• Exchange of Respiratory Gases• Control of Acid/Base balance• Control of Blood pH• Consists of

– Conductive system– Exchange system– Circulatory System Interface

• Cellular respiration• External respiration• Internal respiration

• Avogadro’s law and number– Equal volumes of gas at the same pressure

contain the same number of molecules.– 6.02 x 10 23

– Concentration of gas - Gas pressure• Boyle’s law of gas

– V ~ P – Pressure varies inversely with volume– Volume varies inversely with pressure

• Pressure example with a Har bottle• mm Hg -- cm H2O -- Torr

• Daltons Law of Partial Pressure

• Laws of Gas Flow– Laminar flow - Turbulence

• Poiseuille's law states that flow rate is inversely related to both the tube length and to the viscosity of the gas

• Bernouli’s law relates the loss in pressure to the resistance of a system. Total pressure is divided between flow( forward pressure) and lateral pressure

• Ficke’s Law of Diffusion• Graham’s Law

– Diffusion of gases varies with molecular weight – higher molecular weight the slower the

diffusion– Oxygen diffusion = pure gas– Carbon Dioxide diffusion = CO2 and Bicarbonate

Ions• Henry’s Law - law of the coke bottle

– The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid varies directly with the total quantity of gas and the pressure of the gas.

• Charles’s Law - effects of temperature on a gas– Pressure varies with Temperature– Heating a can example

• Interaction with Boyle’s law• Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

– Partial Pressure of a gas is proportional to the proportion of that gas in a mixture of gases

– Oxygen 21% of 760 Torr = 160 Torr– Nitrogen 79% or 600 Torr

• Nose• External Nares or Nostrils• Nasal Cavity - boundries• Internal Nares• Conche• Hard Palate • Soft Palate and Uvula

• Paranasal Sinuses• Olfactory Epithelium• Nasal Epithelium - Pseudostratified

Ciliated Columnar Epithelium• Nasopharynx• Oropharynx - Fauces = narrowing flaps• Laryngopharynx• Tonsils (Palatine & Lingual) and

Adenoids or Pharyngeal• Eustachian tubes

• Larynx -adam’s Larynx -adam’s appleapple

• EpiglotttisEpiglotttis• GlottisGlottis• Thyroid cartilageThyroid cartilage• Cricoid cartilageCricoid cartilage• Vocal cordsVocal cords

• Alveolar wallsAlveolar walls• Capillary wallsCapillary walls

• Type I Alveolar cell - respiratory

• Type II- produces surfactant

• Contraction of– External Intercostals– Diaphragm

• Intra-alveolar pressure - 756• Volume moved = 2.2 liters• Bucket Handle movement

– Rib movement• Pump Handle movement

– Sternum movement

• Passive movement• Elastic recoil of diaphragm• Elastic Recoil of lung tissue• Surfactant• Abdominal assist

• Effects of Posture• Abdominal Pressure

• Bohr Effect - Carbon Dioxide (c) effects oxygen transport

• Haldane Effect - Oxygen levels effect carbon dioxide transport

• Carbon Monoxide

Fetal Postnatal