hazardous mcdash

8/11/2019 Hazardous MCDash

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MANAGEMENT OF

HAZARDOUS WASTE

Dr.Madhab C. Dash


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HAZARDOUS WASTE

DEFINITIONWhat is a Hazardous Waste?

Any waste because of its quantity, physical, chemical or infectiouscharacteristics and having potentiality to cause significant hazards to

damage environmental quality and human health, when disposed, treated,

Stored or transported can be called as a hazardous waste

(Generic definition).

The waste can be solid, liquid or gas; the management practices of each type

are differ from the other. Individual countries to develop management

strategy.


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Hazardous Definition

Hazardous in the State in w hich they are generatedor in which they are present.

The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)describes hazardous wastes as:

Wastes, other than radioact ive wastes, wh ich byreasons o f their chemical react iv i ty or tox ic i ty,explos ive, corro s ive or other character is t ics causingdanger or l ikely to cause danger to health orenvironment, whether alone or when com ing intocontact w ith o ther wastes, are legal ly defined as are

dispo sed or through which they are transported Conventionally Only solid waste is considered for

management convenience.


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Hazardous

Definition:

The Waste Management Council in India,Nagpur defines HSW:

Any solid waste, other than radioactivewastes, which by reasons of ph ysica l and /orchem ical or react ive or tox ic, explos ive,

corro s ive or other characteris t ics causing

danger or likely to cause danger to heal th or

env ironment, whether alone or when com ing

in to contactw ith other waste orenvi ronment


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Hazardous

From legal and Management point of view

a definition is important. It is

important to know the following

features.

Characteristics of wastes;

Treatment and disposal options

Social, political and economic

considerations of the country


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Basel Convention-Hazardous

Waste Management-1989Key Objectives: Applicable to Schedule-3 Substances Imports & Exports)

1)To reduce trans-boundary movements to the minimum consistent with environmentally-sound management.

2)To dispose as close as possible to their source of generation,

3)To minimize in terms of quantity and hazard potential,

4)To ensure strict control over movements across borders and illegal traffic,

5)To prohibit shipments to countries lacking legal,administrative and technical capacity to

manage and dispose in environmental sound manner,

6)To assist developing countries and countries in economic transition in environmentalsound management of hazardous wastes they generate


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Hazardous Waste

The approaches usually practiced are given below:

Listing of the hazardous wastes as per CPCB guide linesand listing processes;

Fixing minimum threshold concentration abovewhich the waste may be considered hazardous.

Listing non-hazardous wastes generated by the industry,the rest of the total waste generated being automaticallyhazardous (Exclusion principle) (?).


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Hazardous Rules

The Hazardous Waste (Hand l ing and Management)Ru les , 1989(CPCB) lists 18 categories of wasteswith threshold concentrations of the hazardouscomponent as hazardous wastes.

The Amendment to the Hazardous waste Rulesmade in 2000 and 2003 defines HSW on the basis ofSchedule 1 & 2 rules:36 processesgenerating themand in terms of classes (Classes A-E)based on

concentration limits perKg(>%50mg,>5000mg,>20000mg,>50000mg,allConc.(a)Highly Flammable,(b)generate highlyflammable gases on contact with damp air/water


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Hazardous WasteWaste Category Type Regulatory

Quantity/year

1 Cyanide, 1kg

calculate

d

As cyanide

2 Metal Finishing 10kg as

pure

metal

3Water Soluble Chemical com Pb,Cu,Zn,Cr

4. Hg,As,Thallium, Cd

waste

5kg as pure

metal

5.Nonhalogeneted Hydrocar 200kg


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6.Halogenated Hy drocarbo

n&

50kg

7.Paints,pigments,glue ,varnish,I

nk

250kg as oil/oil

emulson8.Dyes,dye interme Diate-

inorg.Co

mp.

200kg ass

inor.chem.

9.Dye,dye

intermediate-Organic

Compounds

50kg as

organic

chemical

s


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10.Oil&Oil Emulsions

11.Tarry wastes

12.Sludge-Heavy

metals,toxic organic,tar

13.Phenols, 5kg, 14.

15.Pesticide,herbicide

& residues

Any

Quantity

Asbestos

,

1 ton

200kg as tar

200kg

5kg

16.Acids/Alkali/slurry 200kg

17.Offspecification& Discarde

d

Any Quantity


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Hazardous

18.Discarded

containers,Liners,Toxi

c Wastes

Any Quantity


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Hazardous Characteristics

Characteristics of Hazardous Waste.The following are some of the importantcharacteristics attributed to hazardous wastes.

Ignitibility Spontaneous ignitibility at or below 600 C

Reactivity Unstable and violent change without detonation, reacts violently withwater, generates toxic gases (HCN, H2S etc.) when exposed tofavorable pH conditions, oxidizing etc.

Corros iv i tyDestroys substances or living tissues on contact (ex. pH 2

corrodes steel at a rate >6.35 mm/y at 55oC)

Toxicity (Acute and Chronic)Releases toxic materials (irritant, carcinogenic,mutagenic, teratogenic etc.) on leaching or in ambient condition. The listincludes selected volatile and semi-volatile organics, pesticides,herbicides and heavy metals.

Infectious Carries infective pathogens (ex. hospital waste)

Ecotoxic Causes immediate or delayed risks for one or more sectors of environment.


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Hazardous Waste

Health and physical hazards being the

most important of all the hazards.

The criteria for identifying hazardous

wastes should be clearly understoodas

per Table 1


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Hazardous: Table 1

Criteria for Identifying Physical and Health Hazards

Sl.NoCriterion Hazard Range Waste Hazard

1.Carcinogen Proven or potential carcinogen, mutagen or teratogen Acute

2.Corrosive(bio) Destroys or irreversibly changes living tissues Acute

3.Highly toxic LD 50 < 50 mg/kgLD 50 < 200 mg/kgLC 50 < 200 ppmLC 50 < 2 mg Acute

4.Toxic LD 50 -500 mg/kg LD 50 200-1000 mg/kg LC 50 -200 -2000 ppm LC 50 2-20m Acute

5..Irritant Hazardous Reversible inflammatoryon skinor eyes, Hazardous

6.Sensitizer Allergic reactions possible in exposed individuals Hazardous

7.Target organ effectsIrreversible/Reversible Acute Hazardous

8.Physical hazard Explosive, flammable, reactive, ignitable, corrosive etc.Hazardous

9.Infectious Pathogen carrying Acute

10.Ecotoxic Hazard for environment Hazardous


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HSW Classification

UN Classification of Hazardous Substances

Category Division Description/Definition

1.Explosives1.1Substances or articles with mass explosionhazard1.

2 Substances or articles with projection hazard but not

explosion hazard1. 3Substances or articles predominantly with fire hazard along withminor blast hazard and/or minor projection hazard, but notmass explosion hazard1

4 Substances or articles which are very insensitive explosivesand present insignificant hazard1.

5 Very insensitive substances which have a mass explosiontransportation. Also a r isk class i f icat ion symbol (alpha

hazard)


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HSW-

Classification 2.Gases

2.1 Flammable gases

2.2 Nonflammable gases

2.3 Poison (toxic) gases

3.Flammable Liquids 3.13.2 Flash point below18oC (0oF)

Flash point between18oC and 23oC

3.3 Flash point between 23oC and 61oC.

4. Flammable Solids4.

4.2 FlammablesolidsSubstances liable to spontaneous combustion

4.3 Substances which, on contact with water, emit flammable gases

5. Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides

5.15.2 Oxidizing substances, Organic peroxides


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HSWClassification

6 .Poisonous and Etiologic Materials

6.16.2 Poisonous (toxic) substancesItologic (infectious)substances

7. Radioactive Substances-Radioactive substances

8. Corrosives-Corrosive substances

9. Miscellaneous-Miscellaneous dangerous substances

More than 2311 types of chemicals/dangerous goods,

commonly transported, are listed in the abovecategorization. Each entry in the list is assigned with anUN number to facilitate national and internationaltransportation. Also a risk classification symbol (alpha..)


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Hazardous Waste

IX.IX. Pollution From Small Scale IndustriesPollution From Small Scale Industries

There are more than 3-5 million Small Scale industries existswhich are polluting in nature. These industries are as follows:

Stone crusher Hot Mix Plant

Re-rolling mills

Sponge iron plants Electroplating industries Tannery units Brick kilns Lime kilns Foundry DG sets

Action PointsAction Points Pollution prevention technologies as developed by CPCB forPollution prevention technologies as developed by CPCB for

various SSI units to be adopted.various SSI units to be adopted. More CETPs to be setMore CETPs to be set--up under Public Private Partnershipup under Public Private Partnership

mode and performance of existing CETPs (more than 100mode and performance of existing CETPs (more than 100

exists) to be improved.exists) to be improved. Enforcement of standard in SSI sectors to be strengthened.Enforcement of standard in SSI sectors to be strengthened.


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Hazardous waste

E-WASTE


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VIII.

III.

Hazardous Air Pollutants HAP)

azardous Air Pollutants HAP)

in Chemicaln Chemical Industry Zonendustry Zone

There are large number of chemical industries (pesticides,There are large number of chemical industries (pesticides,pharmaceutical, dye and dye intermediate, organic chemicalpharmaceutical, dye and dye intermediate, organic chemicalmanufacturing industries) in chemical industrial zone ofmanufacturing industries) in chemical industrial zone ofGujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu etc.Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu etc.(Vapi, Ankleshwar, Bharuch, Panoli, Tarapur, Taloja, Mahad,(Vapi, Ankleshwar, Bharuch, Panoli, Tarapur, Taloja, Mahad,Patancherru, Medak, Cuddalore, Manali etc.). In these areasPatancherru, Medak, Cuddalore, Manali etc.). In these areastoxic pollutants like VOC, BTX, Organic Solvents emissionstoxic pollutants like VOC, BTX, Organic Solvents emissions

are quite high.are quite high.Action Points

ction Points

Monitoring and assessment of HAP to be carried out.Monitoring and assessment of HAP to be carried out. Solvent recovery (ethylene dichloride, benzene, tolueneSolvent recovery (ethylene dichloride, benzene, toluene

etc.) should be improved.etc.) should be improved. High COD wastes to be segregated and incinerated.High COD wastes to be segregated and incinerated. Promotion of clean process technology to minimise thePromotion of clean process technology to minimise the

generation of HAP.generation of HAP.


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VI.VI. Bio Medical Waste ManagementBio Medical Waste Management

Presently 20-30% of Bio-medical wastes is collected,segregated and treated as per Bio-medical Waste ManagementRules.

Action PointsAction Points

Number of Common Bio-medical Wastes Treatment

Facility (CBMWTF) to be increased manifold. Presently

there are 157 facilities which are not adequate to handle

all the wastes.

CBMWTF is to be set-up under Public Private Partnership

mode.

New technologies to be promoted for destruction of toxic

bio-medical wastes.


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Hazardous Waste Generating Units

in OrissaDistricts (21) No.Industries(335)

(L-237,M-35,S-63)

Coastal(8) 121

Sundergarh 83Keonjhar 39

Angul-Denkanal 35

Jharsuguda 22

Sambalpur 17

Other districts 18


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Hazardous Waste

Basic Management Concept: The

concept centers around:

Waste avoidance

Waste minimization

Waste treatment

Collection, transportation and storage Disposal


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MGT Concept

HSW

MANAGEMENT

WASTETREATMENT

WASTE

AVOIDANCE

WASTE

DISPOSA

L

COLLECTIONTRANSPORT

STORAGE1

. Process modification

Waste segregationWaste reuse

Waste recycle

Substitution of

hazardous

waste material

LandfillSea dumping

Underground

disposal

Encapsulation

Physical

Chemical

Biological

Thermal

Monitoring,

labelling

and avoidance of

spill

and pilferage

Fig. 1 HSW ManagementConcept


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Type of Disposable Waste(Tons

per year)Landfill Incerable Recyclable Total

74349 4052 18427 =96928

Largely in :

Sundergarh, Angul, Angul,Angul,Jajpur Sundergarh, Sundergarh,

Jagatsinghpur Sambalpur

Rayagada,Ganjam, DenkanalJharsuguda,Koraput,

Balasore,Sambalpur

Source:SPCB


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HAZARDOUS Waste-Management

Management of Hazardous Waste: The major issuesof hazardous waste management are brieflysummarized below.

Formulat ion of internat ionally acceptable defini t ionand classi f icat ion keeping the requirements of th e

Basel Convention (BC)is required. Although theUNEP permits each country to evolve its owndefinition of hazardous waste, the Basel Convention

aims at controlling trans-boundary movement ofsuch wastes. For this, it is desirable to have aninternationally acceptable definition. India is asignatory of the BC.


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Hazardous Waste

Promotion of minimization of waste generation through low-waste orno-waste technologies of production, recycling and reuse (in situand ex situ).

A combination of technological, legislative, economic andinformational measures is required .Measurement and

monito r ing HSWs and their fate from generat ion to f inaldisp osal (cradle-to-grave p r inciple).

Formulation of guidelines for the segregation, collection, transportand storage. This is to prevent pilferage and leakage for the safetyof the operators and the public

Development of safe treatment and d isposal method s.

Ident i f icat ion of the si te of disposal. This should be done verycarefully through proper Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)and other methods.


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Hazardous

Invest igat ion of abandoned and l ive disp osal si tes.A disposal site, whether live or abandoned, needs to becontinuously investigated to see if any failure hasdeveloped over a period of time endangering the

environment (e.g., leachates contaminating the groundwater, erosion affecting fresh water bodies).

Sometimes very old abandoned sites are forgotten.Such sites are required to be identified, notified andinvestigated from time to time and remedial measures

should be taken (Example:Orichem Industries in Talcher-Angul, Leather factories in Boudh, Titilagarh, andRaygarah etc).


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Hazardous

Remediat ion measu res in case of fai lure ofpreventive measu res. This is often very difficult andexpensive. For example, cleaning of contaminatedgroundwater is very difficult.

Information collection and dissemination (training). Awareness generation.

Research and Development. A good amount of R & Dinput is necessary for development of low-waste/no-waste technologies and safe treatment/disposalmethods. This is a continuous process.


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Hazardous

In the Indian scenario, there are many constraints ofsafe management of HSWs.

lack of public awareness of the importance of theissues,

(ii) Dearth of knowledge about sources and hazards, (iii)Poor/Inadequate pollution control and disposal,

(iv) Existence of large number of small scale and tinyindustries lacking in financial resources and

expertise(some 4 million small scale industries in India), (v) Lack of combined treatment and disposalfacilities,

(vi) Slow and lengthy judicial procedure etc


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Hazardous

Waste Avoidance. Waste avoidance can be done in many wayson case by case basis.

Process modi f icat ion. Industrial process can be altered in such away that the raw material used is optimized whereby wastegeneration is reduced.

Waste segregat ion. If hazardous and non-hazardous wastes aregenerated together, segregation reduces the quantity of thehazardous waste making its treatment and disposal processes easyand simple.

Waste reuse.In some cases waste materials can be used with verylittle processing as a raw material for some other industry.

Example: Rejected pot lines of aluminum smelters in cementkilns and bagasse of sugar industries for papermanufacture/Composting to produce manure.


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HSW

Waste recyc l ing:Waste can be treated andreused in the process. Ex. Recycling of tornpapers of the paper machines in pulp andpaper industry.

Subs t i tut ion of hazardous waste mater ial . Insome cases substitution of some chemicals inthe process can avoid hazardous wastegeneration, example: Zinc chloride can beused with slight modification in the zincelectroplating process thereby eliminatingthe cyanide problem.


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HSW-Management

Waste Treatment. Sometimes the hazardouswaste is required to be treated before disposalto change its physical and/or chemicalproperties for detoxication and easier disposal.

The treatment methods can be divided into 4groups.

Physical

Chemical Biological(using microorganisms)

Solidification.


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HSW Management

Summery of Hazardous Waste Treatment & Disposal Technologies Type of wastes Treatment/ Disposal

Cyanide waste: Detoxification / Biological Sludge for Landfill

Heavy metal bearingwaste Sludge: conditioning and dewatering metalrecovery Landfill

Non-halogenated hydrocarbon includingsolvents: Thermal treat aftersolvent recovery Ash for Landfill

Halogenated hydrocarbon including solvents: thermal treat aftersolvent recovery, Ash for Landfill

Wastes from paint, pigment, glue varnish and printing inks: Thermal /Biological Ash for Landfill

Waste from dyes and dye intermediate containing inorganic chemicalcompounds:Vary from the type of the waste Landfill


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HSW-Management Waste oil and oil emulsion: Tarry waste from refining and tar

residues from distillation or pyrolytic treatmentThermal, Ash for Landfill

Sludge from waste water treatment including incinerationash: : Sludge conditioning and dewatering,Landfill

Phenols Detroxidification Sludge for Landfill

Asbestos Landfill Wastes from pesticides and herbicides manufacturing and

residues from formulation units Biological or thermaltreat and solidificationLandfil

Acid / Alkaline / Slurry / Slurry Wastes Physico-Chem. Treatment

and sludge for conditioning and dewatering Sludge for Landfill

Off-specification and discarded products Physico-Chem,Biological or Thermal

Ash and SludgeDiscarded containers and liners of hazardous andtoxic chemicals and wastes Liners for Thermal Containers forLandfill

Physico-chemical and

for oil separation and


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Thermal Methods

The thermal method of treatment is a very common method oftreatment for hazardous solid wastes.

The thermal process is basically of two types: Incineration andPyrolysis.

Incineration(heating to very high temperature (1200 C)

In the presence of air) - commonly used.

Pyrolysis (heating to high temperature in the absence of air

- Its significance in hazardous waste is less.It is important in the recycling of

Plastics.


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Incineration

Incineration is the most important method of treatment of organic and highly toxichazardous wastes including hospital wastes.

The high temperature (usually 12000C) mineralizes all kinds of organic matters.

The mineralized products are slag salts, P205 and gases CO2 , H2O, HCl, HF, SO2, Knox etc.depending upon the nature of the wasteincinerated. The waste gas may also contain tracesof toxic substances like dioxin.

Large incinerators have provision for scrubbing to control air pollution.

Wastes, which can be incinerated, :

Slurry, sludge and pastywastes (oil slurries, dye sludges, distillation residues, tankbottoms etc)

Liquids (organic solvent mixtures, transformer oil containing PCB, cutting oil etc)

Solids (tarry wastes, pesticides, expired drugs, cosmetics, absorbents etc

Waste delivered barrels (barrels containing, dyes, drugs, pesticides etc)

Infectious hospital wastes (bandages, gauges, plastic bottles, body tissues etc)


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Incinerator

A typical large incinerator consists of a combustion chamber,

after-burner chamber,

pre -cooler, scrubber,

exhaust fan and stack.

There are many types of incinerators and thechoice of the incinerator depends upon thewaste type.

The solid residue (ash) left after incinerationmay contain heavy metals. It should beproperly disposed usually in secured landfill.


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Incineration

Incineration is not commonly practiced in

India.

However, there is a scope for the use of

rotary kilns of cement plants for

incineration of certain types of hazardous

wastes.


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HSW Management

Collection, Transport and Storage. Sufficient careshould be taken to prevent spillage and pilferage ofhazardous waste during its collection, transport andstorage.

A logbook should be maintained for this.

Proper labelingshould be done on the containers andtransport vehicles.

Accidents cause spillage. All possible care should betaken to prevent accidents during collection,transport and storage.

If any accident actually occurs, it should berecorded and the cmpetent authority intimatedwithout delay so that remediation measurescan betaken up.


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Disposal

Disposal.

The options available are

Landfill

Sea dumping

Underground disposal Encapsulation

Sea dumping is generally to be avoided because of possibleadverse effects on marine life, fishing and navigation. Manynational and international laws also control it. International law

prohibits dumping of many hazardous substances likehalogenated organics, Organo-silicon compounds, mercury,lead and cadmium salts etc. In spite of internationalregulations, clandestine sea dumping is taking place.


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Disposal in Mining

Hazardous wastes can be disposed in deep undergroundmines, which meet specific geological and technical criteria.Salt mines are often used because the hazardous waste has muchless chance of interacting with the geological formations there Thevery existence of salt in those mines proves that the.underground site is not affected by groundwater for millions of

years. Disposal in underground mines has much less scope and favor.

Encapsulation followed by deep burial is an option when thewaste is very highly hazardous and generated in smallquantities. This is a common practice of disposal of nuclear

wastes. These are confined in concrete capsules and buried or dumped into

sea. There are however, evidences that the capsules dumped intothe seas in the South Pacific Ocean in the fifties and sixties havestarted leaking causing radioactive contaminat


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Secured Landfill

Secured landfill, therefore, is the only practical and available optionfor disposal of hazardous wastes. Liquid wastes are not disposed inlandfills.

Sludges should be de-watered to the maximum extent before puttingin landfills.

The disposal site should beselected, designedand managedso thatno harmful substance reaches the hydrosphere and the biosphere inunacceptable quantities.

Sufficient care should be taken to protect the groundwater sourcesand ensure mechanical stability of the waste material. It is alsodesirable that for a cluster of HSW generating industries, particularlyfor small scale industries (SSIs), comm on disposalsitesshould beidentified

1 Site selection 2 On site storage


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1.Site selection,2.On site storageat

Generatorspremises,3.Pretreatment on- site,4.Pretansport

precautions,5.Loading &

Transportation,6.SpillageHandling7.Unloading &Receiving

on-

site,8.Characterization,9.Segregation,10.,Physical

Treatment,11.Chemical


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Secured Landfill

The key factors for site selection are:

type and quantity of waste,

active life of disposal site,

traffic condition

geological and geographical condition of the site.

Environmental Impact Assessment is required to bedone before final decision.

Secured Landfill Design. A good secured landfill

should be designed in such a way that there are severalbarrierswhich work independently from each other.Ideally the barriers are


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Landfill

Barrier: 1. Degradation or fixation of pollutants(treatment) prior to disposal.Barr ier

2.Suitable location of the landfill site should be selectedby the aforesaid process so as to prevent migration ofpollutants from the waste body to groundwater source orany other sensitive areas like drinking water source.Barrier

3. Leachate collection and treatment system.Barrier4.Bottom liner systemBarr ier5 Cover liner systemBarr ier

6 Proper operation and maintenance of the securedlandfillBarrier-7

7.Post-closure activity including notification of siteand repairing of barriers.


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Landfill

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has

prepared a standard design of secured landfill,

which is shown in Figure 2, 3, 4 and 5

The essential features of the design are(i)Double Liner

(ii) Leachate Collection and Removal System

(LCRS)

(iii)Leachate Detection System (LDS) and

(iv)Closure and final cover.


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Secured Landfill

Typical Landfill

Fig. 2 Typical Landfill Instrumentation


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Secured Landfill

Composite Liner

Fig. 3 Single Composite Liner System


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Landfill

Double Liner

Fig. 4 Double Composite Liner System


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Landfill

Cover System

Fig. 5 Cover System


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Landfill in Orissa

Ramky Hyderabad(authorised by Govt.OfOrissa) will develop the facility NearJagatpur by December,2008.

Hindalco Indistries,Hirakud has takenpermission to develop their own facility.

Secured landfill facility must develop atJharsuguda, Rourkela in addition to theabove proposed facilities.


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Birla Tyres-Balasore

BIRLA TYRES Address:At/Po: Chhanpur, Via: Kuruda, Dist: Balasore, Pin: 756056

Tel: 06782-254167/ 168 / 885 / 259; FAX : 06782-254225

Product: 1. Automobile Tyres : 7278 Ton/Month (1,75,000 Nos.)

2. Automobile Tubes : 338 Ton/Month (1,16,667 Nos.)

3. Automobile Flaps : 180 Ton/Month (91,667 Nos.)

4. Captive Power Plant (Coal based) : 12.5 MW

Hazardous wastes generated:

Sl. No. Types of waste of solid waste & nature Waste streams/ class Quantum of waste generated Mode of disposal

1.Floor sweeping containing zinc compoundand sulphurC14, D12.65 Ton/Year Disposed to lined pit

2.Sludge from ETP containing zinc compound, sulphur and latex from neutralization pit34.3, 34.4, C14 & D117.8 Ton/YearDisposed to lined pit

3.Oily sludge34.417.4 Ton/Year Disposed to lined pit

4.Residue carbon from dust collector from banbury34.124.3 Ton/Year s old to outside parties

5.Discarded container/barrel used for carrying hazardous chemicals33.32436 nos./Year Returned to party for refilling

6.Used Oil5.195 KL/Year Sent for reclamation to authorized recyclers

7.Scraps compound containing residual aromatic, napthanic & parafinic oilA12 & C8200 Kg/day sold to outside parties formaking rubber products

8.Residue of tyre paint containing silicon emulsion27.14.6 Ton/Year Disposed to lined pit

9.Waste/Residues from Adhesive manufacture unit23.11.04 exchange34.210MT/ 5Years Disposed to lined pit


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I Close

THANK YOU

Dr.M.C.Dash

hazardous mcdash

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