health research development

8/8/2019 Health research development

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Field ResearchField Research

Module IModule I

Dr. Boosaba


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What is ResearchWhat is Research

A systematic process for

collecting, analyzing andinterpreting information to

answer questions.


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What is ResearchWhat is Research

A process:

undertaken within a framework of

philosophies/theories/models

uses procedures/methods tested for validity

and reliability designed to be unbiased and objective


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Characteristics of research processCharacteristics of research process

1. Controlled :

Directed toward solutions, cause-effect relationship

W

ell designed, applies rigorous analysis. Development of generalization, principles, theories

2. Valid and verifiable:

Based on observable experiences and verifiable.

Accurate observation and description.

Objective, logical, validated.


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Characteristics of research processCharacteristics of research process

3. Empirical:

Collecting new data/using existing data for new

purposes.

4. Requires expertise: concept, technical skills.

5. Quest for answers to unsolved problems (no repeated

study).

6. Patient and unhurried (haste makes waste).

7. Carefully recorded and reported.

8. Courageous!


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Research can be classified as:Research can be classified as:

y Experimental designs

Randomized control trial

Quasi-experimental designAction research

Research and development

y

Non-experimental designs Prospective vs. Retrospective

Longitudinal vs. Cross-sectional


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Non-experimental designs

Application Objectives Type of information

Pure

research

Descriptive

research

Exploratory

research

Quantitative

research

Applied

research

Correlation

research

Explanatory

research

Qualitative

research


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Pure research: developing and testing theories and hypotheses,

instruments, models.

Applied research: apply researchmethods to systematically

collect and analyze data for policy formulation,

administration, enhancement of understanding of a

phenomenon.

Descriptive: describe situations.

Correlation: find relationships among variables.

Explanatory: explain why situation of interest exists

experimental research (founded on theoreticalframework, shows causal relationship).

Exploratory: feasibility, pilot studies


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Classification of research by time:

Prospective studies:

search for causal relationship or examine changes

Types:

Cross-sectional one point in time

longitudinal extended period of time

Trend same age group, at different times

Cohort a specific group, different individuals,followed overtime

Panel same group, same individuals, followed

overtime


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A cohort

A group of people sharing a common

characteristic or experience within a

defined period.The comparison group may be the general

population from which the cohort is drawn, or

another cohort of persons thought to have hadlittle or no exposure to the substance under

investigation, but otherwise similar.


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Panel studies:

measure the same sample of respondents at differentpoints in time.

can reveal both net change and gross change in thedependent variable.

reveal shifting attitudes and patterns of behavior thatmight go unnoticed with other research approaches.

can use either a continuous, or an interval panel,

provide data suitable for sophisticated statistical

analysis and might enable researcher to predict cause-

effect relationships.


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Trend study

the most common longitudinal study.

samples differentgroups of people at

different points in time from the same

population.

public opinion poll.


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Classification of Health Research

Level of analysis Health problem/

condition

Health Care responses

Individual or sub

individual

Biomedical research

- biological process

- body structure&

function

- pathological

mechanism

Clinical research

- efficacy of diagnosis/

treatment/ prevention

- natural history of

diseases

Population public health

Epidemiological research- distributions of causes

of diseases

Health systems research- policy research

- operational research


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How to get started?

Observe

Asking questions

Read/review

Develop Ideas


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Flow of a research

ResearchP

roblem

Theory

Conceptual framework

Research design

Data collection

Data analysis

Reporting


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Formulating a research

problem


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Identifying research problem =

identifying destination and directing course of study

input into a study (garbage in, garbage out!)

must be clear before moving on

Sources of research problems

People

problems

programs

phenomena


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Sources of a research problems

Aspects of study About Study of

Study population People Individuals, organization, groups,

communities

Subject area Problem Issues, situations, associations,needs, population compositions,

profiles, etc

Program Contents, structures, outcomes,

attributes, satisfaction,

consumers, service providers, etc

Phenomena Cause and effect relationship,

study of phenomena, etc.


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Selecting a research problem

Interest

Magnitude

Measurement of concept

Level of expertise

RelevanceAvailability of data

Ethical issues


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Is the problem worth doing research?

Magnitude

Severity

Impacts on other aspects

Someone else have done it before? If

you do it, what contributions will be

made?


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Formulating a research problem

Identify broad area of interest

Dissect into sub-areas

Select sub-area(s)

Raise research question what to answer

Double check if you really interested in it


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State the problem

Global level

Country/regional

Local

What has been done?

What are the problems?


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Try justifying problem of your

interest


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Statement of the problemStatement of the problem

Written either as a question or as a declarative

statement, indicating relationship among

variables, target group, location.

Each word definitive, indispensable, expressive.


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Examples:

1. What are the long term effects of a

cardiovascular curriculum?

2. What are the effects of a health education self-

management intervention among diabeticpatients as measured by the glycosylated

hemoglobin?

3.W

hat drug is most frequently abused by factoryworkers in Bangkok?


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How to propose problem statements ofHow to propose problem statements of

the following topicsthe following topics

1. Tsunami2. Bird flu

3. Dengue Hemorrhagic fever


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Research titles

Research title should reflect, at least:

What (dependent variable)

Who (target population)

Where (location of the study)


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Defining Objectives

General objective:

practical outcomes or products relatingto research title

Specific objectives:

delineation of detailed outcomes in

accordance with GO


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Specific objectives must be SMAR(T)

S = specific

M = measurable

A= action

R=

relevantT = time-bound


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HypothesisHypothesis

A researchers tentative explanation

that will predict the significant

results of the research study orprocess. It is always supported by

theory and/orprevious research.


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Formulation ofHypothesisFormulation ofHypothesis

Logical supposition, a reasonable

guess, or suggested answer to a

problem or sub-problem.

It provides further direction for the

research.


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Hypothesis should

1. Stated clearly and concisely.

2. Express the relationship between two or more

variables. The relationship can be linear or non-linear.

3. Testable.


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Researchhypothesis

Statistical hypotheses;

Null hypothesis

Alternative hypothesis


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HypothesisHypothesis

Examples:1. Females who are adequate contraceptive users feel

more susceptible to pregnancy than those who are

inadequate users.

2. Students exposed to the cardiovascular curriculum will

demonstrate superior scores on all of the subscale sets

of questions, as compared to the students in the

comparison group.

3. Subjects exposed to the health education program will

have lowerhook worm re-infection rate than those

who were not.


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LimitationLimitation

Boundaries of the problem

established by factors or people

other than researcher.

Limitation statements are made in the

discussion of the study.


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Delimitation (scope of the study)Delimitation (scope of the study)

Boundaries set by researcher telling readers

what will not be included in the study =

precise limit of the problems.

i.e., delimit the population to highschool

teachers who have bachelors degree in

health education; or delimit by geographical

location, the size of population.


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AssumptionAssumption

A condition that is taken for granted and

without which the research effort

would be impossible. It is believed tobe fact, but cant be verified one.

i.e., the teachers will answer the

questionnaires honestly and thereby

submit appropriate data.


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Definition of termsDefinition of terms

Terms that have special meanings to the

study and they must be defined as they

relate to project at hand.

Dictionary definitions not adequate or

helpful and fail to provide true

meaning intended by researcher.


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Predisposing

Factors

Enabling

Factors

Reinforcing

Factors

Behavioral

Factors

Environmen

tal Factors

Health

problems

QOL

Relationship among variables


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Predisposing

Factors

Enabling

Factors

Reinforcing

Factors

Behavioral

F

actors

Environmen

tal Factors

Health

problems



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Predisposing

Factors

Enabling

Factors

Reinforcing

Factors

Exercise

Conceptual framework


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Predisposing

Factors

Enabling

Factors

Reinforcing

Factors

BehavioralFactors



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Components of a research proposal

Rationale or justification of th

e problem Statement of the problem

Objectives of the study

Hypotheses (if any)

Delimitation

Assumption

Definition of terms Expected outcomes

Related literatures

Researchmethodology Time schedule


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Theories

HypothesesEmpiricalgeneralization

Observations

Decision ~ Ho

Logical inference

Test of Ho

Logical deductionConcept,

proposition form

Measurement Instrument

health research development

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