZmA§Vr {_iyZOmVo. VwH$mam_m§Mo ê$n n{hë`mM dmŠ`mV {XgyZ òVo Vo Ago, ""VwH$mam_ EH$ Wmoa H$dr -àM§S> eŠVrMm Am{U AmH«$_H$ à{VôMm''48 `m EH$m AmoirV VwH$mam_m§Mo H$dr åhUyZAgUmao àM§S> gm_Ï`© Am{U Ë`m§Mr AmH«$_H$ ^mfme¡cr `mMr AmnUmcm AmoiI hmoVo.

VwH$mam_m§Mo Am`wî` åhUOo EH$ àM§S> g§Kf©. _J Vmo cm¡{H$H$ Agmo qH$dmnmacm¡{H$H$. Am{U hm g§Kf© åhUOo VwH$mam_m§Mm àmn§{MH$mH$Sy>Z nma_m{W©H$mH$S>o Pmcocmàdmg Amho. `mV àmn§{MH$ d nma_m{W©H$ OrdZmV Ë`m§Mm AgUmam _ZmVrc AmH$m§V qH$dmcm¡{H$H$mVyZ Acm¡{H$H$mV OmVmZm Ë`m§À`m Am`wî`mV Ë`mM OJmer Am{U _Zmer Pmcocm Omog§Kf© Amho Vmo åhUOo AmH$m§V hmo`. m g§X^m©V J«og åhUVmV H$s, ""VwH$mam_mMo g_J« OrdZåhUOo AmH$mÝVmMm YJYJVm {MÌnQ>. åhUyZ Ë`mMr g_J« H${dVmhr AmH$mÝVmMo XoUo Amho;VgoM Ë`mÀ`m _Zñdr ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm Vmo EH$ Amagmhr Amho.''49 `mVyZ H$dr J«og `m§ZrVwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd H$go hmoVo ho _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. Am{U åhUyZM hm g§Kf©åhUOo VwH$mam_m§Mo Iao OrdZ hmo`. VwH$mam_m§Mo ho H$dr åhUyZ AgUmao ho ê$n åhUOog¥OZerc ì`pŠV_ÎdmV {ZË`ZyVZ AgUmao ê$n hmo`. Ë`m§Mo H$mì` åhUOo Ë`m§À`m H$méÊ`_`ê$nmMm Iam Am{dîH$ma Amho. àmn§{MH$ OrdZ CX²ÜdñV Pmë`mZ§Va Iam OrdZmMm AW©emoYÊ`mgmR>r Vo Mhÿ {Xem {\$ê$ cmJco. Amnco ZŠH$r H$m` hadco Amho, `mMm emoY Ë`m§Zm¿`md`mMm hmoVm. Am{U hm emoY KoV AgVmZmM Ë`m§Zm nma_m{W©H$VoMr nm`dmQ> gmnS>cr. mdmQ>oda MmcV AgVmZm Ë`m§Zm H$mì`àmár Pmcr Am{U Ë`m§Mm AgUmam g§Kf© Ë`m§Zr H$mì`mVyZ_m§S>cm.

~hþVoH$ CËH¥$ï> H$mì` ho Xw:ImnmoQ>r OÝ_ KoVo. àM§S> Aem {dahmVyZ AZoH$H${dVm OÝ_mcm Amë`m. VwH$mam_m§Zr XoIrc Omo g§Kf© Ho$cm, AVrd Xw:I ^moJco Ë`mVyZM

353

Ë`m§Mr A^§JdmUr \w$ccr, ~hacr Am{U hm Añgc Am{dîH$ma {VZo KS>{dcm. Am{UåhUyZM VwH$mam_m§Zrhr _amR>r H${dVocm AZw^yVrÀ`m H$éU _yë`mMo CËH$Q> Xe©Z KS>{dco.`mg§X^m©V H$dr gm§JVmo H$s, ""VwH$mam_mÀ`m H$mì`mVrc àËòH$ eãXmcm AZw^yVrÀ`mH$éUm_yë`mMo daXmZ cm^co Amho. eãXmÀ`m _mJo d nwT>o VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm AmH$mÝVC^m Amho.''50 VwH$mo~m§À`m H$mì`mV AgUmar hr Xw:ImMr OmUrdhr gH$mamË_H$ Amho. H$maU`m Xw:Im_wio Vo VwH$mam_ dmÊ`mMo "g§V VwH$mam_' Pmco. ho EH$m ì`pŠV_ÎdmVyZ Xwgè`mì`pŠV_ÎdmV hmoUmao Ë`m§Mo ê$nm§Va åhUOo H$éUmaå`VoMm EH$ _hÎdnyU© Am{dîH$ma hmo`.`m g§nyU© n[adV©ZmV Ë`m§Mm g§Kf©, Ë`m§Mo Am§V[aH$ Xw:I, Vi_i, doXZm AmnUmcm {XgyZòVo. Vr Aer H$s, ""AmH$mÝV{da{hV ^md d AZw^yVrÀ`m H$ê$Um_yë`m{edm` eãX,VwH$mam_mÀ`m JmWoV gmnS>VM ZmhrV. VwH$mam_m§À`m AmH«$_H$, Pw§Oma ì`pŠVÎdmMo d {VVŠ`mMCËH$Q> AZw^dmMo Xe©Z Amnë`mcm Ë`m§À`m CnXoena A^§JmVhr KS>Vo Ë`mMohr H$maU hoMAmho.''51

VwH$mam_m§Mo Am`wî` ho Ogo _w»` XmoZ àdmhmV {d^mJco Amho. Vgo Ë`m§À`mAmH$m§VmMo ñdê$nhr XmoZ àH$maMo Amho. Ë`m§À`m nydm© wî`mV Pmcocm AmH$m§V hm _m`m _mohmZoJ«mgcocm hmoVm. Ë`mcm cm¡{H$H$VoMm EH$ nXa hmoVm. àmn§{MH$ Xw:ImZo, _¥Ë`yZo Vo AmH$m§VH$arV hmoVo. AmB©-dS>rc, mdO`, ~m`H$mo, _wcJm m§À`m _¥Ë yZo Ë`m§Zm Pmcoco gm_mÝ` Xw:IAm{U mVyZ Ë`m§Mm Pmcocm AmH$m§V hm cm¡{H$H$ hmoVm. Va nma_m{W©H$ Am`wî`mV nm§Sw>a§JmÀ`mXe©ZmgmR>r Ë`m§Zm H$amdm cmJUmam H$R>moa g§Kf© Ë`m gmdù`m {dÇ>cmgmR>r Ë`m§Mm MmccocmAmH«$moe hm nma_m{W©H$ hmoVm. `m XmoÝhrV _yc^yV Agm \$aH$ Amho. `m XmoÝhrV Ë`m§Zr ñdV:ñdV:Mm AmË_emoY KoVcm. Am{U åhUyZM EH$m ~mdZH$er ì`pŠV_Îdmcm àH$me_mZ H$aÊ`mVVo èñdr Pmco. `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr AmnU Ogo AmhmoV Vgo Am{U Vgo ñdV:M ñdV:cmñdrH$maco. hm AmË_m{dîH$ma H$aUo A{Ve` AdKS> AgVo. Am{U hoM VwH$mam_m§Zr à`ËZnyd©H$Ho$co. Am{U Amnco gmÜ` àmá Ho$co. mVyZM Ë`m§Mm hm g§Kf© ì`mnH$ hmoD$Z AmH$memEdT>m_moR>m Pmcm.

VwH$mam_m§Mo H$dr åhUyZ AgUmao ì`pŠV_Îd ho Agm_mÝ` Amho. Am{U åhUyZMàË oH$ H$mimVrc H$drcm VwH$mam_ Amnco dmQ>VmV. H$mì`mVrc _¡cmMm XJS> åhUOo VwH$mam_.Ë`m§À`mnwT>o OmUo eŠ`M Zmhr. Am{U åhUyZM {X. nw. {MÍ`m§gmaIo AmYw{ZH$ H$dr VwH$mam_m§Zm"_hmH$dr'åhUVmV. AmYw{ZH$ H$mì`mMo OZH$ åhUVmV. Aem `m H$drÀ`m ê$nmMm Jm¡adàËòH$ H$mcI§S>mV Ho$cm Jocm. g_H$mcrZ am_oída^Å>m§Zr Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm Am{dîH$manwT>rc AmoirV gw§Xa eãXmV Ho$co Amho.

""d¡am½ò Am{U kmZo AmJim Ÿ&Eogm Zmhr S>moim Xo[Iòcm Ÿ&&''52

Ago åhUV Ë`m§Zm "{dídgIm' hr CnmYr {Xcr Amho. åhUOoM VwH$mam_m§Mo

354

gm_mÝ`m§Zm ^mdcoco ê$n òWo AmnUmcm àH$fm©Zo OmUdVo. VwH$mam_m§À`m Z§Va àËòH$ H$drZoVwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm Amnmnë`m narZo doY Amnmnë`m H$mì`mV KoVcm Amho. dm_Z

n§{S>V `m n§{S>Vmcm gwÕm VwH$mam_m§Mo ê$n ^mdco. Ë`m§Mm {Z:g§JnUm ^mdcm Am{U ho ê$n

Ë`mZo nwT>rc eãXmV gmH$ma Ho$co Amho Vo Ago,""KmVH$Mr AmhocmoH$m§Mm Vmo g§JåhUmo{Z {Z:g§JVwH$m amho'' 53

H$dr J«og `m§Zm VwH$mam_m§Mm AmH$m§V Ë`mVyZ {XgyZ òUmao Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMoAZoH$ n¡cy `m coImV _m§S>V AgVmZmM BVa H$dr§Mmhr nam_me© KoVcm Amho. H$dr åhUyZË`m§À`m `m doJù`m ê$nmMm Am{dîH$ma KS>{dÊ`mV J«og èñdr Pmco AmhoV. AmVmn`ªVVwH$mam_m§Mo H$dr åhUyZ AgUmao ê$n AZoH$m§Zr C^maco.nU Xw:ImVyZ, g§Kfm©VyZ Ë`m§Mo H$drho C_cV OmUmao ê$n, Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm g§Kf©_` AmH$m§V hm `m coImV J«og `m§Zr_ZmodoYH$ d AMyH$ eãXmV gmH$ma Ho$cm Amho.

""Á`mMm Ë`mMm {dR>mo~m Am{U àdmgmVë`m Zm|Xr Ho$di'' (E{àc 2007),AmZ§X {dZm`H$ OmVoJmdH$a

n[aM` -_amR>r dmL²>_`mVrc EH$ Áòð> coIH$ åhUOoM AmZ§X {dZm`H$ OmVoJmdH$a,

`m§Mm OÝ_ 6 OyZ 1945 _Üò _w§~B© oWo Pmcm. d{S>cm§À`m ZmoH$ar_wio Ë`m§Mo àmW{_H$ d_mÜ`{_H$ {ejU _hmS>, H$amS>, _wê$S>, amohm, H$mo`ZmZJa B. doJdoJù`m {R>H$mUr Pmco.Va _hm{dÚmc`rZ {ejU _w§~B© òWo Pmco. Vo J{UV {df`mMo nXdrYa AgyZ B. g.1970_Üò AH$mocm _hm{dÚmc`mV J{UVmMo àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ H$m`©aV Pmco.

AmZ§X OmVoJmdH$am§Zr B. g. 1967 _Üò coIZmcm àma§^ Ho$cm. gË`H$Wm

_m{gH$mVyZ Ë`m§Zr àW_ H${dVm à{gÕ Ho$ë`m. 1968 gmcr Ë`mM _m{gH$mV Ë`m§Mr "amZ'

hr n{hcr H$Wm à{gÕ Pmcr. 1974 cm "_wIdQ>o' hm H$Wmg§J«h à{gÕ Pmcm. Ë`m§Mo

coIZ gwIdñVy _Ü`_dJu` Hw$Qw>§~m_Üò a__mU Pmcoco {XgVo. A§V_©ZmVrc Am§XmocZm§Mon[aUm_H$maH$ {MÌU . Ë`m§MrM hr EH$ _hÎdnyU© H$cmH¥$Vr hmo`.

""Á`mMm Ë`mMm {dR>mo~m Am{U àdmgmVë`m Zm|Xr Ho$di'' `mV à{Vq~{~V PmcocoVwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd -

AmZ§X {dZm`H$ OmVoJmdH$a `m§Mo "Á`mMm Ë`mMm {dR>mo~m Am{U àdmgmVë`mZm|Xr Ho$di' ho nwñVH$ E{àc 2007 _Üò cmoH$dmL²>_` J¥hmZo àH$m{eV Ho$co. ho nwñVH$

355

åhUOo Ho$di EH$ gmMo~Õ Mm¡H$Q>rV {c{hcocr H$cmH¥$Vr Zmhr. `mV EH$ A\$mQ> Agm

{dñV¥V nQ> Amho. nU Vmo ZŠH$s H$emMm ho gm§JVm òV Zmhr. `mVrc H$mi hm AZm{X AZ§VAmho. H$maU àËòH$ H$mimer `m dmñVdmMo cmJo~m§Yo AmhoV. `mVrc _mUyg hm àËòH$H$mimV AmnUmcm {XgyZ oVmo. åhUyZM m nwñVH$mMr, Ame`mMr Mm¡H$Q> Zo_Ho$nUmZo {ZpíMVH$aVm oV Zmhr. àñVwV nwñVH$mV coIH$mZo VwH$mam_m§er _mZ{gH$ ZmVo OmoS>co Amho. Ë`mMà_mUodV©_mZ H$mimVrc AZoH${dY d¥Îmr, àd¥Îmr, Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m, 21 ì`m eVH$mVrcAgwa{jV OrdZgaUr `m gdmªda Zo_Ho$ d àg§Jr H$R>moa ^mî` H$aUmao coIZ Ho$co Amho. `mgmè`mV VwH$mam_m§er OmoS>coco ZmVo ho _mZ{gH$ nmVirdaMo Amho. mVyZ VwH$mam_m§Mm _mZ{gH$g§Kf© g_OmdyZ KoUo d Ë`mM ~amo~a VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV AgUmam g§Kf©, Ë`m§Mo_mZ{gH$ A§Va§J d AmOÀ`m H$mimer Ë`m§Mm OmoS>cocm g§~§Y ho `m nwñVH$mMo _w»` gyÌAmho.

`m nwñVH$mcm Zo_Ho$nUmZo {df`mMrhr Mm¡H$Q> Zmhr. Ë`m_wioM AMyH$Vm AgUoeŠ` Zmhr. `mV òUmao VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd ho Ë`m§À`m M[aÌmdê$Z, A^§Jmdê$Z oUmaoZmhr. Va àË oH$ _mUgmÀ`m A§Va§J g§Kfm©VyZ VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd gmH$ma hmoVo. åhUOoMnma§n[aH$ Mm¡H$Q>rV ~gUmao VwH$mam_m§Mo ê$n `mV òV Zmhr. Am{U åhUyZM AmH$cZmÀ`mÑï>rZohr WmoS>ogo AdKS> Ago ho ê$n Amho. VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠVÎd ho àËòH$mÀ`m _ZmV AgUmaogV² àd¥ÎmrMo ñWmZ àËòH$ _mUgmcm ào[aV H$aUmao ê$n åhUOo VwH$mam_ Am{U åhUyZM àËòH$_mUgmÀ`m _ZmV AgUmam {dR>mo~m doJim, a§J, J§Y, ñne©, ZmX doJim. Á`mcm VwH$mam_ Ogo^mdco VgmM {dÇ>chr ^mdcm. Am{U åhUyZM àËòH$mMm {dR>mo~m doJim. VwH$mam_m§Moì`pŠV_Îd `mV H$em àH$mao Amco Amho `mMo ñdê$n nwT>rc Ame`mdê$Z OmVoJmdH$a ñnï>H$aVmV. Ë`mgmR>r Vo åhUVmV, ""{j{VOmda Ooìhm gy`© _mdiyZ OmVmo, A§YmamV amV{H$S>o {H$a{H$a H$ê$ cmJVmV, Ë`mdoir Amnë`m hmVr VwH$mam_mÀ`m JmWoMm H§$Xrc oVmo. Ë`m H§$XrcmÀ`màH$memV, OmirV aËZ_Ê`mgmaIo M_H$Umao œmnXmMo S>moio {XgVmV. H§$Xrc VwH$`mÀ`mA^§JmMm, œmnXmMo S>moio _mÌ Amnë`mM amZmVco. Vmo ^mg Oa Agcm Va Vmo ^mghrAmncmM. {Xì`mÀ`m A§YyH$ àH$memV H$mhr docr {XgVmV. H$Yr KZXmQ> Omir {XgVo.nmcmnmMmoim {XgVmo. gigi OmUmam H$mim ZmJ {XgVmo. PmS>mdaMm AZmoiIr njr {XgVmoJX© {Zim. H$Yr nm`dmQ>hr {XgVo. Hw$Ry>Z Var Amcocr, Hw$R>§Var OmUmar. amZ Amnc§, Ë`mdaàH$me Q>mH$Umam H§$Xrc VwH$mam_mMm. A§Ymacoco doS>odmH$S>o, {Z{~S> {dMma, {dMmam§Mm Jw§VmAmncm. Vmo \$ŠV COicocm ZOaog Amcocm VwH$mam_mÀ`m àH$memV.''54 mVyZ EHy$U nwñVH$mMoAme`gyÌ d VwH$mam_mMo Xe©Z Amnë`m cjmV oVo.

VwH$mam_ ho _hmnwéf, mV oUmao VwH$mam_ ho yVH$mi d dV©_mZ mVrc _mZ{gH$g§Kfm©Mo EH$ ê$n. yVH$mi Pmcoco VwH$mam_ Am{U AmOÀ`m dV©_mZ H$mimV Ë`m§Mo AmnUmcm

356

IwUmdUmao ì`pŠV_Îd `mV Amco Amho. Iao Va AmOn`ªV AZoH$ AVwcZr` ì`pŠV_ÎdoPmcr. nU gd©gm_mÝ`m§Zm Amncogo dmQ>co \$ŠV VwH$mam_! Ë`m§Mr ^mfm, Ë`m§Mr OrdZe¡cr,Ë`m§Mm àmn§{MH$ d AmÜ`mpË_H$ g§Kf© àËòH$mcmM Amnco OJUo dmQ>Vo. Am{U hr AgUmarAmnconUmMr mdZm AmnUmcm Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmÀ`m A{YH$ Odi ZoVo. AmOÀ`m g_mOmcmAmnco Zo_Ho$ H$m` hadco Amho hoM Zo_Ho$nUmZo g_OV Zmhr. Am{U _J VwQ>conUmMm,OIS>conUmMm, C{Û¾VoMm AZw^d òD$ cmJVmo. Am{U Aem doir Ë`mcm Amncogo H$aUmaoVwH$mam_. Ë`m§À`m _Zmda hmoUmam Ë`m§À`m M[aÌmMm, A^§JmMm n[aUm_ Am{U `m gmè`mVyZñdV:cm gmdaUmam Vmo ! åhUOo VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd ho _mZ{gH$ g_mYmZmgmR>r, AZw yVrgmR>rË`mcm {dgmdm dmQ>Vo. H$maU VwH$mam_m§À`m OJmVrc AZw d Ë`mcm Amnco dmQ>VmV. Am{UåhUyZM VwH$mo~m§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdm~Ôc AmOhr gm_mÝ`mVcm gm_mÝ` _mUgmcm AmnconUmdmQ>Vmo. Vmo mM Jmooï>rgmR>r. àËòH$ H$mimV Oar _hZr` ì`pŠVÎdo Pmcr Var àËòH$ {nT>rcmAmnco dmQ>Vrc, Ë`m§À`mer ~mocmdo Ago dmQ>co Vo \$ŠV VwH$mam_M!

VwH$mam_m§À`m A^§JdmUrV n`m©`mZo Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV Oo Amho Vo gmaoMAmOÀ`m {nT>rV H$m Zmhr Agm àíZ nS>Vmo. Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV AgUmam Üò dmX, _ZmMm_moR>onUm, AMmQ> g§H$Q>m§Zm gm_moao OmÊ`mMo Y¡`©, Am{U ñdV:M ñdV:Mm _mJ©Xe©H$ ~ZÊ`mMoË`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV AgUmao ~i AmO H$m nmhm`cm {_iV Zmhr ? AmOMr {nT>r hrA{YH$ gw{e{jV, V§ÌkmZ, {dkmZmÀ`m `wJmV OJUmar. nU Varhr g§H$Q>m§Zm gm_moao OmVmZmKm~aUmar. Hw$R>oVar H$_Hw$dV AgUmar Am{U `m nmíd© y_rda Mmaeo dfm©nydu OÝ_mcmAmcoco VwH$mam_ ! Zm {ejUmMm A{YH$ma Zm H$emMm AmYma Varhr EH$m XrnñV§^mn«_mUo.åhUyZM coIH$mcm AmOMo dV©_mZ ho _¥JOi ^mgVo. AmOMm _mUyg hm gJio AgyZhrVwQ>cocm {XgVmo. nwT>o H$m` ? hm àíZ Ë`mÀ`mnwT>o Zoh_rM C^m amhVmo. H$m Vmo `mVyZ ~mhoanS>V Zmhr ? Aem AZoH$ àíZmVyZ AmH$mamcm òVo VwH$mam_m§Mo ê$n !

n{hë`m ^mJmV VwH$mo~m§À`m Mma A^§Jm§À`m AmYmao AmOÀ`m AñdñW OJmVrcKS>m_moS>tMm {dMma _m§S>cm Amho. Am{U `mVM 300 dfm©nyduMo VwH$mam_m§Mo gd©gm_mÝ`_mUyg åhUyZ AgUmao ì`pŠV_Îd coIH$mZo Amnë`mg_moa Cô Ho$co Amho Vo Ago, ""VwH$mam_ZmdmMm Hw$Ur gd©gm_mÝ` _mUyg, Ë`mÀ`m nmR>rer H$moUV§hr na§namJV kmZnrR> C^§ ZìhV§.gÎmm, n¡gm, à{Vð>m `m§M§ _Ia ZìhV§ ^modVr. Am{U Varhr OrdZmMm Ym§S>moim KoV Vmo^Q>H$cm AZdmUr. Amncm gd©gm_mÝ`nUm hrM Ë`mZ§ ~Z{dcr VmH$X.''55 åhUOo gd©gm_mÝ`_mUgmMm gm_mÝ`nUm hr Ë`mMr Xw~©cVm ZgyZ VmH$X AgVo. Am{U hrM VmH$X VwH$mo~m§À`mVhmoVr. Amncm gm_mÝ`nUm hr Amncr eŠVr Amho. hr OmUrd VwH$mam_m§Zr cmoH$m§Zm H$ê$Z{Xcr. Am{U `mM gm_mÝ`nUm_wio AUyaoUyhÿZ chmZ AgUmao VwH$mam_ AmH$memEdT>o _moR>oPmco.

357

_mUyg hm Xw:ImZo, g§H$Q>mZo h¡amU hmoVmo. Amnë`m EdT>§ Xw:I Hw$UmcmM ZmhrAgo åhUyZ Ë`m Xw:Imcm Hw$admiVmo. Ë`mMm ~mD$ H$aVmo Am{U Ë`mVM AS>H$Vmo. Ë`mVyZ~mhoa nS>Ê`mMm ñdV:hÿZ à`ËZ H$arV Zmhr. nU H$mhr ì`pŠV_Îdo `mnojm {d{^Þ AgVmV.Á`mà_mUo EImXm njr amIoVyZ Zì`mZo OÝ_mcm oVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo AVwcZr` ì`pŠV_Îdo Vrd«Xw:ImVyZ {Z_m©U hmoVmV. `mgmR>r AmnUmcm AZoH$ CXmhaUo XoVm òVrc. Hw§$VrZo lrH¥$îUmcmgm§{JVco H$s OÝ_ _aUmVyZ gwQ>Ê`mgmR>r Amåhmcm gVV Xw:I Xo. åhUOoM VwPo Zmd gVV_wImV oB©c Am{U mVyZ gwQ>H$m hmoB©c. mà_mUo VwH$mam_m§À`m à{V_oH$S>o nm{hë`mg VwH$mam_m§Mm_hmnwê$f ~Zcm Vmo hr A{VXw:I d g§H$Q>mVyZ. Am{U åhUyZ OJÊ`mVë`m Xw:ImVë`m g_ï>r_Ü o_mZdr OrdZmMo g§{MV VwH$mam_m§Zm Jdgco. mVM Xw:ImMm ñdrH$ma H$aUo hm Ë`m§Zm Amnë`mÜò`mn`ªV OmÊ`mMm _mJ© dmQ>Vmo. ho VwH$mo~m§Zr Amnë`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmVyZ gm§{JVco. Ë`mgmR>rË`m§Zr ~wÕ, _hmdra, Jm§YrOr B. ì`ŠVtMr CXmhaUo {Xcr AmhoV. VwH$mam_m§Zr m gmd©H$m{cH$g_ï>rcmM gmY§ gai Zmd {Xc§ {dR>mo~m !

VwH$mam_m§À`m A^§JmVyZ VwH$mam_m§Mo EH$ {demc Am{U ì`mnH$ ê$n g_moa òVo.coIH$mZo VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd BVŠ`m doJù`m nÕVrZo Amnë`m g_moa Cô Ho$co Amho. H$sË`mV _mZdr OrdZmMm ì`mnH$ narK AmnUmcm {XgVm o. H$m oUË`mhr H$mimVrcH$moUmhr ì`ŠVrcm ho ê$n H$m Amncogo dmQ>Vo. Ë`mMà_mUo H$mi {^Þ Ago AgyZhrVwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd àËòH$ _mUgmcm H$m AmH${f©V H$aVo ? H$m IwUmdVo? `mMm emoYcoIH$ KoVmo. _mUgmMm ^H$mgconUm, Xw:ImMo ñdê$n, Ë`mMr Eo{hH$ OrdZ OJÊ`mgmR>rMmccocr YS>nS> Am{U gma§ AgyZhr H$mhrVar Zgë`mMr OmUrd, H$mhr Var Z Jdgë`mMrOmUrd _mUgmÀ`m OrdZmcm J«mgyZ Cacr Amho. Am{U ho gmaoM Wm§~dÊ`mgmR>r, hadcocogmnS>Ê`mgmR>r Ë`mcm VwH$mam_ Am{U Ë`m§Mr A^§JdmUr cmJVo. Am{U hoM gma VwH$mam_mM§ê$n n{hë`m ^mJmV gmH$ma hmoV§. qH$~hþZm gd© nwñVH$mV AmnUmcm {XgyZ oV§.

`m nwñVH$mÀ`m Xwgè`m ^mJmVhr VwH$mam_m§Mo gmV A^§J KoD$Z Amncm {dMmacoIH$mZo _m§S>cocm Amho. VwH$mam_ åhUOo ZŠH$s H$m` ho _m§S>V AgVmZm, mfoMr, g§ñH¥$VrMrAm{U n`m©`mZo XoemMrhr ~§YZo JiyZ nS>VmV. H$maU OJmVë`m àË oH$ ì`ŠVrcm VwH$mam_Amncogo dmQ>VmV. Amnë`mVë`m gV²àd¥Îmr åhUOo VwH$mam_ Am{U {dR>m o~m. {dR>mo~mAm{U VwH$mam_ `m§Mm AgUmam AôÚ g§~§Y Am{U gm_mÝ` _mUyg Am{U VwH$mam_ `m§MmAgUmam AôÚ g§~§Y hm nañna nyaH$ Amho. Am{U ho XmoÝhr g§~§Y CcJS>V Omdo VgoVo Jw§VmJw§VrMo hmoV OmVmV. amoOÀ`m OJÊ`mV AmnU OJÊ`mVcm hoVyM {dgê$Z OmVmo. H$emgmR>rOJVmo AmhmoV AmnU ? _mZdr Am`wî`mcm H$mhr AW©, H$mhr _yë` Amho H$s Zmhr ?H$s gmaoM {dgH$Q>coco _mVrMo Hw$ëco. Am{U `m gmè`mV VwH$mo~m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr à{MVrAmcr H$s OJÊ`mM§ H$maU gmnS>V§. Oo AW© AmOn`ªV H$imco ZìhVo, Vo H$iV OmVmVAm{U mVyZM gmè`m Am`wî`mM§ Z§XZdZ hmoV§. Am{U mVyZM "Amcmo m{M H$maUmgr' mMmAW© CcJSy> cmJVmo. Am{U åhUyZM OmVoJmdH$a åhUVmV H$s,

358

"" og! _mZdr Am`wî`mH$S>o nmhÿZ H$ÊhUmao, Hw§$WUmao Iyn nm{hco, VwH$mo~mam`m !nU _mZdr Am wî`mMm OÒ`H$ma H$aUmao Vwåhr AIoaMo amo_Z. AIoaMo d¡Hw§$R>dmgr !'' 56

AmZ§X OmVoJmdH$am§Zr gwI åhUOo ZŠH$s H$m` ? `mV gmocrd gwImMr H$ënZmñnï> Ho$cr Vr VwH$mam_m§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ _mZdr _Z gwImgmR>r Am`wî`â PQ>V AgV§. `mVgwI, Ë`mV gwI Ago åhUyZ Ë`m Ë`m Jmoï>r àmá H$aVmo. nU Vr Jmoï> àmá Ho$ë`mda _mÌ Ë`mcmOo hd§ Amho Vo g_mYmZ cm^V Zmhr. _J nwÝhm ZdrZ emoY m gmè`mVM Vmo Am`wî` OJVmo.åhUOoM ^m¡{VH$ gwImÀ`m ^{S>_mamV _mUyg g§ny cmJcm Amho. Am{U gwImÀ`m `m ~oJS>r_hmcmV _mUyg JwX_ê$ cmJcm Amho. Aem doir gwI åhUOo ZŠH$s H$m` AgV§ ? `mMmVwH$mo~m§Zr KoVcocm emoY d Ë`m emoYmMm dV©_mZ H$mimÀ`m nmíd©^y_rda coIH$mZo KoVcocmdoY cjUr` Amho. coIH$ gm§JVmo H$s, gwI n¡emZo {dH$V KoVm òV Zmhr, gwI ^moJVm òVZmhr. Vo IwMuV ~gV Zmhr. Vo Ë`mJmV Zmhr. åhUOoM Oo Oo AmnU gwI åhUVmo Vo gwI ZmhrVa _mVr Amho. Am{U Aem doir VwH$mam_m§Zrhr gwImMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> Ho$cr. "gmocrd gwI'åhUOo H$m` Va gwI ho gmoccoë`m \$imgmaI§, \$imÀ`m JamgmaI§, H$moUVhr hrZ Zgcoë`mJmä`mM§ gwI. VwH$mam_m§M§ ho gmocrd gwI åhUOoM Ë`m§À`m emoYmMm ñd`§ ynUm. Hw$UmMrCYma, CgZdmar Zmhr. gwI åhUOo {j{VOmgmaIo Amho. Á`mà_mUo Xyada nm{hco Va O{_ZrcmAmH$me Q>oH$co Amho Ago dmQ>Vo. nU Odi Joë`mg Vgo H$mhrM ZgVo. Vmo S>moù`m§Mm, Ñï>rMmIoi - ^«_ AgVmo. gwI hr AgoM Amho. ho VwH$mam_m§Zr ñdV: AZw^dco. gmocrd gwImMråhUOoM {Ma§VZ gwImMr BÀN>m Yam. åhUOoM EH$ M¡VÝ`. {dR>mo~m åhUOoM VwH$mam_m§Mogmocrd gwI g§nÞ ì`pŠV_Îd hmo`.

"Á`m§Mm Ë`m§Mm {dR>mo~m Am{U àdmgmVë`m Zm|Xr Ho$di' ho nwñVH$ EH$ doJimAme`, doJim {dMma _m§S>Umao Amho. `mV ì`mnH$Vm Am{U {demcVm Amho. Vr {dMmam§Mr.àm_w»`mZo VwH$mo~m§À`m {dMmam§Mr. àËòH$ _mUgmcm Amnco dmQ>Umao, Amnë`m doJdoJù`mà{V_m EH$Ì Amë`m AmhoV Ago dmQ>Umao ho nwñVH$. EH$ ì`mnH$ {dMmam§Mm narK _m§S>VmZmVmo A{Ve` `WmW©nUo _m§S>cm Amho. `mV òUmao VwH$mam_ Am{U Ë`m§À`m à{V_m åhUOo EH$mAWm©Zo {dMmam§À`m à{V_m AmhoV. àËòH$ _mUgmV AgUmam VwH$mam_ Am{U `m VwH$mam_mZoàmá Ho$cocm {dR>mo~m mV {XgyZ oVmo. VwH$mam_m§Mo mV oUmao ì`pŠV_Îd ho ì`pŠV{MÌUmË_H$ZgyZ _mZ{gH$ A§Va§JmMo Amho. Ë`m_wioM Á`mcm Ogo ho ê$n CcJS>V OmB©c Vg VgoVwH$mam_ Am{U Ë`m§Mm {dR>mo~m m§À`mer AmnU EH$ê$n hmoD$. _amR>r dmL²>_`mV EH$ doJù`mYmQ>UrMo Am{U à`moJerc {dMmam§Mo AmOÀ`m H$mimVrc ho nwñVH$ åhUOo àËòH$ _mZdr_ZmMm hþ§H$ma Amho. Am{U åhUyZM ho nwñVH$ EH$ d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Zmhr Va H$m|XUmVrc EH$cIcIVm {ham Amho Ago åhUUo gmW© R>aoc.

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d¡Hw§$R>rMr _mVr (H$Wm) B. g. 1988, a§JZmW nR>maon[aM` -

_amR>rVrc EH$ d¡{eîQ>çnyU© coIH$ åhUyZ a§JZmW nR>mao m§Zm AmnU AmoiIVmo.`m§Mm OÝ_ 1 OyZ 1950 aomOr Odio, {O. Ah_XZJa oWo Pmcm. eoVH$ar Hw$Qw> §~mV OÝ_mcmAmcoë`m `m coIH$mMo nXdrn`ªV {ejU Ah_XZJa òWo Pmco. Va Ë`m§Zr E_². EñgrMrnXdr ^m¡{VH$emó `m {df`mVyZ nwUo {dÚmnrR>mVyZ KoVcr. Ë`m§Mr n{hcr H$Wm "[aQ´> oM_|Q>'gË`H$Wm _m{gH$mVyZ à{gÕ Pmcr.

a§JZmW nR>mao m§Zr gm{hË`mV àm_w»`mZo H$WmH$ma, H$mX§~arH$ma d g_rjH$ B. àH$mamVAmnco `moJXmZ {Xco. "AZw^d {dH$Uo Amho', "ñnï>dŠVonUmMo à`moJ' B. Ë`m§Mo H$Wmg§J«hAmhoV. Va "{Xdo Jococo {Xdg' hr Ë`m§Mr n{hcr H$mX§~ar. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zr "aW', "MH«$ì yh',"hmaU', Vm_«nQ>' mgma»`m AZoH$ H$mX§~è`m {chÿZ 1960 Z§VaÀ`m gm{hË`mV _mocmMr âKmVcr. modVmcÀ`m g_mOOrdZmVrc gm_m{OH$, Z¡{VH$, dmñVd hm nR>mè`m§À`m coIZmÀ`mH|$X«ñWmZr AgUmam J§^ra {df` hmo`. EH$ AW©nyU© d J§^ra coIZmgmR>r coIH$mZo ñdV:À`mOJÊ`mer B_mZ amIco nm{hOo hr Ë`m§Mr y{_H$m hmoVr.

"d¡Hw§$R>rMr _mVr' `m H$WoVyZ {XgUmao VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd -a§JZmW nR>mao `m§Mr "d¡Hw§$R>rMr _mVr' hr H$Wm "AZwïw>^' m _m{gH$mVyZ _mM© -

E{àc 1989 gmcr à{gÕ Pmcr. hr EH$ XrK© H$Wm AgyZ mV àm_w»`mZo VwH$mam_ d {OOmB©`m§À`m g§~§YmVyZ VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd Cô H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo hr H$WmVwH$mam_m§Mo {Zdm©U `m KQ>Zodahr AmYm[aV Amho. `m H$WoÛmam a§JZmW nR>mao `m§Zr Ë`m§ZmAmH$cZ Pmcoco VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd YrQ>nUo d Amho Vgo _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. g§V

VwH$mam_ ho _hmamï´>r`Z cmoH$m§À`m _ZmV lÕm{df` åhUyZ R>acoco AmhoV. Am{U `mM lÕo`

ì`pŠVÎdmMr dñVw{Zð> {M{H$Ëgm nR>mao m§Zr Ho$cr Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo AmOn ªV Aer dñVw{Zð>{M{H$Ëgm dmL²>_`mÀ`m B{VhmgmV Pmcocr Zmhr. qH$~hþZm g§VH$moQ>rVë`m ì`pŠVÎdmMr {M{H$ËgmgmoSy>Z ~mH$s VÎdkmZmË_H$ {M{H$Ëgm nwîH$i Pmë`m AmhoV. nU g§VH$moQ>rVrc ì`pŠV_ÎdmMrË`mM Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {M{H$Ëgm AmOn`ªV Pmcocr Zmhr.

`m H$Wo_Üò àm_w»`mZo VwH$mam_m§Mo àmn§{MH$ ì`pŠV_Îd Ë`m§À`m M[aÌmÀ`mAmYmao gm§JÊ`mV Amco Amho. VwH$mam_m§Mo àmn§{MH$ OrdZ ho CXmÎm gm_mÝ` OrdZmMm EH$CÎm_ AmXe© Amho. gm_mÝ` OrdZ H$go Z¡{VH$VoZo, gMmoQ>rZo OJmdo `mMm EH$ CÎm_ Z_wZmåhUyZ AmnUmcm VwH$mam_m§Mo àmn§{MH$ ì`pŠV_Îd gm§JVm òB©c. `m àmn§{MH$ OrdZmV{OOmB© hr Ë`m§Mr nËZr hr _hÎdnyU© hmoVr. Am{U m H$WoV VwH$mam_ d {OOmB© m§Mo àmn§{MH$OrdZ a§J{dÊ`mV Amco Amho. m g§X^m©V àm. AZwamYm nmoVXma Amnë`m A{^àm`mV åhUVmVH$s, ""_amR>r dmL²>_`mVhr hr à{H«$`m gwê$ Pmcr. `m nmíd©^y_rda lr. a§JZmW nR>ma|Mr

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""d¡Hw§$R>rMr _mVr'' hr H$Wm VwH$mam_ d {OOmB© `m§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdmda AmJim - doJimàH$me Q>mH$Umar Amho. g_H$mcrZ _Zmo{dícofUmË_H$ __©Ñï>r d H$m`©H$maU g§~§Ym§Mm emoYKoUmar {M{H$ËgH$ d¥Îmr hr coIZmMr àoaUm Amho.''57 `mVyZ `m H$WoMo doJionU AmnUmcm{XgyZ òVo.

a§JZmW nR>mao `m§À`m `m H$WoV {OOmB©Mo nma§n[aH$ ê$n ~mOycm gmê$Z {VMogm_mÝ` _mUyg åhUyZ Agcoco ê$n Amnë`mnwT>o Cô H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho. Am{U m y{_Ho$VyZVwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd gmH$ma H$aVmZm, Ë`m§À`m g§VÎdmnojm gm_mÝ` VwH$mam_ Am{U Agm_mÝ`VwH$mam_ `m§À`mVrc g§Kfm©dahr â {Xcm Jocm Amho. VwH$mam_m§À`m M[aÌmV EH$ _hÎdnyU©ì`pŠVaoIm åhUyZ {OOmB© òVo. Vr {VÀ`m gd© JwUm§_wioM. Am{U `m_wio VwH$mam_m§À`mì`pŠV_Îdmcm EH$ AË`§V doJim g§X © nwa{dUmar ì`pŠVaoIm åhUyZ Vr oVo. m H$WoMo _w»`gyÌ ho {OOmB©Mo VwH$mam_m§er Agcoco ^m§S>U ho Amho. nU `mÀ`m _wimer Agcocr ê$T>nma§n[aH$ ^y{_H$m _mÌ nR>mao `m§Zr ZmH$macr Amho.

VwH$mam_ d {OOmB© m§Mr ì`pŠV_Îdo gmH$ma H$aVmZm {OOmB©cm PwH$Vo _mn {XcoJoco Amho. mV oUmao VwH$mam_m§Mo ê$n ho nwT>rc KQ>H$m§da AmYm[aV Amho. AmYw{ZH$ wJmVrcH$m_ d jwYm `mda AmYm[aV g§emoYZ d {ZîH$fm©VyZ VwH$mam_ d {OOmB©À`m _Zmo^y{_H$mcoIH$mZo Vnmgë`m AmhoV. `mV a§JZmW nR>mao gm§JVmV H$s AÞgwYm d H$m_gwYm `m§Mm{ZH$Q>Mm g§~§Y AgyZ Omo AÞ ImVmo, Vmo H$m_dmgZoÀ`m nyVugmR>r àd¥Îm hmoVmo. Am{U `memór` gË`m_wio VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmVrc g§VÎd JiyZ nS>Vo. nU qhXy g§ñH¥$VrÀ`mVÎdkmZmZwgma lÕm `m KQ>H$mcm _hÎd Amho. Am{U `mM AÜ`mpË_H$ lÕo_wio dmgZoMrAdVaUo JiyZ nS>VmV Am{U hmM dmgZm d lÕm `mVrc g§Kf© Omo VwH$mam_m§À`m M[aÌmVAmnUmcm {XgVmo VmoM A^§JmVhr Amcm Amho. Am{U hoM VwH$mam_m§Mo òUmao ê$n `mV _m§Sy>Z`mMo doJionU XmI{dÊ`mV Amco Amho. Vo Ago H$s, ""Iao åhUOo g§V VwH$mam_mZo Amnë`mVë`mdmgZoMr H$~wcr {Xcr Amho. na§Vw Ë`mH$S>o nm{hOo VodT>o cj Z XoD$Z g_mOmZo g§VÎdAmUUmam VwH$mam_M VodT>m ñdrH$macm. Ago Oar Agco Var VwH$mam_ hm d¡f{`H$hr hmoVm hoemór`ÑîQ>çm {gÕ hmoVo Am{U BWoM `m H$WoMo doJionU OmUdy cmJVo. ''58 åhUOoMB©ídamer EH$ê$n hmoÊ`mMr AmoT> Agcoco VwH$mam_ Am{U g§gmamV Ë`m§Zm AmoTy>Z R>odUmarg§nyU© gmYr gai nËZr `m§À`mVrc g§Kf© hr EH$ _hÎdmMr ~m~ `m H$WoVrc Amho.

`m H$WoV òUmè`m `m H$m_OrdZ, dmgZm_` VwH$mam_m§Mo {MÌU `mg§X^m©V EH$A{Ve` gw§Xa d naIS> A{^àm` S>m°. A§Ocr gmo_U `m§Zr {Xcm Amho Vmo Agm H$s, ""`mH$WoV VwH$mam_m§À`m cm¡{H$H$ Mm[aÍ`mÀ`m AmYmao Ë`m§À`m H$m_OrdZmMo eãXm§H$Z H$aÊ`mMmYmS>gr n«`ËZ Vo H$aVmV, EdT>r EH$M H$Wm m g§J«hmÀ`m àH¥$Vrer (åhUOo ñnï>dŠVonUmer){dg§JV dmQ>Vo. VwH$mam_m{df`r cmoH$m§Zm dmQ>Umè`m AmXamcm, lÕocm `m H$Wo_wio YŠH$mnmohmMVmo. ho H$Wo~Ôc à{VHy$c _V hmoÊ`mMo EH$ ~mø H$maU Amho. `mnojmhr A{YH$

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_hÎdmMr Aer XmoZ H$maUo AmhoV, (1) VwH$mam_m§Mo ImOJr OrdZ, {deofV: Ë`m§À`mH$m_OrdZmVrc Vnerc _mhrV ZgVmZm nR>mao Amnë`m H$ënZoZo Vo VwH$mam_mda Amamo{nVH$aVmV. (2) VwH$mam_ `m {d{eï> ì`ŠVrer {ZJS>rV Pmë`m_wio H$WoMm Ame` ì`pŠV-ñWi-H$mc~Õ hmoVmo.''59

VwH$mam_ Am{U {OOmB© `m nmÌm§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr EH$ doJirM ~mOy `m H$WoVcoIH$mZo _m§S>cr Amho. `mV {OOmB©Mo àmn§{MH$ ór åhUyZ Oo ê$n Cô H$aVmZm VwH$mam_ d{OOmB© m§Mo àmn§{MH$ OrdZ Ë`mVhr dmgZm`, H$m__` OrdZ coIH$mZo àm_w»`mZo OmUrdnyd©H$_m§S>co Amho. Am{U `mVM VwH$mam_ {OOmB©gh H$go a__mU Pmco hmoVo ho XmIdyZ Ho$diAZmhÿVnUo Vo g§V Pmco AgoM nR>ma|Zm `mVyZ XmIdm`Mo Amho. Am{U åhUyZM VwH$mam_m§Mrì`pŠVaoIm hr AdmñVdnUo `mV {M{ÌV Ho$cocr Amho. `mVrc VwH$mam_ ho d¡f{`H$ _Zwî`dmQ>VmV. `m_Üò nR>mao `m§Zr ho ê$n XmI{dVmZm VwH$mam_ d {OOmB© `m§À`mVrc EH$m§VmMmdmgZm_` àg§J e×~Õ Ho$cm Amho. Omo qZXZr` Amho. Am{U `m gmè`m nmíd©^y_rdaM `mH$WoV VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd gmH$ma Ho$co Amho. `m ì`pŠV_Îdmcm A{YH$ ^S>H$nUoa§J{dÊ`mgmR>r JmdmVë`m doS>çm amhrda hmoUmam ~cmËH$ma VwH$mam_ Ho$di nmhmV ~gVmV,hm àg§J aoImQ>cm Amho. `m àg§Jmda Amncm gH$mamË_ A{^àm` S>m°. g. am. MwZoH$am§gma»`m Áòð> ì`ŠVrZo Úmdm Am{U g_W©Z H$amdo ho AmUIrZM A`mo½` Amho. hm A{^àmÀgm H$s, ""\$ma ~Q>~Q>rVnUmZo ho gm_mÝ`nU XmIdUmao coIZ Pmco Amho. VwH$mam_ g_OyZKoVmZm, VwH$mam_mda {c{hVmZm Vac H$mì`mË_d¥Îmr Am{U AmÜ`mpË_H$ OmUrd hdr Ago _cmZoh_rM dmQ>Vo. Vw_À`m coIZmV c¢{JH$VoMm J§S> Agmdm Ag§ {Xgm`cm cmJV§. `mhr H$WoVË`m doS>rdarc ~cmËH$ma - AË`mMmamMm àg§J hm Vw_À`m H$moUË`mhr g_H$mcrZ H$WoVgm_mdmdm Agm. Ë`mMà_mUo VwH$mam_ - {OOmB© g§^moJmMo àg§J.''60 hm A{^àm`hr A`mo½ÀgyZ Ho$di VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdmcm _{cZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amho Ago ñnï>nUo åhUmdogodmQ>Vo.

Iao Va maVr` VÎdkmZmZwgma _mUyg A§VJ©V eŠVrZo Amnë`m Z¡g{J©H$ mdZoda_mV H$ê$ eH$Vmo. nU m{R>H$mUr mMm {ZfoY H$ê$Z Ho$di H$m__` OrdZ åhUOo _mUyg `m^mdZoVyZ nR>mè`m§Zr VwH$mam_ Cô Ho$co AmhoV. `mg§X^m©V EH$m A{^àm`mV àm. AZwamYmnmoVXma åhUVmV H$s, ""nR>ma|Zr ñdrH$maco Vo VwH$mam_mVrc gm_mÝ`nU Am{U Ë`m§À`mVrcnewÎd. {df`mMo Zm{dÝ` åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm e Oê$a {_imcoco Amho. Ë`m§Zm {df` dmgZoda ào_H$aUmam VwH$mam_ {M{ÌV H$amd`mMm hmoVm. Vmo {M{ÌV Pmcm. na§Vw mM {df` dmgZoda {dO`{_idyZ g§VÎd àmá H$aUmam VwH$mam_ _mÌ Ë`m§Zr C^m Ho$cm Zmhr.''61 `mVyZ VwH$mam_m§À`mì`pŠV_Îdmcm COi H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ S>m°. nmoVXma `m§Zr Ho$cm Amho. Am{U {ZpíMVM VmoñdmJVmh© Agm Amho.

`m H$WoVrc erf©H$mV "_mVr' hm eãX dmnacm H$maU VwH$mam_m§À`m àdmgmV

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Ë`m§Mo AIoan`ªV `wÕ am{hco Vo _mVrer. Ë`m§À`m M[aÌH$WoV _mVrcm Oo EH$ n[a_mU Amho,

Ë`mMm CcJS>m H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ `m {R>H$mUr coIH$mZo Ho$cm Amho. `mVyZ "n«o{fVm§Mo nm`

_mVr'Mo AgVmV, `m à{gÕ gË`dV _mZë`m OmUmè`m {ZH$fmda òWo "VwH$mam_' Amnë`m

g_moa gmH$ma H$aÊ`mV Amco AmhoV. Ago {XgVo. m XrK©H$WoV VwH$mam_m§Mo Amcoco dmgZm_`ì`pŠV_Îd ho AË`§V hrZ XOm©Mo Amho. `mVyZ Ë`m§À`m ê$nmcm _{cZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ PmcmAmho. Á`m VwH$mam_m§Zr dmgZm{da{hV g§gma Ho$cm, Ë`m§À`m M[aÌmda Ago Amamon H$aUo

~w{Õd§VmÀ`m ~wÕrcm {Vcm§Ocr XoÊ`mgmaIo Amho. `màH$maMo {dH¥$V ê$n S>m°. AmZ§X `mXd`m§Zr Amnë`m "g§V gy © VwH$mam_' mV XmI{dco. mMm {ZfoY AcrH$S>oM dmaH$ar g§àXm`mZoVrd« eãXmV Ho$cm Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo `mcm MmoI à{VCÎma åhUyZ lr_§V H$moH$mQ>o `m§Zr"g§V gy`© VwH$mam_ H$mX§~ar - AmZ§X `mXdm§À`m {dH¥$VrMm H$ig' `m ZmdmZo ñdV§Ì nwñVH${c{hco d Amncm {ZfoY Zm|X{dcm. EImÚm Acm¡{H$H$ ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo BVHo$ ^`mdh ê$n{c{hUmè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m {dH¥$VrMm H$ig Amho AgoM åhUmdo cmJoc. mV Amcoco ho ì`pŠV_Îd

H$moUË`mhr y{_Ho$VyZ d {H$Vrhr Zì`m {gÕm§VmÀ`m AmYmao _m§S>co Joco Agco Var Vo A`mo½Àm{U A`mo½`M Amho. m_wio gm_mÝ` _mUgmÀ`m amofmcm gm_moao Omdo cmJoc mMo mZ R>odyZàËòH$ _Zwî`mZo gX²gX²{ddoH$mZo coIZ H$amdo AgoM _ZmnmgyZ dmQ>Vo. `mÛmam AmUIrZ EH$gm§Jmdogo dmQ>Vo H$s {dH¥$Vr hr _mUgm§À`m {dMmamV AgVo. hr Zï> H$ê$Z ñdÀN> _ZmZoVwH$mam_m§Mo M[aÌ Am{U ì`pŠV_Îd ~{KVco, Aä`mgco Va {ZpíMVM Vo Cƒ H$moQ>rVrcAmho. Z_«VoZo AmnU PwH$mdo AgoM Amho. `m gmè`mVyZ H$moUm EH$m ì`ŠVrda amof Zmhr, Va

_mUgmÀ`m _mZ{gH$VoMm hm Xmof Amho. Am{U ho Aä`mgVmZm ho ~XcyZ AmnU lÕoZo

VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠVÎd Aä`mgmdo BVHo$M _cm {chmdogo dmQ>Vo.

lr g§V VwH$mam_ - lr. X. Xm. Omoer"lr g§V VwH$mam_' _Üò à{Vq~{~V Pmcoco VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd -

lr. X. Xm. Omoer `m§Mo "lr g§V VwH$mam_' `m nwñVH$mV VwH$mam_m§Mo M[aÌJmoï>rÀ`m ê$nmZo gm§JÊ`mV Amco Amho. `mV EHy$U Mm¡Xm Jmoï>r AgyZ VwH$mam_m§À`m M[aÌmMm

doY AË`§V ~mi~moY nÕVrZo KoVcocm Amho. ho Jmooï>rê$n M[aÌ dmMVmZm Vo AË`§V chmZ_wcm§gmR>r {c{hco Joco Amho ho cjmV òVo Am{U chmZ _wcm§Zm Á`m ^mfoV g_Ooc Ë`mM^mfoV Vo gm§JÊ`mV Amco Amho. `m {R>H$mUr EH$ H$Wm g§J«h åhUyZ `mMm AmT>mdm KoUoAmdí`H$ Agë`mZo Vmo KoV Amho.

"lr VwH$mam_ _hmamOm§À`m Jmoï>r' `mV VwH$mam_m§Mo M[aÌ Jmooï>rê$nmZo eãX~ÕHo$co Amho. `mV nma§n[aH$ M[aÌ Amnë`mg_moa Cô H$ê$Z Ë`mVyZ gmYo - gai nma_m{W©H$ì`pŠV_Îd coIH$mZo _m§S>co Amho. AË`§V Jar~, Z_«, gmYo-gai Am{U gmpÎdH$ Ago

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VwH$mam_m§Mo ê$n `mV Amco Amho. Oo chmZ _wcm§Zm AmdS>Umao, ^mdUmao Ago Amho. n{hë`mVrZ Jmooï>rV VwH$mam_m§Mo àmn§{MH$ ê$n XmI{dco Amho. Va Cacoë`m "AmH$am Jmoï>rV ŠVr_mJm©VVëcrZ Pmcoco VwH$mam_m§Mo Xe©Z AmnUmcm hmoVo. VwH$mam_m§Mo ho Jmoï>rê$n, ~mi~moY M[aÌ dË`mVyZ Ë`m§Mo gmH$ma hmoUmao à{Vq~~ åhUOo chmZ _wcm§Zm AmXe© OrdZ H$go Agmdo `mMo{Xcoco AmXe© CXmhaU Amho. `mVyZ N>moQ>çm N>moQ>çm Jmooï>rVyZ Mm§Jco Z¡{VH$ OrdZ H$go

OJmdo, ì`mdhm[aH$ OrdZmV Ý`m`mZo, gMmoQ>rZo H$go dmJmdo ho _wcm§Zm gmoß`m nÕVrZo gm§{JVco

Joco Amho. `mà_mUo AË`§V gmoß`m nÕVrZo ho VwH$mam_m§Mo ê$n chmZ _wcm§g_moa gmH$ma

H$aÊ`mV coIH$mcm è {_imco Amho. `mVyZ EH$ Jmooï> OmUdVo H$s, VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îdho gd©M ñVamVrc gd©M ì`ŠVtZm AmH${f©V H$aUmao Ago hmoVo.

AgmÜ` Vo gmÜ` (8 Zmoìho. 2008), {dO` Jdir

"AgmÜ` Vo gmÜ`' _Üò n«{Vq~{~V Pmcoco VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd -{dO` Jdir ho A{cH$S>À`m H$mimVrc EH$ Zdmo{XV coIH$. Ë`m§Mo "AgmÜ`

Vo gmÜ`' ho n{hcoM nwñVH$ AgyZ Vo VwH$mam_m§À`m A^§Jmda AmYm[aV Amho. `m nwñVH$mcmàXrn gmi§wHo$ `m§Mr {ddoMH$ àñVmdZm cm^cr Amho. `m nwñVH$mV EHy$U Mm¡Xm A^§Jm§Mmg_mdoe Amho. {dO` Jdir `m§Zr ho nwñVH$ EH$m {d{eï> hoVyZo {c{hco Amho. VwH$mam_m§À`mA^§Jm§Zr Vo ^mamdyZ Joco. OrdZm~Ôc AgUmam gH$mamË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ, A^§JmVyZ OrdZOJÊ`mMr {_iUmar àoaUm `mVyZ m nwñVH$mMr {Z{_©Vr Pmcr Amho. àm_w»`mZo ñdV: coIH$ho `m A^§Jm§Zr ^mamdyZ Joco. Ë`mMm BVH$m à^md nS>cm H$s Ë`mVyZ `m nwñVH$mMr {Z{_©VrPmcr.

{dO` Jdir m§Zr nwñVH$mcm {Xcoë`m erf©H$mVyZM VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMoXe©Z AmnUmcm KS>{dco Amho. Oo AdKS> Amho, Oo H$YrM gmÜ` hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Vo gmÜ`H$aUmao VwH$mam_ åhUOoM `mVyZ VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmVrc Ü o`dmX, H$UIa AmemdmXAm{U Oo àmá H$am`Mo Amho, Ë`mgmR>r dmQ>oc Vo H$ï> H$aÊ`mMr V`mar `mVyZ {XgyZ òVo.na_oída àmárMo AdKS> Ago Üò` Ë`m§Zr àmá Ho$co. g_mOgwYmaUoMm dgm Ë`m§Zr KoVcm. OoH$R>rU Amho Vo à`ËZmZo gmH$ma H$am`MoM hm Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm EH$ AË`§V _hÎdmMmn¡by hmoVm. `mà_mUoM Ë`m§À`m A^§JmVyZ Ë`m§Mm CnXoe ñnï>rH$aUmgh gm§JÊ`mMm à`ËZJdir `m§Zr Ho$cm Amho. `m A §JmMm AW© Ë`m§Zr Amnë`mnarZo CcJSy>Z gm§{JVcm Amho.

VwH$mam_m§Zr "_hmnwao PmS>o OmVr ...' `m A^§JmVyZ Z_«Vm hm JwU _mUgm_ÜòAgUo {H$Vr Amdí`H$ Amho, ho AZoH$ CXmhaUmZo gm§{JVco Amho. ho gm§JV AgVmZm Z_«Vmhm Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm EH$ {deof JwU hmoVm. ho XoIrc AmnUmg {XgyZ oVo. Ë`m§À`mM[aÌmVrc AZoH$ KQ>ZmVyZ Ë`m§Mr Z_«Vm AmnUmcm {XgyZ oVo. CXm. Ý`m`ì`dñWoZo gm§{JVcocr

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{ejm Vo AË`§V Z_«nUo ñdrH$maVmV. H$moUrhr Agmo Ë`mÀ`m nwT>o VwH$mam_ Z_« hmoD$Z dmJVmZm{XgVmV. Ho$di Ë`m§Zr hm JwU ñdV: AmMaUmV AmUcm Zmhr Va Ë`m§Mo _hÎdhr Ë`m§ZrAZoH$ CXmhaUmVyZ cmoH$m§Zm g_OmdyZ gm§{JVco. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr hÎmr, _w§Jr, cìhmio, PmS>oAer CXmhaUo {Xcr. nwT>rc A §JmVyZ Ë`m§Zr Amncm Mm§JwcnUm gmoSy> Zò. Xwï> cmoH$ {H$VrhrdmB©Q> dmJco Var AmnU Amncm Mm§JwcnUm gmoSy> Zò. H$maU EH$ {Xdg hmM Mm§JwcnUmg_moaÀ`m ì`ŠVrV ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUVmo. åhUyZM Va VwH$mo~m§Zr Amncm Mm§JwcnUm H$YrMgmoS>cm Zmhr. Ë`m§À`m m JwUm_wio _§~mOr, gmcmo_mcmo gmaIo nmI§S>r Z§Va Ë`m§Zm eaU Joco.Á`mà_mUo AmnU Mm§Jë`mÀ`m ghdmgmV ahmdo, Ë`mMà_mUo XwO©Z cmoH$m§À`m AmnU H$YrZmXr cmJy Z o. H$maU _mUgmMr _yc^yV àd¥Îmr Vr hr Aer Amho H$s, AmnU dmB©Q> Jmoï>rMoAZwH$aU H$aVmo. Ë`m_wio AmnU Xwï>m§À`m, XwO©Zm§À`m g§JVrnmgyZ cm§~ ahmdo. VwH$mam_m§Zr hoñdV: AmMaUmV AmUco hmoVo. `mVyZ VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠVÎd H$em àH$maMo hmoVo ho Amnë`mcjmV òVo.

VwH$mam_ ho EH$ ~mocHo$, naIS> g_mO gwYmaH$ hmoVo. hm dgm Ë`m§Zr g§VEH$ZmWm§nmgyZ KoVcm hmoVm. Am{U `mM g_mOgwYmaUogmR>r àg§Jr Ë`m§Zr A{Ve` H$R>moaeãXm§Mr eóohr dmnacr. g_mOmV Oo T>m|Jr gmYy AmhoV, Oo H$_©H$m§S>mda {dídmg R>odyZg_mOmcm \$g{dVmV Ë`m§Mr H$mZ CKmS>Ur VwH$mam_m§Zr A{Ve` naIS>nUo Ho$cr Amho. VrAer H$s,

""^Jdo Var ídmZ ghO dof Ë`mMm Ÿ&VoWo AZw^dmMm H$m` n§W Ÿ&&1Ÿ&&dmT>dwZr OQ>m {\$ao Xmhr {Xem Ÿ&Var O§~ydofm ghO pñWVr Ÿ&&2Ÿ&&''62

`mVyZ àH$Q> Pmcoco VwH$mam_m§Mo ê$n ho A{Ve` g§Vmnr, {dÐmohr AgoM Amho.Á`mà_mUo ImoQ>çm gmYyg§Vm§da àhma H$aVmZm Ë`m§Mr `moÕçmMr y{_H$m KoVcr Ë`mMà_mUoOo Iao g§V AmhoV Vo H$go AgVmV ho gm§JyZ Ë`m§À`mnwT>o Vo Z_« hmoD$Z Ë`m§Mm Jm¡ad H$aVmV.EdT>o gm§JyZ Vo Wm§~co ZmhrV Va Ë`m§À`m ghdmgmV AmnU gVV ahmdo Ago gm§JVmV. nañna{damoY AgUmao VwH$mam_m§Mo ê$n `mV {XgyZ òVo. Am{U åhUyZM {dO` Jdir gm§JVmV H$s,""VwH$mo~mam` ho Iè`m g§Vm§n¡H$s EH$ g§V hmoVo. OJmV gJù`mV OmñV qH$_V AgUmam Vo EH${ham hmoVo.''63

VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV AmUIrZ EH$ {deof åhUOo Ë`m§Mo gË` ~mocUo.VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m Am`wî`mV gË`Vocm \$ma _hÎd {Xco. {H$Vrhr AdKS> Am{U H$R>rUàg§J Agcm Var Vo gË`M ~mocV Am{U gË`M dmJV. Am{U Amnë`m A^§JmVyZhr Ë`m§Zrdoimodoir cmoH$m§Zm hmM CnXoe Ho$cm. gË` ~mocÊ`mZo _mUyg Zoh_rM A§V~m©ø {Z_©i amhVmoAm{U Ë`m_wio _ZmV H$moUVmhr Šcof ahmV Zmhr. VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m Am`wî`mV `mcm \$ma

365

_hÎd {Xco. VwH$mam_m§Zr Á`mà_mUo gË` dmJÊ`mMm, ~mocÊ`mMm AmJ«h Yacm Ë`mMà_mUo _Zho dmgZonmgyZ, {df`mnmgyZ, _mohmnmgyZ cm§~ R>odco nm{hOo Ago Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVco. {dÇ>càmárgmR>r Ë`m§Zr ñdV:À`m _ZmMo {H$Vr H$R>moa narjU Ho$co `mMo CXmhaU Ë`m§À`m AZoH$A^§JmVyZ AmnUmcm {XgyZ òVo. Á`mà_mUo Ë`m§Zr Amnco _Z Amnë`m Vmã`mV R>odco,Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`m§Zr BpÀN>V Üò àmá H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZdmXmMmhr nwañH$ma Ho$cm. à`ËZm_wioAmnë`mcm Oo {_idm`Mo, Vo {_idVm òVo ho ñdV:À`m CXmhaUmVyZ Ë`m§Zr XmIdyZ {Xco.VwH$m o~m§À`mH$S> o AgUmam hm AmemdmX ñnï> H$aVmZm S>m °. {dO` Jdir gm§JVmV,""VwH$mo~mam`mH$S>Mm hm {Xdm {dMmam§Mm Amho, kmZmMm Amho, {ejUmMm Amho, {ddoH$mMmAmho, _mZ{gH$ gm_Ï`m©Mm Amho.''64 `mVyZ VwH$mam_m§Mo EH$ ~hþAm`m_r ê$n AmnUmg_moaCô amhVo.

VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JmVyZ Ë`m§Mo {dkmZdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ AgUmao ê$nhr oVo. VH©$g§JVrcm

_hÎd XoD$Z ~wÕrdmXmMm nwañH$ma VwH$mam_m§Zr Ho$cm. Am{U åhUyZM g_mOmcm naIS>nUo Vo

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{XgVo. `mVyZ Ë`m§À`m àIa ~w{Õ_ÎmoMo Xe©Z AmnUmcm KS>Vo. VwH$mam_m§À`m \$ŠV Mm¡XmA^§JmVyZ {dO` Jdir `m§Zr Ë`m§Zm ^mdcoco VwH$mo~m gmXa H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho.Am{U m A §JmV gmH$ma Ho$coco ì`pŠV_Îd _r _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. darcà_mUo VwH$mam_m§À`mA^§JmVyZ VwH$mam_m§Mo à`ËZerc, gƒo ê$n gmH$ma hmoVo. VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr hrN>moQ>r N>moQ>r A§Jo g_OUo hohr \$ma _moR>o Amho. Ë`m_wio VwH$mam_m§Zm AUy EdT>o g_OÊ`mg `mnwñVH$mMr {ZpíMVM _XV hmoB©c.

"OJX²Jwê$ VwH$mam_ _hmamOm§Mo AmË_M[aÌ', (_mM© 2010) àm. CÎm_amd IamV"OJX²Jwê$ VwH$mam_ _hmamOm§Mo AmË_M[aÌ' `mV à{Vq~{~V Pmcoco VwH$mam_m§Moì`pŠV_Îd -

M[aÌ d AmË_M[aÌ m EH$mM ZmÊ`mÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy. M[aÌ ho ì`ŠVrÀ`m OrdZmdaH$moUrhr {chÿ eH$Vmo. _mÌ AmË_M[aÌ ho ñdV:M {chmdo cmJVo. Ago Agco Varàm. CÎm_amd IamV m§Zr VwH$mam_m§À`m OrdZM[aÌmda ho AmË_M[aÌ {c{hcoco Amho. AWm©V`mMo {ZdoXH$ d Zm`H$ ñdV: VwH$mo~mM AmhoV. AmË_M[aÌ Ago ho M[aÌM Amho. `mVVwH$mo~m ho ñdV: {ZdoXZH$V} Agë`mZo Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm H$mhrgm OdiyZ n[aM` AmnUmcmhmoVmo. _mM© 2010 _Üò ho AmË_M[aÌ àH$m{eV Pmco AgyZ Vo EHy$U Mm¡Xm mJmV {d^mJcoAmho. àW_ "AmË_M[aÌ' m àH$mamVyZ CÎm_amd IamV m§Zr VwH$mam_m§Mm OrdZd¥Îmm§V Ë`mVrc

A§VJ©V g§Kfm©gh _m§S>cm Amho. nyd© gmÑí` nÕVrZo `m AmË_M[aÌmMr _m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mV

Amcr Amho.

366

VwH$mam_ ho g§V VwH$mam_ Pmë`mZ§Va EH$m gdm}ƒ AdñWoV AgVmZm Ë`m§MoQ>miH$ar Am{U godoH$ar Ë`m§Zm Amnco M[aÌ Amåhm§g gm§Jm Agm AmJ«h YaVmV. Am{U `mg§V g‚mZm§Mm eãX nmiÊ`mgmR>r åhUyZ VwH$mam_ ñdV:M ñdV:Mo M[aÌ gm§JÊ`mg V`ma

hmoVmV. ñdV: VwH$mo~m§Zr gm§{JVcoë`m `m M[aÌmV VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd H$em nÕVrZogmH$ma Pmco Amho ho nmhUo IaoM Amdí`H$ Amho. Am{U _hÎdnyU© XoIrc. àm. IamV `m§ZrVwH$mam_m§À`m M[aÌmMo XmoZ ^mJ Ho$co AmhoV. EH$ cm¡{H$H$ d Xwgam nma_m{W©H$ Aer XmoZì`pŠV_Îdo AmnUmg_moa C^r amhVmV. cm¡{H$H$ ì`pŠV_Îd ho nma_m{W©H$ ì`pŠV_ÎdmcmgmH$ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r CR>mdXmanUo Amco Amho. m g§nyU© ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm Am{dîH$ma hmoV AgVmZmVmo EH$m {d{eï> ^md{ZH$ _Z:pñWVrV hmoVmo Ago AmnUmcm AmË_M[aÌ dmMV AgVmZmdmQ>Vo. VwH$mam_m§À`m Acm¡{H$H$ ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr PcH$ AmnUmcm àm. CÎm_amd IamV `m§ZrAn©Un{ÌHo$V XmI{dcr Amho. Ë`mV VwH$mam_m§Mo ê$n Ago òVo, ""F$fr gmM^mdo Oo ~mo{cco;Vo dV©Z H$ê$Z XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r ^yVcmda d¡Hw$§R>rhÿZ Amco VwH$mam_. ^ŠVr, d¡am½`, kmZnyU©VoZo EHo$R>m`r dgco Vo VwH$mam_; H$sV©ZrM H$m`m ~«÷^yV Ho$cr Vo VwH$mam_; _m`~mn{dÇ>cmZo Amnë`m coH$amMo AdKo cio nwa{dcoV, Vo {dÇ>cmMo AmdS>Vo coH$ê$ VwH$mam_;VwH$mgr VwH$co Vo VwH$mam_.''65 `mV VwH$mo~m§À`m {Xì` ê$nmMr à{MVr AmnUmcm òVo.

VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd ho EH$m g§VmMo ì`pŠV_Îd Amho. g§V ho Ah§H$mamnmgyZcm§~ AgVmV Am{U ñdV:À`mM _wImZo, ñdV:Mm _moR>onUm H$YrM gm§JV ZmhrV. _wimV"_r' À`m H$V}nUmnmgyZ Vo ñdV:cm cm§~ R>odVmV. Am{U hm Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm EH$_hZr` {deof AgVmo. Am{U mM g§X^m©V VwH$mo~m gm§JVmV, ""Amnco M[aÌ Amnë`m _wImZodXy Zò. EH$Xm KmcdyZ cmdcocm Ah§H$ma naV A§Var {eaH$md H$aÊ`mMr rVr AgVo. AmOVwåhr g§Vm§Zr àíZ Ho$cm` Amnco dMZ nmimdo åhUyZ ~mocVmo`. Zò ~mocmo n[a ~mocVmo`._mPm nm§Sw>a§J _Ocm Ë`m Ah§^mdmnmgyZ Xya R>odmo.''66 mVyZ {Zah§H$mar d ŠVr_` VwH$mo~m§MrEH$ _yVu Amnë`mg_moa C^r amhVo.

VwH$mam_m§Mo cm¡{H$H$ ì`pŠV_Îd ho gd©gm_mÝ` àmn§{MH$ J¥hñWmMoM EH$ n[anyU©ê$n Amho. `mV VwH$mam_ ho VwH$mdmUr, VwH$meoR> `m ê$nmV AmnUmcm {XgVmV. VËH$mcrZH$mimVrc EH$ à{V{ð>V, gwIg§nÞ KamV VwH$mam_m§Mm OÝ_, ~mcnU Joco. Ë`m à{Vð>ocmgmOogo Ago Ë`m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd hmoVo. EH$ hþema _wcJm, ì`dhmaXj _wcJm åhUyZ AmB©d{S>cm§Zm Ë`m§Mm A{^_mZ dmQ>m`Mm. Va gd§JS>çm§Zm Vmo OUy Amnë`mVcmM EH$ dmQ>m`Mm.àËòH$mcm VwH$m AmncmM dmQ>m`Mm. åhUOoM àmn§{MH$ OrdZmV VwH$mam_m§Mo EH$ ^md{ZH$ê$n AmnUmcm {XgyZ oVo. VwH$mam_m§À`m m cm¡{H$H$ OrdZmV VwH$mam_m§da gdm©V OmñV à^mdnS>cm Vmo Ë`m§À`m AmB©Mm. AmB©À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmVyZ VwH$mam_m§Mo ê$n gmH$ma hmoV JococoAmnUmg {XgyZ oVo. hm à^md H$gm nS>cm m g§X^m©V VwH$mam_ åhUVmV, ""_mÂ`m _m`~mnhmo,

367

ào_ Am{U Xw:I ho ^md H$m` AgVmV ho Ë`mdoir AmB©À`m AmMaUmVyZ {eH$cmo. ào_mnmoQ>rMrXw:ImMr AmM Ordmg OiVmZm nm{hcr. ào_mMr Imocr nm{hcr. AmB© Z gm§JVm ~aoM H$mhr{eH$dyZ cJmocJ d{S>cm§Mo _mJo {ZKyZ Jocr.''67 `mVyZ VwH$mam_m§À`m g§nyU© OrdZmdaË`m§À`m AmB©Mm {H$Vr Imocda à^md hmoVm ho {XgyZ òVo. EdT>oM Zìho Va KamVrc _¥Ë yÀ`mMH«$mZo VwH$mam_m§da H$gm n[aUm_ Pmcm hohr ñnï> hmoVo.

VwH$mam_m§Mo àmn§{MH$ ì`pŠV_Îd åhUOo gm_mÝ` _Zwî`mcm CƒV_ gm_mÝÒrdZ H$go OJmdo, `mMm CÎm_ AmXe© Amho. VwH$mam_m§Mo ho ê$n A{V^ì` {Xì` Zgco VaràËòH$ gm_mÝ` _mUgmcm `m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm hodm dmQ>mdm Ago Amho. H$maU àmn§{MH$ OrdZ

gwÕm {H$Vr AmXe© àH$mao OJVm oVo ho VwH$mam_m§Zr XmIdyZ {Xco. `mV EH$ CÎm_ dmUr,

gdm}Îm_ _wcJm, AmXe© nVr, cmoH${à` gIm d g_mOmVrc EH$ AmXaUr` ì`ŠVr B. AZoH$ê$nmV VwH$mam_ AmnUmcm {XgyZ oVmV. Am{U m gdm©V EH$ gƒm àm_m{UH$ _Zwî` Zmdmê$nmcmAmcocm AmnUmcm {XgyZ òVmo. VwH$mam_m§À`m àmn§{MH$ OrdZmV AZoH$ g§H$Q>o Amcr. _¥Ë`yZoW¡_mZ KmVco, XwîH$mi nS>cm Am{U `m XwîH$mimV hmoVo ZìhVo Vo gmao Joco. nU VwH$mo~m§ZrAmncr VÎdo gmoS>cr ZmhrV. H$mimZwê$n ~Xc Ho$cm Zmhr. cmoH$m§~Ôc Ë`m§Zm Or AmnwcH$s,

ào_ hmoVo Vo àËòH$ àg§JmV {XgyZ òVo. _hmOZ, gmdH$ma AgVmZm Vo Á`m nÕVrZo cmoH$m§Zm

_XV H$arV Ë`mM nÕVrZo Ë`m§Zr XwîH$mimVhr ñdV:Mm {dMma Z H$aVm cmoH$m§Zm _XV Ho$cr.

`mVyZ VwH$mam_m§Mr EH$ AmXe© g_mOgodH$mMr à{V_m C^r amhVo.VwH$mo~m§À`m OrdZmV XwîH$mimZo, _¥Ë`yZo W¡_mZ KmVco. _mUgmMo cm{OadmUo

OJUo, _Zwî` OrdZmcm AgUmar AnyU©Vm `mMr Ë`m§Zm OmUrd Pmcr. Am{U `mhr n{cH$S>o_Zwî` OrdZmcm H$mhr AW© Agcm nm{hOo Am{U Vmo Zo_H$m H$m` ? `m {dMmamZo Ë`m§MrPmcocr _ZmodñWm åhUOoM VwH$mam_m§À`m Zì`m ì`pŠV_Îdmcm KS>{dÊ`mMm {dÇ>cmMm EH$S>md Amho. VwH$mam_m§À`m `m Zì`m n«{Vq~~m~Ôc àm. IamV åhUVmV H$s, ""VwH$mam_ ømnmÌmg {dÇ>c KS>drV hmoVm. Q>mH$sMo Kmdm_mJyZ Kmd ~gV hmoVo. Xw:Im_mJyZ naV Xw:I AgoAmKmV hmoV hmoVo. Agm KS>drV hmoVm _mPm {dÇ>c øm VwŠ`mg. XohmMo gwImg _mPo gwIAm{U XohmMo Xw:Img "_mPo' Xw:I g_OV hmoVmo. XohmMo gwIXw:ImMo ^moJmg _mPo "gwIXw:IåhUV hmoVmo' _Zmg hmoUmè`m Šcoem§Zm "_mPo' Šcoe åhUV hmoVmo. Á`mcm H$Yr Xw:I, ŠboehmoUo Zmhr Vmo Ord "_r Iyn Xw:Ir Pmcmo Ago åhUV hmoVm', "{Odmg Šcoe Pmco Ago åhUVhmoVm', øm ^moJm§Mm, øm Xw:Im§Mm, øm ŠcoemMm Ordmer g§~§Y Amho qH$dm Zmhr øm{ddoH$mH$S>o VwŠ`mcm ZoÊ`mMm à`mg {dÇ>c H$arV hmoVm.'' 68 åhUOo gwIg§nÞ OrdZmMrjU^§JyaVm OmUUmao VwH$mam_ Vr cjmV Amë`mZ§Va ñdV:_Üò ~Xc H$ê$Z Iè`m OrdZmMmAW© emoYUmao VwH$mam_ åhUOo EH$ Acm¡{H$H$ ì`pŠV_Îd hmoVo. Ë`mMn«_mUo {dÇ>cmZo XoIrcho Acm¡{H$H$ ì`pŠV_Îd AmoiIco AgyZ Vo gmH$ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r àË`jmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r

368

{dÇ>cmZo XoIrc VwH$mam_m§À`m àmn§{MH$ ê$nmda Agm AmKmV Ho$cm. H$maU Ë`mVyZM Ë`m§ZmEH$ Cƒ nma_m{W©H$ ì`pŠV_Îd {Z_m©U H$amd`mMo hmoVo.

VwH$mam_m§Mo nma_m{W©H$ ì`pŠV_Îd åhUOoM EH$m gm_mÝ` _mUgmMo "g§Vm_Üò'Pmcoco ê$nm§Va Amho. qH$~hþZm Vo A{Ve` CƒV_ ê$n åhUOo VwH$mam_m§Mo nma_m{W©H$ à{Vq~~àm. IamV `m§Zr VwH$mam_m§Mo ho à{Vq~~ A{Ve` {dñV¥VnUo, àËòH$ AdñWoZwgma gmXa Ho$coAmho. àËòH$ nma_m{W©H$ AdñWoV VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV Pmcocm ~Xc Am{U Ë`mVyZZì`mZo AmH$ma KoUmar ê$no mV àm. CÎm_amd IamV m§Zr gmH$ma Ho$cr AmhoV. hr àËòH$ ê$noEH$_oH$m§V EH$ê$n Pmcocr AmnUmcm {XgyZ òVmV. àW_ nma_m{W©H$ àmárgmR>r _ZmMrewÕVm AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. _Z ho Xmof_wŠV Agco nm{hOo. VaM VoWo na_oída dmgH$aVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo _Z ho dmgZm{dahrVhr hdo. _Zmcm Amnë`m Vmã`mV R>odm`Mo. VwH$mam_m§ZrAmnë`m à{VôV `mMm CÎm_ Am{dîH$ma KS>{dë`mMo AmnUmg {XgVo. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zr g§Vg‚mZm§Mm ghdmg cm^mdm `mgmR>r ÔZ H$sV©ZmMm _mJ© nËH$acm. `m gmè`mVyZ Oo ê$n

{XgVo Vo Ago, ""lÕm, AmXa, {dídmg ~modm§À`m Mohè`mda AJXr Amog§Sy>Z dmhmV hmoVm.

~modm§Mo ho Xe©Z Á`m§Zm Pmco Vo YÝ`Vog nmdco.''69 `mVyZ VwH$mam_m§À`m Zì`m ê$nmMo Xe©ZAmnUmcm hmoVo. åhUyZM VwH$mam_ åhUVmV H$s, VwH$meoQ>rMm VwH$mam_ Am§{~co Pmcm hmoVm. VmoY«wnX Y[aVm Y[aVm VwH$m hmoD$ cmJcm. mVyZ VwH$mam_m§À`m ê$nmV H$gm H$gm ~Xc hmoV Jocmho ñnï>nUo {XgVo.

VwH$mam_m§Mo nmacm¡{H$H$ ì`pŠV_Îd Og-Ogo {dH${gV hmoV Joco. Vg - VgoË`m§Mo àmn§{MH$ ê$n Yyga ~ZV Joco. Am{U àn§MmV AgyZhr ZgUmao VwH$mam_ `mV àH$Q>Pmco. Am{U `m_wioM H$s H$m`, ì`mnmamMo {Xdmio {ZKmco. Kamda Oár Amcr, cmoH$ Ë`m§MrqQ>Jc H$aV. Varhr Ë`m§À`mda H$moUVmhr n[aUm_ Pmcm Zmhr. CcQ> ho cm¡{H$H$ OJ Zï> hmoVAmho. AmnU Ë`mnmgyZ A{cá hmoV AmhmoV åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr nwZ:nwÝhm na_oídamMo Am^ma _mZco.`m gmè`mV {OOmB©Mm VwH$mo~m§ ~amo~aMm g§Kf© dmT>VM Jocm. àmn§{MH$ ór åhUyZ {OOmB©Moê$n mo½` Agco Var {Vcm VwH$mam_m§Mr hr à{V_m _mÝ` ZìhVr. H$maU ho {ZéÚmoJr _mUgmMoH$m_ Amho Ago {Vcm dmQ>o. àn§M H$aÊ`mMr {Vcm hm¡g hmoVr. VwH$mam_ Am{U {OOmB© `m§À`mnañna ì`pŠV_ÎdmV AgUmam hm {damoY IamV Agm gm§JVmV H$s, ""VwH$mam_m§À`m gmÀ`mV{OOmB©Àmm àn§M ~gcm Zmhr Am{U VwH$mam_m§Mm ì`dhma {OOmB©À`m àn§Mr Jw§Vcoë`m _Zr ~gyeH$cm Zmhr.''70 Aer nañna {damoYr ê$no Oar hmoVr Var Am§V[aH$ EH$ ào_mMm YmJm `mnVr-nËZr_Üò AmOÝ_ am{hcm.

VwH$mam_m§À`m nma_m{W©H$ àdmgmV VwH$mam_m§Zm Pmcocm Jwê$nXoe, H${dÎdàmárAm{U Ë`m§Zr Ho$cocm EH$m§VdmgmMm nwañH$ma, hiyhiy Ë`m§À`mV KS>Umao ~Xc Am{U Ë`m§ZmKS>coco {dÇ>cmÀ`m M¡VÝ` ê$nmMo Xe©Z. `mZ§Va Ë`m§Zm H$amdo cmJUmao døm§Mo {Xì`, {dÇ>c

369

Amncr narjm KoV Amho åhUyZ {Xcocr narjm. m gmè`mV {dÇ>cmer EH$ê$n Pmcocr Ë`m§Mrà{V_m åhUOo gmjmV VwH$mo~m {dR²>R>cmMo EH$ A§e AmhoV Ago dmQ>Vo. `mV VÝ_`Vm Amho.Amnna md Amho. Am{U nyU©V: eaU OmÊ`mMr crZVm mV AmnUmcm {XgyZ oVo. VwH$mam_m§Moho ì`pŠV_Îd åhUOo dmMH$mcm KS>cocm EH$ gmjmËH$maM åhUmdm cmJoc. H$maU `mV^ŠVr EH${Zð>, {Z:ñdmWu ^ŠVr Amho. Am{U hoM ê$n n«{MVrcm òVo Vo Ago H$s,""CR>,VwH$mo~m D$R>, ò _OOdi ò, jo_mqcJZ XoD$ KoD$, AmVm Ad¿`m qMVm haë`m. AmVmH$miJUZm H$a{dUmè`m, VwH$`mÀ`m gmè`m eŠVr IMu nS>ë`mV. AmVm \$ŠV "AmZ§Xê$nVwH$m' Cacm`. VwH$m _mPm hmoD$Z Cacm`''. 71

VwH$mam_m§Mo {dÇ>cmer EH$ê$n hmoUo åhUOoM VwH$mam_m§Mo nma_m{W©H$ ê$n g§nyU©V:gmH$ma hmoUo. nma_m{W©H$ joÌmV Vo gdm}ƒ ñWmZr A^§J hmoUo. VwH$mam_m§Mr nma_m{W©H$ ê$no hràËòH$ doir Ë`m gmdù`m na~«÷mgmR>r Amgwgcocr hmoVr. Ë`mV AmnUmcm {Z:ñdmWu,{Zam_` ŠVr Am{U ŠVrM {XgyZ oVo. VwH$meoR>Mm Pmcocm VwH$m hm ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm {dH$mgàm. CÎm_amd IamV m§Zr nma_m{W©H$ M[aÌmÀ`m AmYmao A{Ve` g_n©H$nUo gm§{JVcm Amho.ho nma_m{W©H$ ì`pŠV_Îd A{YH$ CR>mdXma H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñdV: VwH$mo~m§Mm {ZdoXH$ åhUyZHo$cocm dmna. Ë`mMà_mUo àW_nwéfr AmË_{ZdoXZ ho à_wI KQ>H$ AmhoV. VwH$am_m§Mo cm¡{H$H$d nma_m{W©H$ ì`pŠV_ÎdmVyZ EH$m Cƒ H$moQ>r _hm_mZdmMo ê$n gmH$ma hmoVo Vo Ago H$s,""EH$m _hm_mZdmÀ`m A§V:H$aUmVrc H$ëcmoi ! OrdKoÊ`m Xw:Im§da Am{U g§H$Q>m§da _mVH$arV, _mZdVoÀ`m {demc S>mohmV Sw>§~V, gdmªZmM Amnë`m H$doV KoUmè`m H$Zdmiy g§VmMmhm OrdZmoX²Jma! amoIR>moH$ na§Vw {VVŠ`mM àm§OcnUo ñdV:Mo OrdZ CcJSy>Z XmI{dUmam hmEH$ {dcjU nQ>!''72 m gmè`mVyZ VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo AmnUmg WmW© Xe©Z hmoVo.Ë`mMà_mUo "AmË_M[aÌ' `m dmL²>_`àH$mamVyZ gmH$ma Pmcoco ho VwH$mam_m§Mo EH$_od nwñVH$Amho. Am{U åhUyZM `mVyZ gmH$ma Pmcocr VwH$mo~m§Mr à{V_m hr d¡{eîQ>çnyU© d {deofCëcoIZr` Aer Amho.

dddd

{gZo_mà^mVMm "VwH$mam_'

"VwH$mam_' `m {MÌnQ>mV àñVwV Pmcoco VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd -g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m OrdZ M[aÌmda AmYm[aV Oo {MÌnQ> V`ma Pmco Ë`m_Üò Omo

{MÌnQ> gdm©V OmñV cmoH${à` R>acm Vmo åhUOo "à^mV {\$ë_ H§$nZrMm g§V VwH$mam_' hm{MÌnQ> hmo`. "à^mV'Mm "g§V VwH$mam_' hm à^mVMm n{hcm ~mocnQ>. B. g. 1926 cm

à{gÕ Pmcm. øm {MÌnQ>mnydu VwH$mam_m§À`m M[aÌmda AmYm[aV XmoZ {MÌnQ> Amco hmoVo. Vo

370

åhUOo B. g. 1921 cm d Xwgam 1932. "g§V VwH$mam_' emaXm {\$ë_ H§$nZrMm. ho XmoÝhr{MÌnQ> AmO CncãY ZmhrV. Ë`mMà_mUo ho {MÌnQ> H$mhr à_mUmV ZmQ>H$m§da AmYm[aVAgë`m_wio \$mago èñdr Pmco ZmhrV. "g§V VwH$mam_m§Zm KamKamV ZoD$Z nmohmoMdUmam EH$cmoH${à` {MÌnQ> åhUOoM à^mV {\$ë_ H§$nZrMm "g§V VwH$mam_' hm {MÌnQ> hmo`. `m{MÌnQ>mZo cmoH${à`VoMo AZoH$ {dH«$_ Ho$co. hm {MÌnU 57 AmR>dS>o Mmccm. Am{U `mM{MÌnQ>m_wio gwdU© _hmoËgdr è n{hë`m§Xm {MÌnQ>mcm {_imco. `m {MÌnQ>mMo EH$ à_wId¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo ìho{Zg òWrc Am§Vaamï´>r` {MÌnQ> _hmoËgdmV gd©loð> VrZ {MÌnQ>m§n¡H$s"g§V VwH$mam_' hm EH$ {MÌnQ> hmoVm. Am{U ^maVr` {MÌnQ> g¥ï>rcm Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirdagÝ_mZ {_idyZ XoUmam hm n{hcm {MÌnQ> hmo`. Am{U åhUyZM hm {MÌnQ> _hÎdnyU© Amho.

"g§V VwH$mam_' `m {MÌnQ>mMo {X½Xe©Z {dîUyn§V Xm_co d \$Îmocmc `m XmoKm§ZrHo$co. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm àoaUm d _mJ©Xe©Z lr. ìhr. em§Vmam_ `m§Mo cm^co. `m {MÌnQ>mMocoIZ {edam_ dmKmocrH$a m§Zr Ho$co. Va mV à_wI VwH$mam_m§Mr y{_H$m "{dîUyn§V nmJZrg'`m§Zr Ho$cr. Am{U Vr AOam_a Pmcr. `mV òUmar AmdcrMr ^y{_H$m Jm¡ar C\©$ VmZr~mB©S>dar `m§Zr Ho$cr Amho. `m {MÌnQ>mVrc JmUr em§Vmam_ AmR>dco `m§Zr {c{hcr d ñdV:nmJZrgm§Zr Vr Jm{`cr AmhoV. Agm hm à^mVMm "g§V VwH$mam_' {MÌnQ> VwH$mam_m§À`mì`pŠV_Îdmda H$moUVm àH$me Q>mH$Vmo ho nmhUo Amdí`H$ Amhoo. m {MÌnQ>mV oUmao VwH$mam_m§Mo

ì`pŠV_Îd ho nma§n[aH$ Acm¡{H$H$ ñdê$nmMo Amho. mV ŠVr d lÕm m§Mm AZmoIm {_cm\$

Pmcocm AmnUmcm nmhmd`mg {_iVmo. nma§n[aH$ M[aÌmÀ`m AmYmao gmXa Ho$coco VwH$mam_m§Moê$n ho àËòH$ {MÌnQ> nmhUmè`mÀ`m _ZmV Ka H$aVo. mV VwH$mam_m§Mo àmn§{MH$ ê$n Agmo dmnma_m{W©H$. Vo gmpÎdH$, ^ŠVrV crZ Pmcoco AgoM Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo n«mn§{MH$ ê$nmVyZnma_m{W©H$ ê$nmV Ë`m§Mo hmoUmao n[adV©Z ho ghOnUo XmI{dÊ`mV Amcoco Amho. àmn§{MH$ì`pŠV_ÎdmV Ë`m§Mo ŠVrê$n Oar Amco Agco Var EH$ gm_mÝ` _mUyg, Ë`mMm àm_m{UH$nUm,Ë`mMr OrdZm~Ôc, Hw$Qw> §~m~Ôc AgUmar AmñWm `mV gw§Xa d Zo_Ho$nUmZo XmI{dcr Amho.`mV Hw$R>ohr S>H$nUm Amcocm Zmhr. VwH$mam_m§Mo ho ì`pŠV_Îd åhUOo gm_mÝ` _mUgmMo EH$cmoH${à` ê$n Amho.

nma_m{W©H$ ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm Am{dîH$ma hm `m {MÌnQ>mMm EH$ _w»` Am{dîH$maAmho. mVyZ Ë`m§À`m ê$nmcm EH$m A{VCƒ nmVirda Zoco Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`m§À`m nma_m{W©H$ê$nmMm Am{dîH$ma H$aVmZm Ë`mcm M_ËH$mamnmgyZ doJio H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho. ho EH$ à_wId¡{eîQ>ç Amho. `mnyduÀ`m ZmQ>H$mV Oo M_ËH$mam§Mo dc` VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdm^modVrCô Ho$co hmoVo, Vo `m {MÌnQ>mV ~mOycm H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho. VwH$mam_m§Mm hm nma_m{W©H$àdmg, {dÇ>cmÀ`m ôQ>rgmR>r H$mgmdrg Pmcocm Ë`m§Mm àmU, A^§Jm§À`m døm B§ÐmÙrcmAn©U H$aUmao VwH$mam_, ho Ago H$m Pmco åhUyZ {dÇ>cmcmM àíZ H$aUmao VwH$mam_ Am{U

371

Amncr ^ŠVr loð> Amho ho {gÕ H$aUmao VwH$mam_, A^§J B§Ðm`UrV Vaë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zm hmoUmam

AmZ§X, na_oídamÀ`m gJwU gm{Oè`m ê$nmMm Am{dîH$ma Pmë`mZ§Va nyU©V: ~«÷mZ§Xr EH$ê$nhmoUmao Ë`m§Mo ê$n. hr gmarM ê$no XmI{dVmZm EH$m {d{eð> mdmdñWm Am{U Ë`mVyZ gmH$mahmoUmao Ë`m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd `mV à^mdrnUo Amco Amho. `m {MÌnQ>mV XmI{dÊ`mV `oUmè`mVwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdm~m~V BgmH$ _wOmda Amnë`m nwñVH$mV gm§JVmV H$s, ""hm {MÌnQ>EH$ g§VnQ> Agcm Var m {MÌnQ>mcm M_ËH$mamnmgyZ Xya R>odc§ hmoV§ Am{U EH$ _mUyg åhUyZ`m {MÌnQ>mVrc VwH$mam_m§Mr ì`pŠVaoIm a§J{dcr hmoVr. m {MÌnQ>mM§ ho EH$ R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>çhmoV§.''73 `mVyZ VwH$mam_m§Mo Oo ì`pŠV_Îd C^§ Ho$c§ Amho Vo àmn§{MH$ d nma_m{W©H$ ê$nmMmEH$ d¡{eîQ>çnyU© g§J_ Amho. à^mVMo VwH$mam_ cmoH$m§Zm ^mdco H$maU Ë`mV cmoH$m§À`m_ZmVrc VwH$mam_m§Mr ì`pŠVaoIm gmH$ma Pmcr Amho. VwH$mam_m§Mo ho ì`pŠV_Îd g_mOmVrcàË oH$ ì`ŠVrcm mamdyZ Q>mH$Vo. Am{U åhUyZM VwH$mam_m§Mo ho gmpÎdH$, ŠVr_` ì`pŠV_ÎdZoh_rM a{gH$m§À`m _Zmda A{YamÁ` JmOdoc.

"EìhaoñQ> {\$ë_ H§$nZr'Mm "VwH$mam_', B. g. 2012EìhaoñQ> {\$ë_ H§$nZrMm "VwH$mam_' hm ~hþM{M©V {MÌnQ> 8 OyZ 2012 amoOr

àX{e©V Pmcm. à_mV {\$ë_ H§$nZrÀ`m VwH$mam_mZ§Va 76 dfmªZr à{gÕ Pmcocm hm VwH$mam_m§darc

AmUIrZ EH$ _hÎdnyU© {MÌnQ>. mnydu Am{U à^mVÀ`m VwH$mam_mZ§Va VwH$mam_m§da {MÌnQ>Pmco ZmhrV Ago Zmhr. Vo Pmco Am{U H$mcàdmhmV cwáhr Pmco. `mV B. g. 1964 Mm"VwH$m Pmcmgo H$ig', B. g. 1974 Mm "_hm^ŠV VwH$mam_' Va 2002 Mm "OJX²Jwê$ g§V

VwH$mam_' mgmaIo AZoH$ {MÌnQ> H$mcmZwê$n à{gÕ Pmco. nU cmoH$m§À`m _Zmcm ^mdcm Vmo

"à^mVMm VwH$mam_' Am{U Z§Va mM dfu VwH$mam_m§da H$mT>cocm "VwH$mam_' hm AmUIrZ EH${MÌnQ>.

EìhaoñQ> {\$ë_ H§$nZrÀ`m `m {MÌnQ>mMo coIZ A{OV Xidr d àem§V Xidr`m§Zr Ho$co Va {X½Xe©Z M§ÐH$m§V Hw$cH$Uu m§Zr Ho$co. m {MÌnQ>mcm AemoH$ nËH$s d AdYyVJwáo `m§Mo g§JrV AgyZ `mVrc H$mhr JmUr Xmgy d¡Ú `m§Zr {c{hcr AmhoV. `mV VwH$mam_m§Mrà_wI ì`pŠVaoIm hr {OV|Ð Omoer `m§Zr gmH$ma Ho$cr Amho. Va BVa ^y{_Ho$V drUm Om_H$a,am{YH$m AmnQ>o, à{Vjm cmoUH$a, eaX nm|jo mgmaIo AZoH$ H$cmH$ma AmhoV. hm {MÌnQ> XmoZVmg N>Îmrg {_{ZQ>o d Vodrg goH§$Xm§Mm Amho. `m {MÌnQ>mV VwH$mam_m§À`m Am wî`mVrc à_wIKQ>Zm XmIdyZ Ë`m§Mo EH$ doJioM ê$n XmI{dÊ`mMm n« ËZ Ho$cm Amho. m g§X^m©V "cmoH$à^m'`m _m{gH$mV Amncr ^y{_H$m _m§S>VmZm àem§V Xidr {c{hVmV H$s, ""M§ÐH$m§V Hw$cH$Uu{X½X{e©V 8 OyZ amoOr àX{e©V hmoUmè`m "VwH$mam_' `m {MÌnQ>mV _mÌ m g§VmMo AmOda Zmd{Xcoco ê$n àojH$m§Zm AZw^dVm oUma Amho.''74 `mV VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd H$moUË`mdoJù`m ê$nmV àH$Q> Pmcoco Amho ho nmhUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

372

"VwH$mam_' m {MÌnQ>mV oUmao VwH$mam_m§Mo ho EH$ nma§n[aH$ ê$n Agco Var Ë`mVAZoH$ ~Xc H$aÊ`mV Amco AmhoV. mV àmn§{MH$ d nma_m{W©H$ Aer VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMrXmoZ à{Vq~~o Amcr AmhoV. àmn§{MH$ Am`wî`mVrc VwH$mam_ ho {dÇ>cmMm cim AgUmaonamonH$mar, AmB©da Anma _m`m AgUmao, d{S>cm§Mm eãX nmiUmao Ago XmI{dco AmhoV.Ë`mMà_mUo àmn§{MH$ OrdZmV a_Umao VwH$mam_ hr XmI{dco Joco AmhoV. `mV VwH$mam_m§Zr

ì`dpñWVnUo gm§^micocr ì`mnmamMr KS>r, H$R>moanUo, H$V©ì`~ wÕrZo ì`mnma H$aUmao VwH$mam_XmI{dco AmhoV. d¡dm{hH$ OrdZmV a_Umao, Amncr nËZr aI_m {hÀ`mda Iyn ào_ H$aUmaoVwH$mam_ mV oVmV Am{U hoM gdmªMo cmS>Ho$ d KamXmamMm AmYma AgUmao VwH$mam_ {MÌnQ>mVaI_m§À`m Vm|S>r eãXm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gmH$ma Pmco AmhoV. aI_m Amdcrcm VwH$mam_ H$goAmhoV ho gm§JVmZm åhUVo,""gmdH$marVc§ H$iV, XodY_m©V _Z a_V, AmB©d{S>cm§Mm eãXnmiVmV, ^mD$ ^mdO`M§ _Z amIVmV, YmH$Q>çm H$mÝhmMm cim Amho, JmB©cm JmoS> JimAmho, ømÀ`m{edm` XmoñVmM§ nmZ hmcV Zmhr. dmgê$ n|S>rcm Vm|S> cmdV Zmhr, KamV ZgcoVar H$emVM dmQ>V Zmhr am_, Am§{~ë`mÀ`m KamVrc Ago ho VwH$mam_.''75 `mVyZ àmn§{MH$OrdZmV _ZmnmgyZ a_coco VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd XmI{dÊ`mV Amco Amho. mV Oo VwH$mam_m§Moàmn§{MH$ ê$n òVo Vo åhUOo Am§{~ë`m§À`m KamMm "H$Um' åhUyZ Ago g§gmamV a_Umao,cm¡{H$H$ OrdZmV EH$ê$n Pmcoco VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd `mV Amco Amho.

g§V VwH$mam_m§Mo nma_m{W©H$ OrdZ XwîH$mi, OrdZmMr Iar dmQ> emoYUmao VwH$mam_,{dÇ>cmer EH$ê$n hmoUmao VwH$mam_, A^§J {c{hUmao, H$sV©Z H$aUmao, cmoH$m§Zm _XV H$aUmao,A §J B§ÐmÙrcm g_{n©V H$aUmao B. VwH$mam_m§Mr AZoH${dY ê$no mV gmH$ma Pmcocr AmhoV.VwH$mam_m§À`m Am`wî`mVrc A{Ve` _moOŠ`mM KQ>Zm `m_Üò XmI{dÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV.

VwH$mam_m§Mo nma_m{W©H$ ì`pŠV_Îd gmH$ma H$aUo hr Iar Va EH$ AmìhmZmË_H$Jmooï> Amho. `mg§X^m©V àem§V Xidr åhUVmV H$s, ""VwH$mam_ ho \$ma _moR>o ì`pŠV_Îd! AZoH$A±JcZo Vwåhr Ë`m§À`mH$S>o nmhy eH$Vm, Varhr g§VÎdmZ§VaMm Ë`m§Mm àdmg XmI{dÊ`mnojm, Vo_mUyg åhUyZ H$go KS>co, g§VÎdmn`ªV nmohmoMVmZm Ë`m§Zm H$m` H$m` J_dmdo cmJco, H$moUVr_yë o AIoan ªV Ë`m§Zr Oncr ho XmI{dÊ`mMm àm_m{UH$ à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho.''76 `mVyZVwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm Am{dîH$ma {MÌnQ>mV H$gm Agoc ho cjmV òVo. {MÌnQ>mVeodQ>r VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd ho {dÇ>cmer EH$ê$n XmIdyZ {MÌnQ> g§n{dcm Amho. BVaAZoH$ {MÌnQ>mV VwH$mam_m§Mm eodQ> `mà_mUo XmI{dcm Jocm Ë`mà_mUo `m {MÌnQ>mV ZXmI{dVm {dÇ>c_` VwH$mam_m§Mo Xe©Z `mV KS>{dco Amho.

M§ÐH$m§V Hw$cH$Uu `m§Zr {X½X{e©V Ho$coë`m m {MÌnQ>mda AZoH$ Amjon KoÊ`mVAmco AmhoV. Am{U Vo AZoH$ Aä`mgH$m§Zr, OmUH$mam§Zr doJdoJù`m d¥ÎmnÌmV _m§S>co AmhoV.`m {MÌnQ>mV VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo MwH$sMo d {dH¥$V Xe©Z KS>{dco Amho Ago

373

àm. {dcmg IamV m§Zr "_yc{Zdmgr' `m d¥ÎmnÌmV _m§S>co Amho. Ë`m g§X^m©V Ë`m§Zr Amncm

IoX ì`ŠV Ho$cm Amho. Vmo Agm, ""_hmamï>m_Ü o nwÝhm EH$Xm eyÐ-A{VeyÐ {dê$Õ Q>OrÀ`mAm§XmocZmcm ~iH$Q>r Amcr Amho. Aem doir _yc{Zdmgr ~hþOZm§Mo _hmnwê$f g§V VwH$mam__hmamO m§À`mda nwÊ`m-_w§~B©À`m ~«m÷U _§S>itZr {MÌnQ> H$mTy>Z Amnë`m S>moŠ`mVrc {dH¥$VrMoàXe©Z _m§S>co Amho.''77 Ë`mMà_mUo `m {MÌnQ>mVrc AZoH$ àg§JmV AgUmao Xmof, ~«m÷Urì`dñWoZo OmUrdnyd©H$ Ho$coco {dH¥$V Xe©Z `m gmè`mMm {dcjU g§Vmn `m coImV {dcmgIamV `m§Zr ì`ŠV Ho$cm Amho. mM g§X^m©V gZmVZ à^mV `m X¡{ZH$m_Üò XoIrc lr. gmJaqZ~miH$a `m§Zr AerM à{V{H«$`m {Xcocr Amho. Vo åhUVmV H$s, ""chmZnUr ^m~S>onUmZo{dÇ>cmcm {_R>r _maUmao Am{U {dÇ>cmMm gmjmËH$ma KS>coco g§V VwH$mam_ _hmamO g§nyU©{MÌnQ>mV _mÌ VodT>çm VÝ_`VoZo ^ŠVr H$aVmZm XmIdco ZmhrV, `mVyZ {dÇ>c ^ŠVmMm EH$àH$maMm Ad_mZ H$aÊ`mV Amcm Amho.''78 `mà_mUo Ë`m§Zrhr Amncm A{^àm` Zm|XdcmAmho. Ë`m§Zm Ago dmQ>Vo H$s mV VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr _Ywam^ŠVr, AmÐ©Vm, g_mOmàVrH$Udhr _hÎdnyU© d¡{eîQ>ço hadyZ ~gcr AmhoV.

"VwH$mam_' øm {MÌnQ>mV VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdmcm MwH$sÀ`m nÕVrZo gmXa

H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho. `m_Üò Ë`m§Mm nmoemI hm noeì`m§À`m nÕVrMm XmI{dcm Amho. OmoA`mo½` Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo VwH$mam_ EH$sH$S>o eyÐ XmIdyZ XwgarH$S>o Ë`m§Zm e|S>r XmI{dcrAmho. mà_mUo VwH$mam_m§À`m ~mø ê$nmdahr ~«m÷Ur dM©ñd XmI{dco Amho. Ago àm. {dcmgIamV gm§JVmV. ho gmaoM Xe©Z VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm AZmXa H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amho, AgoË`m§Mo ñnï> _V Amho. gdm©V _hÎdmMo åhUOo OJX²Jwê$ AgUmè`m VwH$mam_m§Mm CëcoI EHo$arH$aÊ`mV Amcm Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo {df` ^moJmMr AmgŠVr AgUmao VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_ÎdAmZ§X `mXd `m§À`m H$mX§~arà_mUo `mhr {MÌnQ>mV Amcoco Amho. hr IoXOZH$ ~m~ Amho.

àñVwV {MÌnQ>mV `mà_mUo VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd Amcoco Amho. àmn§{MH$ dnma_m{W©H$ ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm EH$ gwaoI g§J_ åhUyZ m XmoÝhr {MÌnQ>mV VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_ÎdòVo. à^mV {\$ë_ H§$nZrMm "g§V VwH$mam_' hm {MÌnQ> d Ë`mV oUmao VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îdnma§n[aH$ d gZmVZr Amho. Va EìhaoñQ>Zo gmXa Ho$coco VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd ho ~«m÷Ê`dmXrAgyZ nwamoJm_r Amho. `mà_mUo dmX-n«{VdmX Agco Var àËòH$ _amR>r _mUgmÀ`m _ZmVAgUmao VwH$mam_m§Mo à{Vq~~ `m_wio ^§JV Zmhr. Vo Zoh_rM Y«wdmgmaIo AT>i amhVo. `mVM

VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo Acm¡{H$H$Îd {gÕ hmoVo.

g_mamon -_amR>r gm{hË` ho {d{dY àH$mam§Zr ZQ>co Amho. `mV AZoH$ àH$ma d¡{eîQ>çnyU©

AmhoV. "_amR>r gm{hË`mVyZ à{Vq~{~V Pmcoco g§V VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd' `mV AmnUAmVmn`ªV _amR>r gm{hË`mVrc d¡Mm[aH$, H$mX§~ar, ZmQ>H$ B. àH$mamVyZ Amcoco VwH$mam_m§Mo

374

ì`pŠV_Îd Aä`mgco. mà_mUo AOyZhr BVa AZoH$ àH$mamVyZ Am{dîH¥$V hmoUmao VwH$mam_m§Moì`pŠV_Îd _r m eodQ>À`m àH$aUmV Aä`mgco Amho. `mV àm_w»`mZo AmË_M[aÌ, H${dVm,H$Wm, {MÌnQ>, c{cV coI B. àH$mam§Mm g_mdoe Amho. mV oUmè`m d¡{eîQ>çnyU© VwH$mam_m§À`mì`pŠV_ÎdmMm Aä`mg H$aUohr {VVHo$M _hÎdmMo Amho.

AmË_M[aÌ åhUOoM ñdV: ñdV:Mo Ho$coco H$R>m oa narjU, ñdV:À`mì`pŠV_ÎdmH$S>o VQ>ñWnUo nmhÿZ {c{hcocr ñdV:Mr H$hmUr åhUOoM AmË_M[aÌ hmo`.VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m JmWoV Amnco ñdV:Mo AmË_M[aÌ ê$nr H$mhr A^§J {c{hco AmhoV. nUAmYw{ZH$ H$mimV Zì`mZo VwH$mam_m§Mo AmË_M[aÌ JÚmV {c{hco Vo àm. CÎm_amd IamV m§Zr.Ë`m§Zr VwH$mam_m§À`mM {ZdoXZmVyZ VwH$mam_m§Mo AmË_M[aÌ gw§XanUo Am{dîH¥$V Ho$co Amho.àmn§{MH$ ì`pŠV_ÎdmV AgUmao {dÇ>c_` ê$n Ë`m§Zr hiyhiy CcJS>V Zoco Amho. _amR>rgm{hË`mV `m àH$mamV VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm Am{dîH$ma H$aUmao EH$ d¡{eîQ>çnyU©AmË_M[aÌ Amho.

H$Wm hm EH$ d¡{eîQ>çnyU© dmL>²_` àH$ma Amho. _Zmoa§OZ H$aUo hm Oar {VMmàYmZ hoVw Agcm Var AmO {VÀ`mVyZ CnXoe, à~moYZhr Ho$co OmVo. VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_ÎdOgo H$mX§~arH$mam§Zm eãX~Õ H$amdogo dmQ>co, Ë`mMà_mUo Vo H$WmH$mam§Zmhr dmQ>co Am{UË`mVyZ X. X. Omoer, a§JZmW nR>mao `mgma»`m H$WmH$mam§Zr Amnë`m eãXmVyZ Amnë`mcm^mdcoco VwH$mam_m§Mo ê$n gmH$ma Ho$co. `mV òUmao VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd ho AË`ën dH$mhrgo ~mi~moY Aem ñdê$nmMo Amho. a§JZmW nR>mao `m§À`m "d¡Hw§$R>rMr _mVr' `m XrK©H$WoVòUmao VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd àmn§{MH$ AgoM Amho. mVyZ nR>mao m§Zr gm_mÝ` _mUyg åhUyZVwH$mam_m§Mo àmn§{MH$ ê$n Amnë`mg_moa Cô Ho$co Amho. Va X. X. Omoer `m§Zr {c{hcoë`mVwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm gw§Xa Am{dîH$ma Amnë`m eãXmV Ho$cm Amho. EH$ _y{V©_§VM¡VÝ`_`r ê$n åhUOo Ë`m§Zr gmH$ma Ho$coco VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd ho _amR>r H${dVoV A{ÛVrÀgo Amho.

Ÿ"g§V VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd' ho ~hþAm`m_r AgoM Amho. `mVrc EH$ ê$nåhUOo eoVH$ar Am{U VwH$mam_m§Mm eoVH$ar m Añgc ê$nmMm Am{dîH$ma Á`mà_mUo Am. h.gmiw§Io `m§Zr Amnë`m nwñVH$mV Ho$cm Ë`mMà_mUo Vmo H$mhr H$dtZrhr Amnë`m H${dVoVHo$cm. {dÇ>c dmK, B§ÐOrV ^mcoamd `mgma»`m AmYw{ZH$ J«m_rU H$dtZr Amnë`m J«m_rUe¡crV VwH$mam_m§Mo J«m_rU ê$n gmH$ma Ho$co. mcm _mVrMm Añgc gwJ§Y àmá Pmcocm Amho.JµOc m àH$mamVhr VwH$mam_m§À`m Acm¡{H$H$ ê$nmMm AmT>mdm gwaoe Q> d g§Ü`m nmQ>rc m§Zrgw§XanUo KoVcocm Amho. _amR>r H$mì`mV à{Vq~{~V Pmcoco ho d¡{eîQ>çnyU© VwH$mam_m§Mo ê$nåhUOo _amR>r _ZmMm EH$ XoIUm g¥OZerc Agm Am{dîH$ma Amho.

_amR>r gm{hË`mV {dO` Jdir m§Zr ñ\w$Q> àH$mamV VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMmA^§Jê$nr Am{dîH$ma Ho$cm Amho. Va c{cV JÚmV J«og `m§Zr VwH$mam_m§Mo d¡{eîQ>çnyU© ê$n

375

gmXa Ho$co Amho. _amR>r dmL>²_`mV `m eãX~Õ {c{IV àH$mamV Á`mà_mUo VwH$mam_m§À`mì`pŠV_ÎdmMo AZoH$ Am{dîH$ma {XgyZ òVmV. Ë`mMà_mUo {MÌnQ>, {eën `mhr àH$mamV Vo{XgVmV. g§V VwH$mam_m§da AmOn`ªV AZoH$ d¡{eîQ>çnyU© {MÌnQ>m§Mr {Z{_©Vr Pmcr Amho.{MÌnQ> g¥ï>rVrc ~mocŠ`m {MÌnQ>mMm àma§ VwH$mam_m§À`m M[aÌmdarc {MÌnQ>mZo hmoVmo. Am{UAmOhr VwH$mam_m§da {MÌnQ>, _m{cH$m hmoVmZm {XgVmV, mVM VwH$mam_m§Mo AmOÀ`m H$mimVrc_hÎd cjmV òVo. Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV AmOÀ`m H$mimVrc AmdmhZ j_Vm Amho. åhUyZAmO _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmÀ`m `wJmVhr g§V VwH$mam_ ho Amnë`m d¡{eîQ>çmgh {d{dY ê$nmVgmH$ma hmoVmZm {XgVmV. VwH$mam_m§À`m `m ê$nmVrc doJdoJù`m Am{dîH$mamV AmnUmcmH$mën{ZH$Vm {XgyZ òV Agcr, Var Ë`mV dmñVdVm Amho. ho gd©M àH$ma H$cmË_H$VoH$S>oPwH$coco Agë`mZo Ë`mVrc dmñVdVm AmnUmcm cwá Pmcocr Amho Ago dmQ>Vo. nU AgoZmhr. àËòH$ àH$mamV VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd gmH$ma H$aVmZm Ë`mcm H$cmË_H$VoMm EH$ gw§XagmO MT>{dcm Amho.

`mà_mUo _amR>r gm{hË`mVrcM Zìho Va Ë`mhr ~mhoa AgUmè`m AZoH$ Am{dîH$mamVAmnUmcm VwH$mam_ AJ« mJr {XgVmV. VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV AgUmao VoO ho åhUyZM_amR>r gm{hË`mcm g§OrdZr XoÊ`mMo _hÎdnyU© H$m © H$aVo. Á`mà_mUo g§OrdZr hr OrdZXm{`ZrAmho Ë`mMà_mUo _amR>r gm{hË`mV VwH$mam_ ho _amR>r gm{hË`mMm àmU AmhoV. VwH$mam_m§{edm`_amR>r gm{hË` ho {Zî\$i R>aco Am{U `m gmè`mH$Sy>Z VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd EH$ àIa VoOAmho ho cjmV oVo. g§V VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd àËòH$ H$mimV _amR>r gm{hË`mcm Zdg§OrdZrXoÊ`mg Cn`wŠV R>aoc BVHo$ Acm¡{H$H$ d _Zmoaå` Amho.

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376

g§X^© gyMrŸ1. gXmZ§X _moao, "VwH$mam_ Xe©Z', JmO àH$meZ Ah_XZJa,

àW_md¥Îmr 1 _o 1996, n¥ð> 1282. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 1293. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 1844. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 1945. g§nm. nX²_mH$a _hmOZ, {XZH$a ~ado, a_oe V|Sw>cH$a, am_ nQ>dY©Z, "AmR>dUrVë`m

H${dVm ^mJ -2', _m¡O àH$meZ J¥h _w§~B©, Xhmdr Amd¥Îmr, Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 2009n¥ð> 69

6. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> 717. Hw$gw_mJ«O, "_wŠVm`Z', nm°ß`wca àH$meZ _w§~B©, {Vgao nwZ_w©ÐU 2012, n¥ð> 828. gXmZ§X _moao, "VwH$mam_ Xe©Z', JmO àH$meZ Ah_XZJa,

àW_md¥Îmr 1 _o 1996, n¥ð> 6849. Hw$gw_mJ«O, "_wŠVm`Z', nm°ß`wca àH$meZ _w§~B©, {Vgao nwZ_w©ÐU 2012, n¥ð> 8210. Hw$gw_mJ«O, "_hmd¥j', nm°ß`wca àH$meZ _w§~B©, Xwgao nwZ_w©ÐU 2011, n¥ð> 311. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 7112. gXmZ§X _moao, "VwH$mam_ Xe©Z', JmO àH$meZ, Ah_XZJa,

àW_md¥Îmr 1 _o 1996, n¥ð> 683 - 68413. gwaoe ^Q>, "a§J _mPm doJim', _m¡O àH$meZ, _w§~B©, {Vgar Amd¥Îmr,

Am°JñQ> 1982, n¥ð> - 414. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 515. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 1516. {Xcrn nwéfmoÎm_ {MÌo, "EHy$U H${dVm - 2', nm°ß`wca àH$meZ _w§~B©,

àW_md¥Îmr 1995, n¥ð> 25417. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 28218. gXmZ§X _moao, "VwH$mam_ Xe©Z', JmO àH$meZ Ah_XZJa,

àW_md¥Îmr 1 _o 1996, n¥ð> 72019. {Xcrn nwéfmoÎm_ {MÌo, "EHy$U H${dVm - 2', nm°ß`wca àH$meZ _w§~B©,

àW_md¥Îmr 1995, n¥ð> 28420. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 33721. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 41422. gXmZ§X _moao, "VwH$mam_ Xe©Z', JmO àH$meZ Ah_XZJa,

àW_md¥Îmr 1 _o 1996, n¥ð> 718

377

23. {Xcrn nwéfmoÎm_ {MÌo, "EHy$U H${dVm - 2', nm°ß`wca àH$meZ _w§~B©, àW_md¥Îmr1995, n¥ð> 434

24. gXmZ§X _moao, "VwH$mam_ Xe©Z', JmO àH$meZ Ah_XZJa, àW_md¥Îmr 1 _o 1996,n¥ð> 720-21

25. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 72026. {Xcrn nwéfmoÎm_ {MÌo, "EHy$U H${dVm - 2', nm°ß`wca àH$meZ _w§~B©, àW_md¥Îmr

1995, n¥ð> 50027. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 51328. gXmZ§X _moao, "VwH$mam_ Xe©Z', JmO àH$meZ Ah_XZJa, àW_md¥Îmr 1 _o 1996,

n¥ð> 72129. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 72030. gr. _. ~mnQ>, "JrV VwH$mam_', O`e§H$a am_M§Ð H$mcHw§$ÐrH$a ~oiJmd, àW_md¥Îmr

1986, n¥ð> - 231. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 532. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 733. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 1134. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 1935. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 25-2636. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 2837. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 3138. {dÇ>c dmK, "n§T>arÀ`m dmQ>oda', Xoe_wI Am{U H§$nZr àm. {c. nwUo,

n{hcr Amd¥Îmr, E{àc 2001, n¥ð> 3139. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 3140. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 3241. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 3242. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 2743. Xmgy d¡Ú, "VyVm©g', nm°ß`wca àH$meZ, _§w~B©, nwZ_©wÐU 2010, n¥ð> 1444. g§Ü`m nmQ>rc, "XrnH$ir', Bgmn àH$meZ Zm§XoS>, àW_md¥Îmr _mM© 2010,

n¥ð> - 7345. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 7346. gH$mi "gáa§J' ^wB©emó CcJS>Umar "Eoíd`©'dmZ H${dVm 18/3/2012,

n¥ð> 2447. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 16

378

48. J«og, "MM©~oc', nm°ß`wca àH$meZ _w§~B©, {Vgar Amd¥Îmr 2008 n¥ð> - 3349. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 3350. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 3551. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 3552. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 3653. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 3754. AmZ§X {dZm`H$ OmVoJm§dH$a, "Á`mMm Ë`mMm {dR>mo~m Am{U àdmgmVë`m Zm|Xr Ho$di',

cmoH$dmL²>_` J¥h _w§~B©, àW_md¥Îmr E{àc 2004, n¥ð> - ãc~©da / _cn¥ð>55. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 2 {ZdoXZ56. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 15-1657. AZwamYm H¥$îUm nmoXVama, "VwH$mam_ : H$WmË_ gm{hË` : EH$ Aä`mg',

à{V_m àH$meZ, nwUo, àW_md¥Îmr 16 gßQ>|~a 1996, n¥ð> - 9258. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 9459. A§Ocr gmo_U, "_amR>r H$WoMr pñWVrJVr,' à{V_m àH$meZ nwUo, àW_md¥Îmr 1995,

n¥ð> 18060. g. am. MwZoH$a, "H$WoZ§Va' hm a§JZmW nR>mao `m§À`m coImVrc CX²YaU - AZwïw>^,

_mM©-E{àc 1998, n¥ð> - 9761. AZwamYm nmoVXma, "VwH$mam_ : H$WmË_ gm{hË` : EH$ Aä`mg'

à{V^m àH$meZ nwUo, àW_md¥Îmr 16 gßQ>|~a 1996 - n¥ð> 9762. {dO` Jdir, "AgmÜ` Vo gmÜ`', {OOmB© àH$meZ nwUo, àW_md¥Îmr 8/9

Zmoìh|~a 2008, n¥ð> 2563. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 2864. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 4165. CÎm_amd IamV, "OJX²Jwê$ VwH$mam_ _hmamOm§Mo AmË_M[aÌ', "d¡îUdr àH$meZ,

~wcT>mUm, 2 _mM© 2010, àW_md¥Îmr, An©Un{ÌH$m66. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 1067. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 1468. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 1569. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 3070. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 4271. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> - 9572. VÌ¡d, n¥ð> -_cn¥ð>

379

73. BgmH$ _wOmda, "g§VnQ>m§Mr g§VdmUr', à{VH$ àH$meZ nwUo, àW_md¥Îmr Am°JñQ> 2011,n¥ð> 35-36

74. àem§V Xidr, "cmoH$à^m', "VwH$m AmH$memEdT>m', 15 OyZ 2012 - n¥ð> 3875. "VwH$mam_' {MÌnQ>, 8 OyZ 201276. àem§V Xidr, "cmoH$à^m', VwH$m AmH$memEdT>m, 15 OyZ 2012, n¥ð> 3977. {dcmg IamV, "_yc{Zdmgr d¥ÎmnÌ', nwÝhm EH$Xm ~«m÷Ur {dfmar \w$ËH$ma!,

11 OyZ 201278. g§nm. gmJa qZ~miH$a, "gZmVZ à^mV', 27 Am°JñQ> 2012

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