health tourism - cherry (1)
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
1/28
HEALTH is a leap in dark,, a
spontaneous unpremeditated actwithout benefit of experience
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
2/28
AIM
This paper aims to look into Singapore's healthcare system
and how practicing self-responsibility can facilitate the
primary purpose of healthcare systems even with smallbudget (Singapore: 3.7% of GDP versus US: 16% of GDP
and Major EU countries: 9% of GDP). We shall also study
whether such policies can work in other different countries
and systems, and can also improve the population health as a
whole.
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
3/28
SINGAPORE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
4/28
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
5/28
IntroductionIntroduction
y Global Life Expectancy
during 1900s : 40-50 yrs.
y Later increased to 60yrs with an exception to
developing and under developing countries.
y Developed countries : 70-80 yrs.
Better Nutrition, Public healthcare and Adv Medical
science being the corroborative factors.
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
6/28
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
7/28
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
8/28
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
9/28
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
10/28
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
11/28
SINGAPORES LIFESINGAPORES LIFE
EXPECTANCYEXPECTANCYy Around 60yrs by 1957.
y Improved to 80years by 2009.
Demand for natural resources increases along withpopulation.
Transition in health care In the present trend, Moredeaths due to chronic diseases (Heart attack, cancer)than infectious diseases (Polio, Small pox, Measles)
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
12/28
yy As, demand for healthcare resources increasesAs, demand for healthcare resources increases
yyCost increases.Cost increases.
yy Pressure to build more hospitals.Pressure to build more hospitals.
yy Trained healthcare workers to take care of.Trained healthcare workers to take care of.
Governments need to ensure that poorGovernments need to ensure that poorand underprivileged are not deprived ofand underprivileged are not deprived of
basic healthcare needs.basic healthcare needs.
GovernmentGovernment need to review their fiscal
spending including healthcare expenditures.
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
13/28
Health Care Financing methods
y Government Subsidies
y Public or Private insurance
y Out of pocket
y Mandatory Savings
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
14/28
y Singapores GDP one of the highest in Asia-Pacific.
y Known for its most advanced and successfulhealth care system for efficiency and results.
y Singapore Health Care system ranked thebest in asia by WHO in year 2000.
(Ahead ofHongkong, china, japan)
y Political and Economic Risk Consultancy(PERC)ranked singapores healthcare to be 3rd best in theworld.
Singapore Healthcare systems
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
15/28
y Singapores infant mortality rate - 2.3 deaths per
1000 live berths.y 3.7 % of GDP is spent of health care.
y Success secrets :
y Public and Private partnership for healthcare facilities.
y High quality medical care for other medical centers with
diff level of service and comfort.
y Private sector holds 80% stake , government clinics
cover only 20%
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
16/28
y Citizens and permanent residents areenrolled to mandatory national savings
scheme.
y Foreigners / Immigrants purchase it on
their own from private companies or
through their employer.
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
17/28
yMEDISAVE
yMEDISHIELD
yMEDIFUND
The 3 Ms
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
18/28
y Elder shield is an insurance
scheme which provides financial
protection for those who needlong-term
care especially during old age.
y Priority is given to those who show consistency intheir Medisave and Medishield contributions.
ELDERSHIELD
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
19/28
y The Singapore healthcare systemworks toward building a healthypopulation through preventivehealthcare programmes andpromoting a healthy lifestyle.
y While good and affordablehealthcare services is available tomost Singaporeans throughpublic hospitals and clinics atsubsidized rates, one cannot
expect getting free lunch asco-payment of medical expensesis required.
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
20/28
y This approach aims to promoteindividual responsibility towards
healthy living and medicalexpenses. It assumes that when anindividual feels the pinch of havingto pay, it will motivate one to takethe efforts not to incur theexpenses in the first place. When
the demand for medical services iskept low, public spending onhealthcare will also be low.
y With rising medical costs, it isquite easy to keep citizens
motivated to remain healthy.Almost 50% of Singaporeansexercise at least once a week in asurvey done in 2005, up from 38%in 2002. Number of mass runs andparticipants are increasing rapidly
every year.
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
21/28
y Even when the self-responsibilityphilosophy seems to be working, thereis still a need to ensure the individual
has the ability to make payments intime of need for medical services.
y The implementation of Medisave in1984 made it compulsory forSingaporeans to set aside about 6.5%to 9% of their income for futurepersonal or family members'
hospitalization, day surgery or certainoutpatient expenses.
y For major illnesses where treatmentcosts can wipe out the savings,Medishield is a low cost castastrophicillness insurance scheme to help duringexpenses not sufficiently covered byMedisave savings. The premiums ofMedishield can be paid by Medisave.Individuals can seek private insurersfor more comprehensive coverage.
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
22/28
y For individuals who cannot
afford the expense even after
being covered by Medisaveand Medishield, they can seek
financial assistance through
Medifund which was set up in
1993. The interest income
from the capital sum for
Medifund of $200 million (in
1993) grew to $1.7 billion in
2009 and is used to help the
needy who have exhausted allother means to pay for their
medical bills.
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
23/28
Other health care systems.
68
83
47
25
Government funding
Australia
UK
US
Singapore
32
17
53
75
Private funding
Australia
UK
US
Singapore
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
24/28
Self responsibility purpose..
y for family-centric
society, family members are
expected to take care of each
other and it should not beregarded as unfair if the
children needs to bear the
medical costs of their parents.
Self-responsibility also
implies the need to build
close family ties and
cohesiveness to handle
contingencies.
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
25/28
Policies and schemes must change with
time--------y After Medisave was implemented in 1984, new
schemes such as Medishield, Medifund andEldershield were later implemented to meet thedemands then. Conventional thinking andparadigms have to be challenged. For exampleusing of Medisave for HIV treatments were
frowned upon in the early days, but now largelyaccepted as necessary, even when the principleof self-responsibility is being confronted by theactions of some people who are not responsible.The approach to healthcare has also beenchanging. Non-conventional treatments such as
mediation, yoga, dietary supplements andtraditional medicine are gaining acceptance andpopularity. The authorities will eventually haveto decide whether consumption of suchhealthcare activities that lack scientific evidencemay be allowed to be funded by Medisave or
government subsidies.
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
26/28
The healthcare needs are ever-changing and any systems have to adapt andchange with it. Governments have to balance healthcare needs with othernational needs like education. The healthcare industry needs to remaincompetitive despite heavy government interventions to ensure costs andoperational efficiency as well as incentive to encourage R&D activities. Tomeet all these needs and demands, everyone will need to play their part. Noone can guarantee a illness-free living, but can decrease their risks by havinghealthy lifestyles and staying economically productive. Countries at differentlevels of economical and political development will need different mix ofpublic and private fundings and policies. However, for the longer termresults, policies based on self-responsibility will ensure sustainability andeffectiveness.
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
27/28
-
8/7/2019 HEALTH TOURISM - cherry (1)
28/28