healthcare-associated infections and infection control
DESCRIPTION
Healthcare-Associated Infections and Infection Control. Timothy H. Dellit, MD Associate Professor University of Washington School of Medicine Associate Medical Director Harborview Medical Center. Disclosure: - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Healthcare-Associated Infections and Infection Control
Timothy H. Dellit, MDAssociate ProfessorUniversity of Washington School of MedicineAssociate Medical DirectorHarborview Medical CenterDisclosure: Dr. Dellit has no financial interest in any of the products or manufacturers mentioned.
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An observation...
Ignaz Semmelweis1818-1865
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And an intervention...
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Patient Safety and Infection ControlPrevention, monitoring, and feedback
◦ Healthcare-associated infections Catheter-associated bloodstream infections Catheter-associated UTI Ventilator-associated pneumonia Surgical site infections
◦ Transmission of multidrug-resistant/marker organisms MRSA VRE Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter ESBL-producing organisms → MDR Enterobacteriaceae Carbapenem-resistent Enterobacteriaceae (CRE, KPC,
NDM-1...) C. difficile Aspergillus in burn and immunocompromised populations Influenza/respiratory viruses Tuberculosis
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Increasing Regulation and Reporting
CMS and “preventable events”◦ FY2008
Catheter-associated urinary tract infection Vascular catheter-associated infections Mediastinitis after CABG
◦ FY2009 SSI following select orthopedic procedures
Spinal fusion Elbow and shoulder arthroplasty
SSI following bariatric surgery Mandatory reporting of healthcare-associated infections
(HB 1106)◦ Central line infections in ICU: July 2008◦ Ventilator-associated pneumonia: January 2009◦ Selected surgical site infections: January 2010
Cardiac surgery Total hip and knee arthroplasty Hysterectomy
2012: CMSColon and abd hysterectomy
2013: HB 1471Remove VAPExpand CLA-BSI housewide
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How are we doing?
N Engl J Med 2014;370:1198-1208
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Antimicrobial Resistant Pathogens and HAI
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013;34:1-14
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“MDRO Bundle”
Increased Hand Hygiene Associated with Decreased MRSA Transmission
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1994 1998H
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Hand hygiene
MRSA Transmission rate
Lancet 2000;356:1307-12
• Hand Hygiene• Contact precautions• Education• Minimize shared equipment• Environmental cleaning• Healthcare-associated
infections preventive bundles– Catheter-associated BSI– Ventilator-associated
pneumonia– Catheter-associated UTI– SCIP measures
• Active surveillance cultures • Chlorhexidine baths• Antimicrobial stewardship
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Mayo Clin Proc 2014;89:277-280
Stethoscopes and Finger Tips
MRSA
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Strategies to control MRSA:vertical vs. horizontal
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35:772-796Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35:797-801
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Targeted vs Universal Decolonization to Prevent ICU Infection
N Engl J Med 2013;368:2255-2265
43 Hospitals Randomized
• Group 1: Nasal surveillance cultures and contact precautions
• Group 2: Similar to group 1 plus 5 day decolonization with mupirocin and CHG baths for those with MRSA
• Group 3: No screening, contact precautions used, all patients received 5 day colonization with mupirocin and CHG baths
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Daily Chlorhexidine Baths: ICU MDRO Reduction
Baseline CHG Baths P
MRSA acquisition* 5.04 3.44 0.046
VRE acquisition* 4.35 2.19 0.008
VRE bacteremia* 2.13 0.59 0.0006
Crit Care Med 2009;37:1858-1865*per 1000 pt-days
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Downside to Contact Precautions?
Tracked 15 interns for 3 months
Isolation Nonisolation
P
Visits per day
2.3 2.5 <0.001
Time per visit
2.2 min 2.8 min <0.001
Total time 5.2 6.9 <0.001JAMA Intern Med 2014;174:814-815
Unintended Consequences•Reduced time with patients•Reduced patient satisfaction•More preventable adverse events
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Compliance with Contact Precautions
Hand Hygiene Before
Gowning
Gloving Doffing Hand Hygiene After
Overall
Compliance
37.2% 74.3% 80.1% 80.1% 61.0% 28.9%
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35:213-221
1013 observations in 11 hospitals
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0 20 40 60 80 100
Room Door Handle
IV Pump Button
Bath Door Handle
Side Rails
BP Cuff
Overbed Table
Patient Gown
Bed Linen
Percent of Surfaces Positive for MRSA
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997;18:622-627
Role of Environmental Contamination
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Gowns Gloves
Contact with patient
Contact with environment
Contact Contamination
Per
cent
pos
itive
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Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011;32:201-6
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Patients with CDAD AsymptomaticCarriers
Non carriers
Envi
ronm
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%
ENVIRONMENT ANYCALL BUTTONBED RAILTABLETELEPHONE
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010;31:21-7
Carriers source for 29% of HA-CDI Clin Infect Dis 2013;57:1094-1102
Who was in this room before me?
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Rationale for considering extending isolation beyond duration of diarrhea
Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:447-50
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UV-C Decontamination and Clostridium difficile
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011;32:737-742
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Copper Surfaces: Passive reduction in organism burden
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013;34:479-486
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013;34:530-533
82% reduction
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National Reduction in CLA-BSI
JAMA 2009;301:727-36
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013;34:893-899
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Prevention of CLA-BSIIHI “Central line bundle”
◦ Hand hygiene◦ Chlorhexidine skin prep◦ Maximal barriers
Full drape Mask, hair cover, sterile gown, sterile gloves
◦ Optimal catheter site selectionStandardization of CVC educationStandardized use of central line carts
and checklistMaintenance and prompt removal
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Bundle in Action: Keystone Project
Reduction in mean rate from 7.7 to 1.4 per 1000 catheter-days
N Engl J Med 2006;355:2725-32
Months After Implementation
Med
ian
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odst
ream
Inf
ectio
ns
per
1000
Cat
hete
r-D
ays
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3.0
Baseline 0-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 13-15 16-18
Overall
Teaching Hospital
Non-teaching Hospital
< 200 beds
> 200 beds
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Daily CHG baths and CLA-BSI
Intervention Control
P
Hospital-acquired BSIa
4.78 6.60 0.007
CLA-BSIb 1.55 3.30 0.004aRate per 1000 pt-daysbRate per 1000 catheter-days
• Multicenter, cluster-randomized, nonblinded crossover trial in six hospitals
• Nine ICU and bone marrow transplant units
• 7727 patients enrolled
N Engl J Med 2013;368:533-42
Include as basic strategyInfect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35:753-771
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Alcohol-impregnated hub caps
799 patients with PICCs
Am J Infect Control 2013;41:33-38
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Beyond the bundle
Muldidisciplinary team re-enforcing
bundle• Antimicrobial
catheters• CHG dressings
Feedback/RCA
VRE cluster
EVS
CHG bathing
Critical Care 2013;17:R41
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Disrupting the Lifecycle of the Urinary Catheter
1
4
3
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1. Preventing Unnecessary and Improper Placement
2. Maintaining Awareness & Proper Care of Catheters
3. Prompting Catheter Removal
4. Preventing Catheter Replacement
(Meddings. Clin Infect Dis 2011) Modified from Sanjay Saint
Defined indicationsCondom
catheters?Straight cath?
Bladder scanner
s
RemindersNurse-driven
protocols
Closed system
Transportation
Dependent loops
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Catheter-Associated UTI
Duration of catheterization is primary risk
Providers unaware of catheter status◦ Students 21%◦ Interns 22%◦ Residents 27%◦ Attendings 38%
Daily assessment of need, especially when transferred from ICU to floor
Am J Med 2000;109:476-80
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Reminders and Stop-OrdersMeta-analysis of 14 studies
Clin Infect Dis 2010;51:550-560
• Reduced CA-UTI by 52%• Reduced duration of catheterization by 37%, resulting in 2.61 fewer days per patient
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Bladder Bundle and State Collaborative
JAMA Intern Med 2013;173:874-879
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What not to do!Do not routinely use antimicrobial cathetersDo not screen for asymptomatic bacteriuriaDo not treat asymptomatic bacteriuria
except before invasive urologic proceduresAvoid catheter irrigationDo not use systemic antimicrobial
prophylaxisDo not change catheters routinely
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35:464-479
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19 y o woman with h/o asthma is admitted with four days of fever 40 C, sore throat, cough, myalgias, and SOB..
Which of the following is MOST correct regarding influenza?
A. A negative rapid point of care influenza test in the office rules out influenza due to high sensitivity of the assay.
B. Patient should be placed in droplet precautions with use of mask and eye protection.
C. Patient should be placed in airborne isolation with use of N95 respirator.
D. Patient should not be treated with oseltamivir since she has presented more than 48 hours after symptom onset
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Importance of Early Recognition and Clinical Judgment
Early treatment associated with better outcomes 15 deaths in King County
◦ Time from symptom onset to treatment Mean 5.8 days (2-12 days)
◦ 5 patients with predisposing risk factors presented with ILI and were not treated initially
Testing challenges◦ Rapid point of care tests 10-50% sensitive◦ FA and “inconclusive results”◦ Movement towards PCR testing◦ Upper vs. lower tract testing
Epi-Log Dec 2009: Public Health Seattle & King CountyCritical Care 2009;13:R148J Infect Dis 2011;203;1739-47
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A. 40 y o woman h/o Non-Hodgkin lymphoma undergoing chemotherapy who presents with fever and a diffuse vesicular rash involving trunk and extremities.
B. 40 y o woman h/o Non-Hodgkinslymphoma undergoing chemotherapy who presents with painful vesicular rash across her right flank.
C. 70 y o man painful vesicular rash across his right flank.
What are the appropriate precautions and room placement for the following patients?
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CDC RecommendationsCondition Precaution Placement Mask or Respirator?
Varicella Zoster (Primary)
Airborne andContact
Negative Pressure
No clear recommendation for immune HCW (i.e. surgical mask or respirator)
Disseminated zoster
Airborne andContact
Negative Pressure
No clear recommendation for immune HCW (i.e. surgical mask or respirator)
Localized zoster in immuno-compromised
Airborne and Contact
Negative Pressure
No clear recommendation for immune HCW (i.e. surgical mask or respirator)
Localized zoster in immunocompetent
Standard Single room No recommendation
• Susceptible HCW should not enter room• Exclude exposed susceptible HCW from day 8-21 after exposure
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Airborne Transmission of Localized Herpes Zoster?
VZV DNA in saliva in 54/54 patients with localized herpes zoster (J Infect Dis 2008;197:654-7)
Outbreak in long-term care facility (J Infect Dis 2008;197;646-53)
86 y o woman with HZ in contact precautions with lesions covered
29 y o HCW changed linens – primary varicella
49 y o man with cerebral palsy
92 y o female with Alzheimer
Environmental samples positive in all patient rooms and staff locker (dust)
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3 y o boy returns from Philapines with fever, conjuctivitis, coryza, cough, and rash that began on his head.What are the recommended precautions?
A. Place patient in airborne isolation and use N95 respirator with eye protection.B. Place patient in airborne isolation. No need for N95 respirator if immune.C. Place patient in droplet precautions with use of mask and eye protection. D. No special precautions needed due to high rates of MMR vaccination.
http://www.immunize.org/photos/measles-photos.asp
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Measles in the U.S.
• written documentation of vaccination with 2 doses of live measles or MMR vaccine administered at least 28 days apart,• laboratory evidence of immunity,• laboratory confirmation of disease, or• birth before 1957.¶
¶ The majority of persons born before 1957 are likely to have been infected naturally and may be presumed immune, depending on current state or local requirements. For unvaccinated personnel born before 1957 who lack laboratory evidence of measles immunity or laboratory confirmation of disease, health-care facilities should recommend 2 doses of MMR vaccine during an outbreak of measles.
What is immunity?
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Thoracentesis is performed• 1200 WBC 88% lymphocytes • Total protein 5.4• LDH 358
35 year old Vietnamese man presents to emergency department with three week history of worsening non-productive cough, fever, night sweats, and right-sided chest pain.
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44 y o Vietnamese man with 6 month h/o pain and swelling of left medial thigh associated with fevers and night sweats
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Which of the following is most correct?
A. Pleural TB is extrapulmonary and hence, no risk of transmission.
B. Patients with extrapulmonary TB and a drain do not need airborne isolation if sputum is AFB negative.
C. Surgical debridement of TB should be done is a negative pressure OR.
D. All patients with extrapulmonary TB should be evaluated for pulmonary involvement.
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Pulmonary Involvement in Extrapulmonary TB
• 72 patients with XPTB 36 lymph nodes 12 pleura 6 CNS 6 GI
• 57 had sputum collection
• Weight loss associated with positive sputum cx OR 4.3 (1.01-18.72)Chest 2008;134:589-94
49% had abnormal CXR
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Summary
Great strides in reducing HAI, but many unanswered questions
MDRO bundle◦ Vertical vs. horizontal approach◦ Importance of the environment◦ Role of antimicrobial stewardship
Moving beyond the “bundle for device-related infections
Respiratory pathogens