head movement 2 oct. 5, 2010 – day 16
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Head movement 2 Oct. 5, 2010 – Day 16. Introduction to Syntax ANTH 3590/7590 Harry Howard Tulane University. Course management. http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/ANTH3590/ We need to spend our $150 from the Provost ’ s Undergraduate Activities Fund. Review. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Head movement 2Oct. 5, 2010 – Day 16Introduction to Syntax
ANTH 3590/7590
Harry Howard
Tulane University
Course management
http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/ANTH3590/ We need to spend our $150 from the
Provost’s Undergraduate Activities Fund.
10
/5/1
2
2
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
Review
10
/5/1
2A
NT
H3
59
0/7
59
0, H
arry H
ow
ard
, Tu
lan
e3
T-TO-C MOVEMENT AS ADJUNCTION OF T TO TENSE IN C
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/5/1
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4
AN
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, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
TP
T’PRNyou
VPTwill
Vmarry
PRNme
CP
C[TNS]
ø
PRNme
C TP
T’PRNyou
VP
Vmarry
CP
Twill
A SIMPLIFICATION OF THE ADJUNCTION TO SHOW ITS MORPHOLOGICAL RESULT
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, Ha
rry Ho
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rd, T
ula
nePRN
me
TP
T’PRNyou
VP
Vmarry
CP
Cwill+ø
PRNme
C TP
T’PRNyou
VP
Vmarry
CP
Twill
V-TO-T MOVEMENT IN ELIZABETHAN ENGLISH
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, Ha
rry Ho
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rd, T
ula
ne
TP
T’PRNI
VPTAf1sgPr
ADVnot
VP
CP
Cø
PPVcare
Pfor
PRNher
Tense must be strong in Elizabethan English and weak in modern
English
care+
HEAD MOVEMENTRadford §4.5
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NT
H3
59
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0, H
arry H
ow
ard
, Tu
lan
e7
MORE ELIZABETHAN ENGLISH
28a) Saw you my master? V-to-T then T-to-C movement (V-to-T-to-C mvt)
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, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
TP
T’PRNyou
TAf2sPa
VP
CP
Cø
DPmy
master
Vsaw------
saw+------------
saw+Af2sPa+
LONG-DISTANCE HEAD MOVEMENT
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, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
TP
T’PRNyou
VP
CP
Csaw+Af2sPa+ø
DPmy
master
DPmy
master
TP
T’PRNyou
Tø
VP
CP
Csaw+Af2sPa+ø
What is wrong with this?
Well, saw picks up the affix without passing through the node that hosts it.
LIMITATIONS ON HEAD MOVEMENT
But Radford ignores this easy answer because he doesn’t draw the tree and instead offers the head-movement constraint (HMC): 31) Head movement is only possible between a
head and the head of its complement. The head-strength parameter
The strength of a head can vary among languages.
One of the things that children learn when they acquire a language is the settings for parameters.
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, Ha
rry Ho
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ula
ne
AUXILIARY RAISINGRadford §4.6
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NT
H3
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arry H
ow
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, Tu
lan
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Two positions for be and auxiliary have wrt not
32a) She may not be suitable. 32b) She is not suitable. 34a) She may not be enjoying syntax. 34b) She is not enjoying syntax. 36a) He may not have done it. 36b) He has not done it. He may not have the time. BritEng: He has not the time. AmEng: He does not have the time.
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, Ha
rry Ho
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ne
AUX-TO-T MOVEMENT OF BE & HAVE
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, Ha
rry Ho
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rd, T
ula
ne
TP
T’PRNshe
AuxP
ADVnot
AuxP
CP
Cø
VPAuxis
have
Venjoyingenjoyed
QPø syntax
TAf3sPres
Af3sPres
------------
is+have+
EVIDENCE FOR AUX POSITION
Scope of modal verbs 38a’) You must not call the police.
= It is necessary that you not call the police. You must not call the police, or we will all go to jail. The modal verb has scope over (c-commands) not.
38b’) You need not call the police. = It is not necessary that you call the police. # You need not call the police, or we will all go to jail. Not has scope over the modal verb, but does not c-
command it. If need starts out in a lower position, its copy is
c-commanded by not: see next slide.
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, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
NOT C-COMMANDS NEED IN AUX
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AN
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, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
TP
T’PRNyou
AuxPTAf2sPres
ADVnot
AuxP
CP
Cø
VPAuxneed-----
need+
Vcall
DetPthe police
NEED AS NEGATIVE POLARITY ITEM
Auxiliary need is a negative polarity item 2.47a) I don’t think that he need apologize. 2.47b) *He need apologize.
Even when not is contracted to it: He needn’t apologize. Need should not c-command n’t, but if need
comes from AuxP, its copy is c-commanded by not: see previous slide.
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, Ha
rry Ho
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ula
ne
DOUBLE MODALS
Some Southern US English She must can go. She might could do it. She might not could do it.
Scots English 40) He must no can do it.
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, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
TP
T’PRNhe
AuxPTmust
ADVno
AuxP
CP
Cø
VPAuxcan
Vdo
PRNit
AND FINALLY … MODAL + AUX
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, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
TP
T’PRNhe
AuxPTmust
ADVnot
AuxP
CP
Cø
VPAuxhave
Vdone
PRNit
LIGHT VERBS
Interim conclusion: only be, have & need can raise to T.
Why these verbs and not some others? They have little real-world or lexical information
of their own and serve mainly to mark grammatical information like tense, aspect, and modality.
Thus they are ‘light’ on lexical information. The affix in T is only strong enough to attract
such light verbs; it hops down to all other verbs.
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, Ha
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NEXT TIMEQ5
Finish §4
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