hawaii’s biodiversity …and invasive species problem
Post on 20-Jan-2016
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TRANSCRIPT
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Hawaii’s BiodiversityHawaii’s Biodiversity
…and invasive species problem
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ENDEMIC
Occurring exclusively in a given geographic area, having
originated in that area through natural means.
Hawaiian Cleaner Wrasse
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Nene
Rare Endemic Birds
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Hawaiian Honeycreepers
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Pueo
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Hawaiian Hawk (‘Io)
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Tree Snails
Pūpū Kani Oe
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Unusual Insects & their Relatives
Happy Face Spider
nanana makakiʻi
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Hawaiian Crickets
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Carnivorous caterpillar
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Picture wing flies
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Hoary Bat (‘Ope’ape’a)
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Hawaiian Monk Seal
`Ilio-holo-i-ka-uaua
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Most Unique Plants
Silversword
‘ahinahina
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Hapu’u Ferns
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Percent Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands
Marine Algae
Ferns & Fern Allies
Mosses
Flowering Plants
Terrestrial Mollusks
Marine Mollusks
Insects
Mammals
Birds
Plant or AnimalGroup
?
ca. 25
114
225
ca. 270
24 - 34
?
230 - 255
2
EstimatedNo. of
Colonists
420
ca. 135
145
233
ca. 1000
ca. 1000
ca. 1000
5,000
2
EstimatedNo. ofNative
Species
13
81
70
46
91
99
30 - 45
99
100
%EndemicSpecies
Endemic and Native Wildlife of the Hawaiian Islands
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NATIVE
Occurring naturally in a given geographic area; not introduced
as a consequence of human activities
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EXOTIC
Introduced to a given geographic area as a
consequence of human activities.
Anemone fish
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How do they arrive?
Dispersal Methods:• Rafting• Hitchhiking• Currents • Storms
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Invasive Species Pathways Purposeful introduction via legal and illegal means; Unintentional introduction• Aircraft and cargo ship hulls• Ballast water and ship cargo• Hand-carry/luggage• Agriculture experiment stations• Mail• Forestry activities• Horticulture trade• Aquaculture• Pet trade• Botanical gardens
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WHY SOME INTRODUCTIONS SUCCEED AND SOME DON’T?
Disadvantages due to new environmental conditions:
• Foraging & predator avoidance strategies may be different
• Small #’s of orgs introduced may go extinct
Advantages:Generalist vs specialist species
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Environmental Diversity
Extremely wide range of habitats
temperaturemoisturesoils
vegetation
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Environmental Diversity
Cold & Dry
Cool & Dry
Warm & Wet
Hot & WetHot & Very Dry
Warm & Very Dry
Warm & Dry trades
inversion
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Origins of Hawaiian Flora and Fauna
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Origins of Hawaiian Flora and Fauna
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Origin of Hawaiian Coral Indo West Pacific
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Hawaii’s Flowering PlantsHawaii’s Flowering Plants
Long Distance Dispersal Wind, Water, & Wings Theory
The original colonist plants arrives in the following ways:
water 23%
wind 2%
birds 75%
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Pandanus tectorius Ipomoea pes-caprae
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Includes plants that reproduce by means of spores such as ferns, mosses, algae, and lichen
.
Adenophorus periens
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Estimated 12.8% of the hypothetical original flowers arrived this way
Pacific golden plover
Tetraplasandra flynii
Has hairy gray fruits
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Immigration Rates
number rate (1 every …)flowering plants 272 110 thousand yearsinsects 275 110 thousand yearsland snails 25 1.2 million yearsland birds 15 2 million yearsmammals 1 30 million years
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Polynesian Voyagers to Hawaii
taro
breadfruit
kava
yam
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Ahupua’a
1. Upland2. Plains3. Ocean
Ranges from the tip of the mtn to the reef area
Slash & burn agriculture (swidden)
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Hawaii Bird Biodiversity Crisis
• Half of Hawaii’s native birds went extinct soon after the Polynesians arrived
• Half of the remaining species of birds went extinct soon after Captain James Cook arrived
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European Contact
Large herbivores introduced
Native plants are “ice cream”
Animals multiplied rapidly
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Introduced Feral Mammals
Goats
1.5 million skins 1844-1900
Tree goats
Fainting goats
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Introduced Feral Mammals
Cattle on Oahu
Wandered Honolulu streets
On all land but residential, agricultural or dense forest
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MongooseBrought in to help control rat population in sugar cane fields
• Rat nocturnal• Mongoose diurnal
Mongoose, dogs, and cats are the nene’s main predator
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Coqui frog Poison dart frog
coqui
coqui
coqui
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Cane toad
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Cane toad
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Feral pigsFeral pigs
Originally introduced by Polynesian voyagers from the Marquesas Islands ca. 400 AD
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PETA: snares are “in-humane”
Few pigs survive > 24 hours
Pigs learn how to evade dogs and hunters
Hunting doesn’t always kill
Dog injury (prohibited?)
Pig Control: the Controversy
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Lots of misinformation
Who speaks for the native vegetation, insects, birds?
Pig Control
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Jackson’s Chameleon Jackson’s Chameleon
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Maui Axis Deer
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Brush-tailed Rock Wallaby
Kalihi Valley
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Brahminy “Hawaiian” Blind SnakeBrahminy “Hawaiian” Blind Snake
• Introduced 1930’s• Eats ants and beetles• Parthogenic• Not a threat
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Two Piranhas were caught in Lake Wilson in 1992-93. There may be more. We don’t know.
PiranhasPiranhas
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Introduced SpeciesIntroduced SpeciesAcanthophora, Eucheuma, & Gracillaria
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Super Sucker to the Rescue!Super Sucker to the Rescue!
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Mangroves in Hawaii (transplanted in 1902)
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Brown Tree Snake, Guam
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Upside-down JellyfishUpside-down Jellyfish
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Snowflake CoralSnowflake Coral
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Samoan CrabSamoan Crab
7 lbs 7 oz, 0/27/09 windward side
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Blue stripped snapper
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Introduced grasses a problem
Fountain grass in Kona area
After fires, fire-adapted species become abundant
Helicopters = $700/hour
Fire
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Historic Role of Fire in Hawaii
• Relatively low except for occasional fire from volcanoes
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Invasive Plants
• Spread of invasive plants increase risk of fire
Wili wili tree surrounded by Fountain grass
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Guinea grass (Urochloa maxima)
A nonnative invasive grass in Hawaii
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Invasive grasses, wildfire, and native forest restoration on Oahu
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Biological control• Biological control: uses a pest’s
natural predators to control the pest
Prickly pear cactus infestation in Hawaii
Cochineal insect
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Miconia
http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/22893437/paintball-guns-the-latest-weapon-against-invasive-plant-species
Video
Chemical control
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Impact from Other Exotics
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Zebra Mussels
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Veliger Larvae
frontside
500,000 per m3
Approx. 95% die
Settling10,000 per m3/day
Up to 700,000 mussels/m3
Filter Feeding1 liter H2O/day
Growth
200,000,000 sperm
40,000-1,000,000eggs per year
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In general, a zebra mussel population will thrive as long as there are:
• Hard substrates • Appropriate physical and
chemical conditions in the water
• Appropriate biological conditions
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Lampreys (1835) in St. Laurence Seaway
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Walking catfish in Florida
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Alien Animal Control
> $40,000/mile to fence
Haleakala NP = $5 million
Hard to eradicate animals
Animal control not popular
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Solutions?• Conservation• Mechanical (physical removal)• Chemical (pesticides, herbicides)• Biological (natural predator)• Legislation• Education• Prevention• Ballast water:
* UV light* chemicals* dump water far from port
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1. What accounts for the largest means of seed dispersal to the Hawaiian islands than any other mechanism?
2. What adaptations must a plant or seed have for dispersal by flotation in seawater?
3. The most likely way that flowering plant species arrived in Hawai`i was by:
4. If a species is referred to as being endemic to Hawai`i, you can assume that it:
5. The main reason that Hawai`i's native species don't have thorns, stingers or chemical defenses is that they:
Inquiry
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Inquiry
6. What class of vertebrates did not arrive to Hawaii by natural means?
7. Compare a generalist exotic species to a specialist.
8. Why are pigs such a problem?
Endemic, Native or Exotic?A B C D E
F G
Carnivorous caterpillar
Cane toadMushroom coralGreen turtle
Bottlenose dolphin
Blue stripped snapper