headwater channel restoration as a tool to aid in red spruce … · 2018-07-10 · headwater...
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Headwater Channel Restorationas a Tool to Aid in
Red Spruce Restoration
Northern Research Station
Pamela EdwardsU.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station
In cooperation with
Monongahela National ForestTrout Unlimited
Canaan Valley Institute
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• Typically think of manipulating forests to influence hydrology
• Reverse approach: manipulate hydrology to promote red spruce restoration
Northern Research Station
Forest Hydrology
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Premise of this work:Headwater channels are more well developed than they would be in the absence of disturbances (esp. historic disturbances in spruce ecosystems)
Well developed means- wider- deeper- longer (head cuts)
Northern Research Station
Headwater Channels
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Northern Research Station
Headwater Channels
Headwaterchannels
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• Greater channel development or expression is the result of increased in-channel erosion, which is driven by the energy of water in the channel
Water does thework of erosionand the work ofsediment transport
Northern Research Station
Headwater Channels
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Northern Research Station
Headwater Channels
Channeltypes
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Northern Research Station
Headwater Channels
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Northern Research Station
Headwater Channels
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Interpretation of increased channel expression is that headwater channels have shifted from areas of sediment storage to sediment sources
Northern Research Station
Headwater Channels
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If we can reverse channel development, especially down cutting and head cutting, we can reduce the amount of water that becomes surface flow during storm and melt events (ephemerals and intermittents) and during base flow (intermittents) and keep it in the headwater soils (or keep more of it there longer)
Northern Research Station
Link to Forest Restoration
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• Red spruce require cool, moist soils; with climate change, increased above-ground temperatures will increasingly stress red spruce stands
• Increased soil moisture storage will directly provide the moisture that spruce require and reduce soil temperatures which may reduce overall stress
Northern Research Station
Link to Red Spruce Restoration
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How do we make the shift from channels as areas of sediment sources to sediment storage?
Energy controls erosion processes, so reduce available energy by:
• Reducing volume of streamflow• Reducing the velocity of streamflow
Northern Research Station
Channel Restoration
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• Reducing volume by aggrading the stream channel - building up the elevation of the channel bed through sediment deposition
• Reduce the velocity to allow aggradation by increasing channel roughness (frictional loss of energy)
Northern Research Station
Channel Restoration
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How do we make channel aggradation happen?How do we increase channel roughness?
Simplest and cheapestway – add wood to channels
Northern Research Station
Channel Restoration
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We know that adding wood to perennial channels can influence energy and sediment deposition
Northern Research Station
Channel Restoration
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Gully plugging works by similar processes –providing friction, using check dams to pool water and allow deposition, etc.
Concept is the same, so the approach of adding wood should work for headwater channels
Northern Research Station
Channel Restoration
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Methodology for Headwater Proof of Concept(East Fork Upper Greenbrier River Watershed, MNF)
• Piles• Random placement
Northern Research Station
Channel Restoration Using Wood
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• Non-engineered design
• Use available wood
• Limit prescriptions as much as possible to increase “user friendliness” of the approach and to maximize appeal of approach to private land owners
Northern Research Station
Channel Restoration Using Wood
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Structure-from-motion
• Image analysis technique that builds 3-D structure from 2-D photo arrays
• Employ GIS to identify changes in volume or area changes within an area of interest from repeated measurements
Northern Research Station
Affirmation of Proof of Concept
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• 3 photographed segments per headwater tributary (upper, middle, lower)
• Segment corners are outside of channel boundaries, but are “permanent”
Northern Research Station
Structure-from-Motion
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• Series of overlapping photographs covering the entire segment
• 100-200 photographs per segment• “Aerial” view
Northern Research Station
Structure-from-Motion
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Agisoft Photoscan software used for all image processing and creation of digital elevation model (DEM)Data processing steps (simplified):
1. Designate corners in all photos2. Align photos → sparse point cloud3. Build dense point cloud4. Build and export DEM5. Build orthomosaic of all photos
All steps include quality checks and adjustment of settings as needed
Northern Research Station
Structure-from-Motion
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Sparsecloud
Northern Research Station
Structure-from-Motion
corner
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Northern Research Station
Structure-from-Motion
Densecloud
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Northern Research Station
Structure-from-Motion
DEM
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Sensitivity test – manually added sediment to channel
Northern Research Station
Structure-from-Motion
Before After
addedsediment
less ofdarkerblues
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Northern Research Station
Additional Data Collection
• Physical landscape variables• Physical characteristics of placed wood• Subsequent additions of wood
• If concept is affirmed, examination of magnitude and spatial extent of soil moisture changes
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Northern Research Station
Current Status
• First year of field measurements• Shooting for ~20 tributaries• 24-48 hours to process a single segment
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Questions?