hbs 1.1.1 & 1.2.1 review

HBS 1.1.1 & 1.2.1 Review

1. What is a system?

A. Based on the sum of your birthdate, you are assigned one of the body systems

below: (Example: My birthdate is May 17, so 1+7 = 8, so my assigned system would

be the “Renal system and Urinary system”

1) Circulatory system

2) Digestive system and Excretory system

3) Endocrine system

4) Integumentary system / Exocrine system

5) Immune system and lymphatic system

6) Muscular system

7) Nervous system

8) Renal system and Urinary system

9) Reproductive system

10) Respiratory system

11) Skeletal system

B. Come up with 5 amazing facts about your system. (Example: Your entire blood supply

is filtered through your kidneys every 45 minutes.)

Many interesting facts about the human body can be found at the Body World exhibit site:

https://koerperwelten.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/BodyWorlds_StudentGuide_US.pdf

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

C. On the Body System Organizer on the back of this page, draw and label the major

organs associated with the amazing facts for your system. (If you don’t have a printer,

list them below.)

https://koerperwelten.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/BodyWorlds_StudentGuide_US.pdf

Comparative Anatomy – Vestigial Structures

1. Below are some vestigial structures found in humans. For each, hypothesize what its function

may have been in our evolutionary history.

Structure Possible function?

Wisdom teeth

Appendix

Muscles for moving the ear

Body hair

Little toe

Tailbone

2. How do vestigial structures provide evidence of common ancestry?

Comparative Anatomy – Homologous Structures

Compare the skeletal structure of each species’ limb to the human arm in the figure above. Relate the

differences you see in form to the differences in function.

Animal Comparison to Human Arm in Form Comparison to Human Arm in Function

Dog

Scapula, humerus, metacarpals, and

phalanges are aligned and shaped

differently. The ulna is longer and

interfaces with the humerus differently.

Differences are to support the animals’

weight, as the forelimbs of a dog are

used for locomotion. Phalanges are

modified for digging and conflict.

Horse

Bat

Bird

Seal

1. How do homologous structures provide evidence of common ancestry?

Comparative Anatomy – Analogous Structures

Compare the structure of each species’ limb in the figure above. Relate the differences you see in form

to the differences in function.

Animal Differences in form Difference in function

Bird

Bat

Fly

1. How do analogous structures provide evidence of divergent ancestry?

You have now studied three different types of anatomical structures:

• Homologous structures show individual variations on a common anatomical theme. These are

seen in organisms that are closely related. Similar structure, different function.

• Analogous structures have very different anatomies but similar functions. These are seen in

organisms that are not necessarily closely related but live in similar environments and have

similar adaptations. Different structure, same function.

• Vestigial structures are anatomical remnants that were important in the organism’s ancestors

but are no longer used in the same way. Similar structure, different or no apparent function.

1. Give an example of a homologous structure from this activity:

2. Give an example of an analogous structure from this activity:

3. Give an example of a vestigial structure from this activity:

4. In HBS B, we perform dissections on a cow eye, a sheep brain, and a pig kidney. Considering

comparative anatomical structures, why do we investigate the organs from these animals in this

Human Body Systems course?

Comparative Anatomy - Fossils

This is a series of skulls and front leg fossils of organisms believed to be ancestors of the modern-day

horse.

1. Give two similarities between each of the skulls that might lead to the conclusion that these are all

related species.

2. What is the biggest change in skull anatomy that occurred from the “dawn horse” (Eohippus) to the

modern horse (Equus)?

3. What is the biggest change in leg anatomy that occurred from the “dawn horse” (Eohippus) to the

modern horse (Equus)?

Comparative Anatomy – Adaptive Radiation

Compare the overall body structure of the cave fish and the minnow below.

1. What is the biggest, most obvious difference between the body structure of these two fish?

2. Assume the two fish came from the same original ancestor. Why might the cave fish have evolved

without eyesight?

3. What kind of sensory adaptation would you hypothesize the cave fish has to allow it to navigate in a

cave, including catching and eating food?

Comparative Anatomy – Conclusion

1. Considering that anatomical structures, fossils, and adaptive radiation all lead to similar

hypotheses relating to ancestry, what would be a unifying larger concept?

2. Consider that changes over time are observed in our daily lives (Ex: influenza mutations, anti-bacterial

resistance, minor changes in larger species such as differences in appearance and behavior). Does this

provide yet another piece of evidence for the Theory of Natural Selection?

Wreck YO-Self©!

Cut out the following terms and use them to quiz yourself on the major bones of the human body using the

diagrams on the following pages. (If you don’t have a printer, you can just type in the text boxes.) Try your

best not to look at the “Check YO-self” diagram, this is to help you memorize the bones of the body!

Day 1 – Repeat the drill until you can complete it without looking at “Check YO-self”

Day 2 – Do it again, this time until you can do it twice in a row. At least once a week, do it again. There will be 10 bones on the final exam – easy points! (there are no

deliverables for this part of the weekly assignment, I just thought it might be a more interesting way to study.)

Cranium Mandible

Humerus Radius

Carpals

Phalanges

Femur

Patella

Tibia Fibula

Tarsals Metatarsals

Scapula

Rib Cage

Hip Bone

Coccyx

Ulna

Vertebral Column

1.1 Identity: Human - Study Guide

Variables Review

For each experiment, write down the:

independent variable (IV), dependent variable (DV), and controlled variable(s).

1. Becky wanted to figure out what type of liquid worked best for growing beans. She chose Betty’s Bush

Bean seeds, used Magic-Grow Soil and 3 pots exactly the same size to set up her experiment. She watered

3 beans in a pot with Coca-Cola, another 3 beans in a pot with lemonade, and another 3 beans in a pot

with water. After one week, she measured how high they had grown.

a. Independent Variable (IV): __________________________________________

b. Dependent Variable (DV): __________________________________________

c. Controlled Variable(s): _____________________________________________

2. Jason wanted to find out what fertilizer worked best for growing marigolds. He put Miracle Grow on one,

Scotts fertilizer on one, and no fertilizer on another. His marigolds were the same brand replanted into a

new pot with the new soil.




3. Shania wanted to see if eating apples would help her do better on her classwork. The first day, she didn’t

eat any apples. On day 2, she ate one apple; on day 3, she ate 2 apples; and on day 4, she ate 3 apples.

Each day, she recorded how much of her class worksheet assignments she completed.




4. Ming wanted to see if listening to music helped basketball players make more baskets. On day one, he

didn’t play any music and counted how many baskets they made in 10 minutes. On day 2, he played rap

music and counted the baskets, and on day 3, he played classical music and counted the baskets.




5. Jessica wanted to see what kitchen cleaner worked best for cleaning her counters. She used Lysol, Clorox,

Pine sol, and just water. For each cleaner, she put 5 milliliters of grape juice on the counter, sprayed the

cleaner, and immediately wiped it with one paper towel.




6. Evan wanted to find out what toothpaste made teeth the cleanest. Everyday he brushed his teeth with a

different product and then took a plaque test to see how much plaque was left. He used Crest, Colgate,

Close-up, and water.




7. Angelique wanted to find out what shampoo made her hair the shiniest. Everyday she washed her hair

with different shampoos and then rated how shiny her hair was, on a scale from 1-10. She used Pantene,

Herbal Essences, John Frieda, and just water.




8. Harrison wanted to find out what soil works best for growing roses. He grew the same Golden Celebration

roses in potting soil, clay, sand, and soil he found outside his yard. After one week, he measured the rose

plant height and counted how many leaves it had.




hbs 1.1.1 & 1.2.1 review

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