hazard1-earthquakes-ig_jan2011.doc

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COMMUNITYEMERGENCYRESPONSETEAMEARTHQUAKES

Earthquakes

INSTRUCTORGUIDANCE CONTENT

Displa Sli!e E"#

Displa Sli!e E"$

Introduction

Define earthquake as a sudden slipping or movement ofa portion of the Earths crust or plates, caused by asudden release of stresses. Earthquake epicenters areusually less than 25 miles below the Earths surface and

are accompanied and followed by a series of vibrations.Earthquakes occur without any obvious warning.

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Displa Sli!e E"(

oma prieta earthquake fema!."pg

Da)a*e Cause! + Earthquakes

#oint out that the reason earthquakes are such a risk isbecause shaking ground can$

%ause buildings to move off of their foundations or

collapse.

Damage utilities, structures, and roads.

%ause fires and e&plosions.

%ause structural instability, such as dam failures that

can trigger flash floods.

Earthquakes can also trigger landslides and avalanchesor tsunamis. 'fter an earthquake, it is important to listenfor emergency instructions.

(ogether, all of these types of damage threaten lives,property, and the environment.

Displa Sli!e E",

-ikelih..! ./ a0 Earthquake

(wenty)si& urban areas in all parts of the *nited +tatesare identified as carrying significant risk of earthquake$

(he estern *nited +tates, particularly along the +an'ndreas -ault in %alifornia, the %ascadia +ubductionone in western /regon and ashington, and up the

'laskan coast

(he 0ew 1adrid -ault one in 1issouri

' few pockets on the east coast, including coastal

+outh %arolina and 0ew England

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Earthquake Statisti1s

Elaborate on the likelihood of earthquakes by supplyingthe following statistics$

Displa Sli!e E"2

1ore than 5 million 'mericans in 34 states face

significant risk from earthquakes.

%alifornias ! million people face the highest risk,followed by the residents of western ashington+tate.

-our million people are within the destructive reaches

of the 0ew 1adrid -ault.

+tress that hundreds of tremors are felt each year,particularly in %alifornia. 1a"or earthquakes are rare,however. -ive ma"or earthquakes have occurred in thelast century in the *nited +tates. (hey occurred in$

+an -rancisco, !46 7)8 lives lost9

'laska, !46: 7!3! lives lost9

+an -ernando, %alifornia, !4! 765 lives lost9

oma #rieta 70orthern %alifornia9, !484 766 lives lost9

0orthridge 7+outhern %alifornia9, !44: 76! lives lost9

(ell the group that there is no seasonal or yearly cycle ofearthquake occurrence; earthquakes can happen at any

time. 1a"or earthquakes appear to occur in cycles ofbetween 5 and 25 years.

E&plain that an earthquake may last for seconds orminutes, while aftershocks may occur for months afterthe main earthquake.

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The Ri1hter S1ale

Displa Sli!e E"3

+eismic 0ews$ 'ustralia /ct 22,26

E&plain that earthquakes are classified, based on the


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Earthquake Prepare!0ess

Displa Sli!e E"6

Display the slide to summari>e the discussion. ?e surethat the suggestions below are mentioned$

Develop a home earthquake plan so that you know

what to do during and after an earthquake.

%onduct earthquake drills with your family or

coworkers. ocate safe spots 7e.g., under a sturdy

table9, and identify danger >ones 7e.g., nearwindows9.

Develop a plan for reuniting all family members after

an earthquake occurs.

Develop a family communication plan. (his includes

identifying an out of state contact, informing thatperson of the duties and e&pectations that dutyentails.

@eep supplies on hand, including food and water for

3 days, a flashlight with e&tra batteries, a portableradio, a fire e&tinguisher, and tools 7see 'ssemblingand +toring a Disaster +upply @it in *nit !9.

Displa Sli!e E"7

%ontinue with preparedness measures by suggestingthat the participants$

+tore heavy and breakable ob"ects on low shelves.

eed killers, pesticides, and flammable productsshould be stored on bottom shelves or in closedcabinets with latches. %hemicals will be less likely tocreate ha>ards if they are stored in lower, confinedlocations.

+ecure bookshelves, water heaters, and tall furniture

to wall studs. Anstall latches on all cabinets, andanchor overhead lighting fi&tures. +ecure items thatmight fall, such as televisions.

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Bave a licensed professional install fle&ible pipe to

avoid gas or water leaks. (his pipe should beinspected regularly, and replaced every ten years.

1ove beds away from windows.

1ove or secure hanging ob"ects over beds, couches,

and other places where people sit or lie.

@eep shoes and a flashlight under the bed. @eeping

shoes under the bed ensures quick access to preventcutting feet on glass and reduces the risk that glasscould fall into them.

+uggest that the participants consult a structuralengineer to evaluate their homes. *rge them to askquestions about home repair and strengthening fore&terior features, such as porches, decks, sliding doors,canopies, carports, and garage doors.

Duri0* a0 Earthquake

'llow the group time torespond.

I/ a0 earthquake happe0e! ri*ht 0.89 8hat !. .uthi0k are the !a0*ers i0 this r..)5

4hat 8.ul! .u !. t. sta sa/e5

#oint out that during earthquakes, most in"uries resultfrom people being hit by falling ob"ects and shatteredglass, rather than being hurt in collapsing buildings.+tress that many in"uries can be avoided if people takeappropriate steps to prepare.

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Displa Sli!e E":

+uggest the following measures to stay safe during anearthquake$

Drop, cover, and hold. 1ove only as far as

necessary to reach a safe place. 1ost personsin"ured in earthquakes move more than 5 feet duringthe shaking.

Af indoors, stay there until the shaking stops. 1any

fatalities occur when people run outside, only to bekilled by falling debris from collapsing walls. At issafer to stay indoors until the shaking stops and it issafe to e&it. hen going outdoors, move quicklyaway from the building to prevent in"ury from fallingdebris.

(ell the participants that there is a 2C chance of anequal or larger quake in the 2 hours following anearthquake.

Af outdoors, find a spot away from buildings, trees,

streetlights and power lines, and overpasses. Dropto the ground and stay there until the shaking stops.An"uries can occur from falling trees, street lights andpower lines, or building debris.

Af in a vehicle, pull over at a clear location free of

ha>ards and stop. +tay in the vehicle with seatbeltfastened until the shaking stops. (urn on the radio toget information regarding the quake and any damageto roadways that may have occurred.

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#rovide the following tips based on the area in which youlive$

Af in a high)rise building, e&pect the fire alarms and

sprinklers to go off during an earthquake. %heck forand e&tinguish small fires. Do not use the elevators.

Af in a coastal area, move to higher ground.Earthquakes often generate tsunamis.

Af in a mountainous area or near unstable slopes or

cliffs, be alert for falling rocks and other debris thatcould be loosened by the earthquake. 'lso, watch forlandslides that could be triggered by the earthquake.

'llow the group time torespond.

4hat is the /irst thi0* .u sh.ul! !. /.ll.8i0* a0earthquake5

Displa Sli!e E";

+tress that immediately following an earthquake, theyshould$

%heck themselves for in"uries. /ften, people tend to

check on others without checking themselves. #ointout that the participants will be better able to helpothers if they are not in"ured or if they have receivedfirst aid for their in"uries.

#rotect themselves from further danger by putting on

long pants, a long)sleeved shirt, sturdy shoes or workboots, and work gloves.

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A/ter a0 Earthquake

+uggest that, after the participants have taken care ofthemselves, they should$

ook for and e&tinguish small fires. -ire is the most

common ha>ard following earthquakes.E&tinguishing small fires and eliminating fire ha>ardswill minimi>e the risk of a fire getting out of control.

%lean up spills. ?y cleaning up medicines, bleaches,

flammables, and other spills, it is possible to preventmany small but potentially dangerous ha>ardous

materials emergencies.

Anspect the home for damage. 'ftershocks can

cause additional damage to unstable buildings. Afthere are ma"or cracks in the chimney or foundationor if the home or utilities have been moved by theearthquake, get everyone out of the home. (akephotographs of the home and its contents todocument insurance claims.

Belp neighbors who may require assistance.

(une to the Emergency 'lert +ystem 7E'+9 for

emergency information and instructions.

E&pect aftershocks. 'ftershocks often occur minutes,

days, or weeks following an earthquake. henaftershocks occur, drop, cover, and hold.


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PM9 P< E"3 Earthquake Mths a0! =a1ts

Mth& >Me*a"Quakes? 1a0 happe0one, the circum)#acific seismic belt, is found along the rim of the #acific /cean, whereabout 8! percent of the worlds largest earthquakes occur. (hat belte&tends from %hile, northward along the +outh 'merican coast through%entral 'merica, 1e&ico, the est %oast of the *nited +tates, thesouthern part of 'laska, through the 'leutian Aslands to Fapan, the#hilippine Aslands, 0ew =uinea, the island groups of the +outhwest#acific, and to 0ew ealand. (he second important belt, the 'lpide,e&tends from Fava to +umatra through the Bimalayas, the1editerranean, and out into the 'tlantic. (his belt accounts for about !percent of the worlds largest earthquakes, including some of the mostdestructive. (he third prominent belt follows the submerged mid)'tlanticridge. (he remaining shocks are scattered in various areas of the world.Earthquakes in these prominent seismic >ones are taken for granted, butdamaging shocks occur occasionally outside these areas. E&amples inthe *nited +tates are 0ew 1adrid, 1issouri, and %harleston, +outh%arolina. 1any decades to centuries, however, usually elapse betweensuch destructive shocks.

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Mth& The $;#6 Sa0 =ra01is1. earthquake 8as the !ea!liest e@ered large sections of the city. At was themost deadly in *.+. history, but that doesnt make it the worst the worldhas seen, by far. (he deadliest earthquake in recorded history struck+hensi province in %hina in !556, killing about 83, people. (he !46magnitude .8 earthquake which struck (angshan, %hina killedsomewhere between 25, and 8, people. An 23, themagnitude 6.5 earthquake in ?am, Aran killed more than :, people.(he earthquake in %hile on 1ay 22, !46, is the strongest to be recordedin the world with magnitude 4.5, and killed more than :,. -or therecord, the largest *.+. earthquake occurred on 1arch 28, !46:, in

'laska. At was a magnitude 4.2 quake and took !3! lives.

Mth& Cali/.r0ia has the ).st earthquakes i0 the 1.u0trontally northward towards 'laska as it slidespast central and eastern %alifornia. (he dividing point is the +an 'ndreasfault system, which e&tends from the +alton +ea in the south to %ape

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1endocino in the north. (his 8 mile long fault is the boundary betweenthe #acific #late and 0orth 'merican #late. (he #acific #late is moving tothe northwest with respect to the 0orth 'merican #late at appro&imately

:6 millimeters 72 inches9 per year 7the rate your fingernails grow9. 't thisrate, os 'ngeles and +an -rancisco will one day 7about !5 million yearsfrom now9 be ne&t)door neighbors, and in an additional million years,os 'ngeles residents will find themselves with an 'laska >ip codeG

Mth& Pe.ple 1a0 st.p earthquakesing the ha>ard 7e.g., identifying earthquake faults,unconsolidated sediment likely to amplify earthquake waves, and

unstable land prone to sliding or liquefying during strong shaking9,building safer structures, and preparing in advance by taking preventativemeasures and knowing how to respond.

Mth& -.ts ./ s)all earthquakes 1a0 pre@e0t lar*e earthquakes

hazard1-earthquakes-ig_jan2011.doc

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