health research. what is the placebo effect? an expectation of an effect gives that effect
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What is the placebo effect? An expectation of an effect gives that effect.TRANSCRIPT
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Health Research
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What is the placebo effect? An expectation of an effect gives that
effect.
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What can increase the placebo effect? Big pills - not little ones Colored pills - not white tablets Capsules - not tablets Two doses - not one Injection - not pill Surgery - not injection
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Psychological treatments subject to the placebo effect. Counseling Hypnosis Biofeedback Relaxation training Massage Stress & pain management techniques
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What can increase the placebo effect? Both patient and physician expectations
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How effective is the placebo effect? It can potentially:
Reduce insomnia Decrease low back pain Lower high blood pressure Decrease burn pain Relieve knee pain with sham (false) surgery
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How can we separate the placebo effect from the real treatment effect? Double-blind design.
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Research Methods: Correlation studies Cross-Sectional studies Longitudinal studies Experimental designs Observational designs
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Correlation studies Show the degree of relationship between
two factors Cannot indicate cause and effect
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Cross-Sectional VS Longitudinal studies Cross-sectional studies Compare two or more separate groups
Faster One point in time
Longitudinal studies Compares one group over time Longer Follow participants over years
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Experimental study Can determine “cause” At least two groups
Experimental group Control group
Variables Independent variable Dependent variable
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Observational studies Does not manipulate variables Prospective
Follow disease-free population for years to see what happens
Retrospective Opposite approach Find population with disease and look backward “After the fact” Comparison group is not a control group
• No random assignment• May differ on other factors
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Observational studies Retrospective (Cont.)
Two groups• One with subject variable
• (e.g Overweight)• One without subject variable
• (e.g Not overweight)• Measure dependent variable (eg. Smoking)
Looks for risk factors in a disease Factors increasing chance of the disease Demographic Behavioral
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The “gold standard” of scientific research Randomized Placebo-controlled Double-blind Used for:
Drug studies Effectiveness of psychological and
educational interventions
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Psychometrics (psychological tests) in research Reliability
Consistent results Test-retest Inter-rater (Two or more raters = same results)
Validity Measures what it is designed to measure Criterion validity Predictive validity
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