healthcare it in a nutshell

8/6/2019 Healthcare IT in a Nutshell

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Terms to learn:

*.*:Star-Dot-Star (any le name, any le extension).$$$: Temporary File

3G:Third-Generation cellular services: broadbandover cellphones and cellphone modems (Aircards)

ADSL:Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line(commonest orm o broadband over phone lines)

AFAIK: As Far As I Know (email)

AGP: Accelerated/Advanced Graphics Port

AHIC: American Health Inormation Communitywww.hhs.gov/healthit/community/background/Major healthcare IT organization.

AJAX:Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (e.g., thetechnology behind Google Maps)

AMD: (1) Active Matrix Display; (2) Advanced Micro

Devices, Inc.

ANSI:American National Standards Institute

Architecture: the structure o an inormationsystem and how its pieces communicate and worktogether. Also see client/server.

.ASC: ASCII text

ASCII:American Standard Code or InormationInterchangeThe standard or simple text les.Pronouned ass-key.

.ASM:Assembler Source Language

.ASP:Active Server Page (le name extension)

ASP: (1) Association o Shareware Proessionals(2) An Application Service Provider deploys, hosts,and manages access to sotware applications

or multiple parties rom a central acility. TheASP charges a subscription ee to users o theapplications, which are delivered over the Internetor other public or private networks.

ATA:Advanced Technology Attachment (originalhard drive interace)

ATM: (1) Adobe Typeace Manager ; (2)Asynchronous Transer Mode

Autoexec: Automatic Execution le (AUTOEXEC.BATautomatically executed on startup o DOS systems)

B2B:Business to Business

.BAK: Backup

Bandwidth:bandwidth is how much inormationcan be transmitted at once through acommunication medium, such as a telephone line,ber-optic cable, or radio requency.

.BAS:Basic Language (N.B. Niklaus Wirth insistedthat anyone who learned to program in BASIC wasirretrievably brain-damaged.)

.BAT:Batch le

Beaming: Transer o data or sotware programsbetween devices, such as PDAs, personalcomputers and printers, using either inrared orradio-wave transmission.

Biometric Authentication: Technology thatidenties a person through recognition o uniquephysical characteristics, such as retina or irispatterns, ace shape, voice patterns or ngerprints.

.BIN: Binary

BIOS:Basic Input/Output System (system chips)

Bit:The undivisible elementary particle o classicaldigital data. A bit is either on (1) or o (0). Isomeone starts talking about how this is not reallytrue or quantum computing just ignore them. AsBacon observed: we are more likely to reach the truththrough error than through confusion.

Bluetooth: A protocol designed or short-rangewireless communication or networking among avariety o devices. Somewhat similar to, but distinctrom, 802.11x (WiFi).

.BMP:Bitmap Picture

BPS: (1) Bits Per Second; (2) Bytes Per Second

Broadband: A medium that can carry multiplesignals, or channels o inormation, at thesame time without intererence. BroadbandInternet connections enable high-resolutionvideoconerencing and other applications thatrequire rapid, synchronous exchange o data. WiFi,cable modem, satellite, WiFi and EVDO/3G cellularlaptop modems are examples.

Browser: A sotware program that renders(shows) documents written in HTML, the primaryprogramming language o the World Wide Web.Common browsers include Fireox, Saari, Opera,Chrome and Microsot Internet Explorer, all owhich render HTML with slight dierences.

BsoD:Blue (or black) Screen o Death: Windows justdied (again)

Byte: eight bits.

CCHIT: Certication Commission or HealthcareInormation Technology. cchit.orgMajor healthcare

IT organization.C/C++/C#: C is an established programminglanguage ound in many operating systems,including UNIX. C++ and C# are populardescendants o C that incorporate object-orientedeatures. Also see Java.

CAD:Computer Aided Design

CAPTCHA: A Completely Automatic PublicTuring Test To Tell Computers and Humans ApartRequiring users to read and input semi-illegible textis a common method.

CAT5:computer network cable

CC: Carbon Copy (email)

CD-R: Compact Disk - Recordable

CD-R/W:Compact Disk - RewritableCD-ROM:Compact Disk - Read Only Memory

CDMA:Code-Division Multiple Access (wireless/cellphone protocol)

CDPD:Cellular Digital Packet Data (wirelessprotocol)

CERT:Computer Emergency Response Team

.CFG: Conguration

.CGM:Computer Graphics MetaleCharting Sotware: Charting is the common termor physician and nurse clinical documentation.Charting sotware can be structured or

unstructured.

Structured charting requires physicians and nursesto choose items rom predened lists, usually in avery deeply-nested hierarchical menu. This may bedone by mouse or touchscreen (point and click)or by typing the rst part o each menu selectionand pressing Enter (type and click). For example,one would click on menu options such as: PhysicalExam > HEENT > Throat > Injected, then click onPhysical Exam > neck > lymph nodes > anterioradenopathy Structured charting providesstructured data which can be quite valuable orresearch and administration.

For relatively simple repetitive charting, structuredcharting can be reasonably ecient. This is likelywhy most ED nurses (unlike most ED docs) ndstructured charting acceptable.

However, or more complex and less repetitivetasks, such as emergency physician charting,structured charting is much less ecient.Structured physician charting is extremelyexpensive, given the hourly cost o physician time(physicians are expensive data-entry clerks).

Structured charting provides reminders to includeitems, such as pertinent negatives or things thatare routinely done but sometimes orgotten whencharting. For example: that the ontanel is normalin pediatric examinations; or, that thrombolyticswere considered but not thought appropriate ora patient with a stroke. This is important or riskmanagement/legal reasons, and or billing.

Unstructured charting, such as dictating into atelephone, can be parsedto create structureddata, even in realtime (or example, analyzing

a physicians ED note or compliance with therequired number o Review o Systems and PhysicaExam items or billing) but this has not beenwidely used. The traditional model is to send suchdictations or typing by trancriptionists. Speech-recognition sotware is used on the dictation andonly then the transcriptionist corrects speech-recognition errors. As speech-recognition continueto improve, self-edit mode is becoming morecommon: the dictation appears on the physicianscomputer screen and is edited as it is dictated. Thistakes some physician time, but charts are completeand signed soon ater the patient encounter.

A hybrid approach uses speech-recognition orstructured-charting ree-text areas instead otyping. (The History o Present Illness and MedicalDecision-Making sections are particularly suited orthis.) Many niche EDIS vendors oer this.

Another hybrid approach is to use speech as theprimary input mode, but allowing physicians tonavigate structured templates by voice, which isby accounts aster than the above hybrid method,but does not produce structured data. Nuance(previously Dictaphone) oers Powerscribeemergency medicine though it has not beensignicantly improved in several years andEnterprise Workstation, which is their fagshipproduct or sel-editing.

.CHK: CHKDSKis a DOS/Windows utility thatCHecKs the hard DiSK and attempts to save dataater a sotware or hardware crash; it may produce.CHK les with at least some o the lost data.

Healthcare IT in a NutshellKeith Conover, M.D., FACEP

version 0.7 12/4/08 EDIS 2008

get computer-literate and learn Healthcare ITin just a ew hours: read/click on the links

online at isedis.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/*.*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGPhttp://www.hhs.gov/healthit/community/backgroundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language#Assemblerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.asphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_name_extensionhttp://www.asp-shareware.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_service_providerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Attachmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Attachmenthttp://www.adobe.com/products/atmlight/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoexec.bathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklaus_Wirthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_filehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitmaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitmaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSODhttp://cchit.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-orientedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CADhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAPTCHAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAPTCHAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10BASE-Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-RWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDPDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDPDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDPDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Emergency_Response_Teamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsinghttp://www.nuance.com/healthcare/products/powerscribe.asphttp://www.nuance.com/healthcare/products/enterprise_workstation.asphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chkdskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chkdskhttp://www.nuance.com/healthcare/products/enterprise_workstation.asphttp://www.nuance.com/healthcare/products/powerscribe.asphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Emergency_Response_Teamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDPDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDPDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-RWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10BASE-Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAPTCHAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAPTCHAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CADhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-orientedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)http://cchit.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSODhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitmaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_filehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklaus_Wirthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoexec.bathttp://www.adobe.com/products/atmlight/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Attachmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_service_providerhttp://www.asp-shareware.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_name_extensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.asphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language#Assemblerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJAXhttp://www.hhs.gov/healthit/community/backgroundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/*.*


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CIO: Chie Inormation Ocer

CGI-BIN:Common Gateway Interace Binary(programming or Web orms)

Client: In a computer network, a workstation that

retrieves inormation rom a server.

Client/server: A network system in which adedicated computer (server) handles some datastorage and processing tasks or applications usedon personal computers or workstations (clients,which are usually a PC), which tap the serversshared les and processing power as needed. Thinclients are basically dumb terminals and leave allthe work to the server. Thick clients do a air bit owork on the workstation.

CMOS: (1) Complementary Metal-Oxide

Semiconductor(type o nonvolatile memorychip); (2) PC conguration stored on CMOS

CMYK:Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-Black (color

model)COAX:Coaxial Cable (or Ethernet and similarnetworks)

.COM: Command

COM1: First serial Port (asynchronous port)

COM2: Second serial Port

CPOE: Computerized Provider Order Entryis aprocess o electronic entry o instructions or thetreatment o patients (particularly hospitalizedpatients). These orders are communicated overa computer network to the medical sta (nurses,therapists, pharmacists, or other physicians) orto the departments (pharmacy, laboratory orradiology) responsible or ullling the order. TheCPOE system may compare the order against

standards or dosing, may check or allergies orinteractions with other medications, and may warnthe practitioner about potential problems. CPOEsystems designed with good user interaction maydecrease delay in order completion, reduce errorsrelated to handwriting or transcription, alloworder entry at point-o-care or o-site, provideerror-checking or duplicate or incorrect dosesor tests, and simpliy inventory and posting ocharges. However, many CPOE systems with poorly-designed user interaces have introduced majornew sources o error and have been deinstalledor replaced with somewhat-better versions. Seeusability guru Jakob Nielsens article Medical

Usability: How to KillPatients Through BadDesign.

CPU:Central ProcessingUnit

CRT:Cathode Ray Tube:standard type computermonitor display

CSID: Call Subscriber ID(or FAX and phone callerID)

CSLIP: Compressed SerialLine Interace Protocol[Internet]

CSV:Comma-SeparatedValue/Variable (le type)

CTRL: Control (computerkeyboard key)

.DAT: Data le

Data Dictionary: Alist that describes thespecications andlocations o all datacontained in a system.

Data Mining: Analyzinginormation in a database

using tools that lookor trends or anomalieswithout knowledge o thedatas meaning. Mininga clinical database mayproduce new insightson outcomes, alternatetreatments, or eects otreatment on dierentraces and genders.

Data Repository: Adatabase acting as aninormation storageacility. Although oten

used synonymously with data warehouse, arepository does not have the analysis or queryingcapabilities o a warehouse.

Data Warehouse: A large database that storesinormation like a data repository but goes a stepurther, allowing users to access data to perormresearch-oriented analysis.

Database Server: A computer that stores datacentrally or network users. It oten uses client/server sotware to distribute the processing odata among itsel and other workstations on thenetwork.

dB:Decibel

DBMS: Data Base Management SystemSeerelational database.

DDE: (1) Direct Data Entry; (2)Dynamic DataExchange [Microsot: method to exchange data

between programs]Decision Support Clinical Decision Support (CDS)is dened broadly as a clinical system, applicationor process that helps health proessionals makeclinical decisions to enhance patient care. Clinicalknowledge o interest could range rom simpleacts and relationships to best practices ormanaging patients with specic disease states, newmedical knowledge rom clinical research and othetypes o inormation. Clinical Decision Supportsystems link health observations with healthknowledge to infuence health choices by cliniciansor improved health care. But decision support thatis poorly designed or overly requent is ignored by(and hated by) clinicians.

.DIC: Dictionary

EMR SystemHospital B

EMR SystemHospital A

EMR System

Doctor C

EHRRHIO

PHRPatient Z
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_information_officerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cgi-binhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cgi-binhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cgi-binhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com_porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPOEhttp://www.useit.com/alertbox/20050411.htmlhttp://www.useit.com/alertbox/20050411.htmlhttp://www.useit.com/alertbox/20050411.htmlhttp://www.useit.com/alertbox/20050411.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Called_Subscriber_Identificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSLIPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSLIPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_valueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_valueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dbmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Data_Exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Data_Exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Data_Exchangehttp://www.himssanalytics.org/hc_providers/emr_adoption.asphttp://www.nahit.org/images/pdfs/HITTermsFinalReport_051508.pdfhttp://www.iom.edu/http://www.iom.edu/http://medicaleconomics.modernmedicine.com/http://medicaleconomics.modernmedicine.com/memag/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=131518http://www.nahit.org/images/pdfs/HITTermsFinalReport_051508.pdfhttp://www.nahit.org/http://www.hhs.gov/healthit/onc/mission/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Data_Exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Data_Exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dbmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_valueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_valueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSLIPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSLIPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Called_Subscriber_Identificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPUhttp://www.useit.com/alertbox/20050411.htmlhttp://www.useit.com/alertbox/20050411.htmlhttp://www.useit.com/alertbox/20050411.htmlhttp://www.useit.com/alertbox/20050411.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPOEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com_porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cgi-binhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_information_officer


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DIMM:Dual Inline Memory Module (memory chips)

DIN: Deutsche Industrie Norm (standards orconnectors)

DIP:Dual In-line Package (e.g., memory chip,DIPswitches)

DIR: Directory (list o les)

DLL:Dynamic Link Library

DMA:Direct Memory Access/Addressing

DNS:Domain Naming System (Internet addressnames)

.DOC: (1) Document; (2) Documentation

DOS:Disk Operating System

DPI: Dots Per Inch

DRAM: Dynamic Random Access Memory

.DRV: Device Driver (Also .DVR)

DSL: Digital Subscriber Line: ast Internetconnection over existing phone lines

DTMF: Dual Tone Multiple Frequency (phone tones)

DVD: Digital Video Disk; Digital Versatile Disk; 4.7 GBCD ormat

EBCDIC: Extended Binary Coded DecimalInterchange Code [IBM] (is to ASCII as Sanskrit is toEnglish)

ECP: Enhanced Capabilities Port [ancy parallel port]EDIS: An Emergency Department InormationSystem is a tightly integrated computer programthat provides patient tracking, physician and nursecharting, discharge instructions, and possibly otherunctions such as an ED-specic ront-end to ahospital-wide CPOE system. See the blue blobbydiagram or more possible EDIS unctions.

EEPROM:Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

eHI: eHealth Initiativewww.ehealthinitiative.org.Major healthcare IT organization.

EIA: Emergency Inormatics Associationemergencyinormatics.org. Major healthcare ITorganization.

EIDE: Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (harddrive interace)

EMACS:Editing Macros [Unix text editoravored by the nerdiest o computer geeks andincomprehensible to normal humans]

EOF: End o File (^Z character)

Encryption: Translation o data into a code in orderto keep the inormation secure rom anyone butthe intended recipient.

Enterprise IT: Big companies. Big networks. Bigcomputers as well as PCs. Sotware that can handlelots and lots and lots o data (scalable).

EPP: Enhanced Parallel Port

EPROM: (1) Electrically Programmable Read OnlyMemory; (2) Erasable Programmable Read OnlyMemory

.EPS: Encapsulated PostScript; PostScript is thelanguage used by high-end printers, as well as orAdobe Acrobat PDF ormat.

Ethernet: Ethernet is the most commonly usedstandard or local area network (LAN) architecture.It supports data transer rates o up to 10 megabitsper second, although newer systems, called FastEthernet and Gigabit Ethernet, support transerrates o 100 Mbps and 1 gigabit (1,000 megabits)per second, respectively.

EVDO: EVDO is one favor o 3G cellular broadband.

FAQ:Frequently Asked Question(s)

FAT: File Allocation Table The master index o a

hard drive; also the originalhard disk ormat or PCs, noweclipsed by NTFS.

FDISK:Fixed Disk(DOS utility toormat the hard disk.)

File Server: A computerdedicated to managing thefow o inormation amongnetworked computers andused as a storage location ordata and applications sharedby network users.

Firewall: A security devicesituated between a privatenetwork and outside networkslike the Internet. The rewallscreens all inormation thatattempts to enter the system.

Firewire:IEEE 1394 serial portFast serial port popularized byApple, but now mostly eclipsedby aster versions o USB.

FLOPS: Floating PointOperations/Second

FYI: For Your Inormation

GHZ:Gigahertz

.GIF:CompuServe Graphics Interchange FormatWith JPEG, one o the two most common Webgraphics ormat. Notlossy.

GIGO: Garbage In, Garbage Out

GIS:Geographic Inormation System

GNU:This is an acronym or the ree operatingsystem, recursively namedGnus Not Unix whichis actually very similar to Unix. Despite GNU beingeclipsed by Linux, the GNU Public License (GPL) iswidely used or ree sotware projects. Over hal othe sotware at SourceForge, the largest repositoryo ree sotware, uses the GPL.

GPF: General Protection Fault Crash.

GPL: GNU Public License; see GNU, above.

GPS:Global Positioning Satellite/System

GUI: Graphical User Interace

GW-basic:Gee Whiz BASIC

HD: (1) Hard Disk; (2) High Density

HDD: Hard Disk Drive

HDTV: High Denition Television

HEX: Hexadecimal

.HLP: Help

HIMSS: Healthcare Inormation and ManagementSystems Societywww.himss.org. Major healthcareIT organization.

HIS: A hospital inormation system (HIS) is thecomprehensive inormation system that managesthe administrative, nancial and clinical aspects o

a hospital. This usually requires a suite o multiplecomputer systems which, generally, are onlypartially compatible and interoperable.

The term HIS is also used to reer to hospitalinormation systems that ocus solely on clinicalaspects, primarily acute-care electronic medicalrecords. There are several large HIS (acute-careEMR) vendors, including:

Cerner

Eclipsys

Epic

GE

McKesson

Meditech

QuadraMed

Siemens

Ratings by independent agency KLAS shows usersatisaction with these products ranges rom air to

poor (this is especially true in the ED). Each containan ED module o varying quality, some o which

were developed internally, and some o which werepurchased and added on with varying levels ointegration. None o the ED modules o the big HISvendors are o the quality o the best niche EDISoerings.

HITSP: Health Inormation Technology StandardsPanelwww.hitsp.org. Major healthcare ITorganization.

HL7: Health Level Seven, Inc. www.hl7.org. Majorhealthcare IT organization, especially or settingstandards.

HP: Hewlett-Packard(Company)

HPFS:High-Perormance File System Hard disk lesystem ormat, handles bigger hard drives than FATintroduced with Windows NT, but superseded by

slightly-better NTFS.HPLJ: Hewlett-Packard Laser Jet

.HQX:BinHexed [Macintosh]

HSV:Hue Saturation Value (color model)

HTML: HyperText Markup Language

HTTP:HyperText Transport Protocol

HTTPS: HyperText Transer Protocol Secure

Hz: Hertz (requency, per second)

.ICO: Icon

IDE: (1)Integrated Development Environment;(2) Integrated Drive Electronics, also known asIntelligent Drive Electronics

.IDX: Index

IEEE 1394:Firewire

IMAP:Internet Message Access Protocol [Internet; astep up rom POP]

IMHO: In My Humble Opinion (email)

Interace Engine: Clinical users are oten orcedto use multiple computer applications to get orenter clinical inormation. For example inormationcreated in a patient registration system needs to beavailable in the EMR system, separate ED trackingand charting applications, the laboratory systemand the radiology viewer. A common approach is tointerace inormation rom one application to manyother systems using HL7. Interace engines typicallyprovide unctionality such as:

guaranteed store and orward o messages

Data for

Research

Tracking

Charting

PatientCare

Physician

Charting

Nurse

Charting

Real-time

PatientFlow

Quality

Improvement

Order

Entry/Logging

Practice

Quality

Improvement

DischargeInstructions

Triage Reporting:Lab/X-ray/

EKG

Follow-

Up

Protocols/

Guidelines/Pathways

Financial/

Billing

Clinical

Decision

Support

Dosage

Calculation &Verification

Billing

Resident/

Staff Procedure

TrackingElectronic

MailOn-line

Reference

Resources

Word

Processing

Computer-

aided

Education CME

Tracking

PatientCare

Data for

Staffing/

Space etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIMMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIMMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIP_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIP_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIP_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic-link_libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_memory_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_memory_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTMFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBCDIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBCDIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1284http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROMhttp://www.ehealthinitiative.org/http://www.ehealthinitiative.org/http://emergencyinformatics.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIDEhttp://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/real_programmers.pnghttp://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/real_programmers.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1284http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimizedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAQhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAQhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDISKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDISKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Information_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive_acronymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SourceForge.nethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrecoverable_Application_Errorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW-BASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_diskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimalhttp://www.himss.org/http://www.himss.org/http://htp//www.cerner.com/http://htt//www.eclipsys.com/http://www.epicsystems.com/http://www.gehealthcare.com/http://www.mckesson.com/http://www.meditech.com/http://www.quadramed.com/http://www.medical.siemens.com/http://www.klasresearch.com/http://www.hitsp.org/http://www.hitsp.org/http://www.hl7.org/http://www.hp.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPFShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserjethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binhexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binhexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSL_and_HSVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSL_and_HSVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT_Attachmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT_Attachmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSL_and_HSVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binhexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserjethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPFShttp://www.hp.com/http://www.hl7.org/http://www.hitsp.org/http://www.klasresearch.com/http://www.medical.siemens.com/http://www.quadramed.com/http://www.meditech.com/http://www.mckesson.com/http://www.gehealthcare.com/http://www.epicsystems.com/http://htt//www.eclipsys.com/http://htp//www.cerner.com/http://www.himss.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_diskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW-BASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrecoverable_Application_Errorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SourceForge.nethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive_acronymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Information_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDISKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAQhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimizedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1284http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/real_programmers.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIDEhttp://emergencyinformatics.org/http://www.ehealthinitiative.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1284http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBCDIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBCDIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTMFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_memory_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic-link_libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIP_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIP_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIMMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIMM


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Page 4 of 6

out o the box support or the HL7 standard

message translation (moving and modiyingelds within the HL7 message)

message routing (messages received rom oneapplication and sent to many applications)

Graphical User Interace (GUI) basedconguration and management tools

Alerts and monitoring

I/O: Input/Output (serial and parallel ports)

.INI: Initialize (stores program preerences or agiven user or computer)

IP: Internet Protocol (as in TCP/IP)

IPX:Internetwork Packet Exchange[Novell]

IR: InraredIrDA:Inrared Data Association (Ir port standard)

IRQ: Interrupt Request (PC hardware signal)

ISDN:Integrated Services Digital Network(digitalphone line)

isEDIS: International Symposium on ED InormationSystemsisedis.com

ISP:Internet Service Provider

IT: Inormation Technology

Java:Java is a platorm-independent, object-oriented programming language developed by SunMicrosystems and modeled on the programminglanguage C++. Javaapplets miniatureapplications designed to run within another

program now are popular eatures o Web sites.

Javascript:Javascriptis a scripting language orbrowsers, which, despite the name, is essentiallyunrelated to Java.

JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group

.JPG:JPEG compressed graphics ormat, is, alongwith GIF, one o the two most common graphicsormats or Web pages. Lossy.

KB: (1) Keyboard;(2) Kilobyte (1,024 bytes; also kB)

kHz:Kilohertz

LAN: Local Area Network

LCD:Liquid Crystal Display

LeapFrog Group: Group o large corporations

with large health insurance clout demandinghospitals use CPOE. www.leaproggroup.org. Majorhealthcare IT organization.

LED: Light Emitting Diode

Legacy System: An existing IT system or application,oten built around a mainrame computer, whichgenerally has been in place or a long time andrepresents a signicant investment. Compatibilitywith legacy systems is oten a major issue whenconsidering new applications.

Li-Ion: Superior but expensive battery technology.Both disposable and rechargeable types available.

Linux:LINUX is a popular ree Open-Source

version oUNIX Operating system named aterLinus Torvalds). Some national governments haveadopted Linux as their standard operating system.

listserv:List Server (Internet)

LOL: Laughing Out Loud (email)

Lossy Compression: Some le ormats compressles. This compression can be lossless (no datais lost in compression, or lossy, where somedata is lost in translation. GIF and TIFF and PNGgraphics ormats use lossless compression. But JPGgraphics use lossy compression which can result inblurring and artiacts, depending on the amounto compression used. Similarly, uncompressed WAVaudio les are very large compared to the lossycompression o a (much smaller) MP3 audio le,

which can develop audio artiacts (weird sounds)and degraded audio quality.

LPI: Lines Per Inch

LPT:Line Printer

LPT1: First Parallel Printer Port

LPT2: Second Parallel Printer Port

LSI:Large Scale Integration

MB:Megabyte (also mB; 1,000 k ilobytes)

MBps: Megabytes Per Second

Mbps: Megabits Per Second

.ME: Usually Read.ME

MEG: Megabyte
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_port_(hardware)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IrDA_porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRQhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDNhttp://isedis.com/http://isedis.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javascripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javascripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCDhttp://www.leapfroggroup.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listservhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listservhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Scale_Integration#SSI.2C_MSI.2C_LSIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Scale_Integration#SSI.2C_MSI.2C_LSIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xmlhttp://eng.wikipedia.org/wiki/wiki/ISO_TC_215http://eng.wikipedia.org/wiki/wiki/ISO_TC_215http://www.iso.org/http://www.iso.org/http://www.iso.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HL7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HL7http://www.hl7.org/http://www.hl7.org/http://www.himss.org/http://www.astm.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_of_Care_Recordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_of_Care_Recordhttp://www.hitsp.org/http://www.hitsp.org/http://www.hitsp.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_of_Care_Documenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_of_Care_Documenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Scale_Integration#SSI.2C_MSI.2C_LSIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listservhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEDhttp://www.leapfroggroup.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javascripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISPhttp://isedis.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRQhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IrDA_porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_port_(hardware)


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Page 5 of 6

MHz:Megahertz (million cycles per second)

MIDI:Musical Instrument Digital Interace. MIDIormat les (.MID), which are very small and containmusical notation rather than actual sounds, can beplayed back by PC sound cards.

MIME: Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension [emailattachment protocol]

MIPS: Million Instructions Per Second

MODEM:Modulator Demodulator. A standardtelephone modem can connect a computer (albeitat non-broadband speeds) to the Internet. Cable or

DSL modems can connect at broadband speeds..MP3:MPEG 1 layer 3 compressed audio. MP3les are now a common way to distribute soundrecordings, including music.Lossy.

.MP4:MPEG 4 movie ormat

MPEG: Moving Picture Experts Group

MS-DOS: Microsot - Disk Operating System

MSIE: Microsot Internet Explorer

MTBF: Mean Time Between Failures

.NDX: Index

NICAD:Nickel Cadmium. Rechargable battery type.

NIMH: Nickel-Metal Hydride. Better rechargablebattery type.

NHIN: National Health Inormation Networkdescribes the technologies, standards, laws,policies, programs and practices that enable healthinormation to be shared among health decisionmakers, including consumers and patients, topromote improvements in health and healthcare.

The development o a vision or the NHIN beganmore than a decade ago with publication o anInstitute o Medicine report, The Computer-BasedPatient Record. The path to a national network ohealthcare inormation is through the successulestablishment o RHIO.

Niche Vendor: A vendor who provides anEmergency Department Inormation System(EDIS). Some vendors provide only a single EDIScomponent, such as discharge instructions, patienttracking, nurse charting, or physician charting.However, most EDIS vendors now provide acomprehensive solution with all o those modules.Niche vendors generally understand ED workprocesses well and their EDIS systems thus tend tooer superior usability.

NTFS:New Technology File SystemHard disk lesystem ormat, handles bigger hard drives thanFAT; introduced with Windows NT and supersededHPFS.

OCX: OLE Custom Control

OCR: Optical Character Recognition

.OLD: Old version

ONCHIT: Oce o the National Coordinator orHealthcare Inormation Technology www.hhs.gov/healthit Major healthcare IT organization.

openEHR: Open Electronic Health RecordFoundation www.openehr.org Major healthcare ITorganization.

Open source:Open source means the source codeis available to users, who can read and modiy thecode. Open source sotware is generally ree, andincreasingly used in enterprise IT.

OS: (1)Open Source; (2)Operating System

.OVL: Program Overlay

.OVR: Program Overlay

P2P: (1)Peer To Peer; (2) People To People

PC-DOS: Personal Computer - Disk OperatingSystem[IBM]

PCI: Peripheral ComponentInterconnect/Interace(PC Bus)

PCMCIA: Personal ComputerMemory Card InternationalAssociation

.PCX: Picture Image; seldom-used le type.

PD:Public Domain Basically, reesotware.

PDA: Personal Digital Assistant

.PDF:Portable Document Format(Adobe Acrobat ormat)

.PFM: Printer Font Metrics[Windows: For Adobe

TypeManager onts]

PGP:Pretty Good Privacy (nameo encryption program)

PIM:Personal Inormation Manager

PING:Packet Internet GroperPINGing anothercomputer tells you i its connected to the network.

PIXEL: Picture Element

.PNG: Portable Network Graphics(AKA PNGsNot GIF) is a superior compressed but non-lossyalternative to GIF ormat web graphics, but onethat many web sites are reluctant to use as it isnt

supported by older browsers.POP: Post Oce Protocol (protocol or distributingemail)

Popmail: email via POP

PPM: Pages Per Minute

PRN: Printer

PROM:Programmable Read Only Memory

PRTSC: Print Screen

RAID: Redundant Arrays o Independent Disks, alsoknown as Redundant Arrays o Independent Drivesor Redundant Arrays o Inexpensive Disks

RAM:Random Access Memoryalso known ascomputer memory chips.

REGEDIT: Registry Editor [Microsot] The Registryis what, in Windows XP and similar versions oWindows, stores all o the twiddly little detailsabout how the computer and sotware arecongured. Editing the Registry is not or the ainto heart.

Relational Database: A database in which allinormation is arranged in tables containingpredened elds. Changing a eld in one recordautomatically changes the same eld in allrelated records, allowing or easy global databasemanagement. Using SQL, reports and comparisonscan be generated by selecting elds o interestrom the original database. Common businessdatabases include Oracle,Sybase,SQL server, andmySQL.

REM: Remark (comment); way to disable program

lines without actually removing them.

RFID: Radio Frequency Identication Technologyuses tiny chips and antennas to track products andstore product inormation.

RJ-11: Standard U.S. phone connector

RJ-45: Standard Ethernet connector

RGB: Red-Green-Blue (color model)

RLSI: Ridiculously Large-Scale Integration

RMA: Return Material Authorization or Return toManuacturer Authorization

ROM:Read Only Memory (chip)

ROTFL: Rolling On The Floor Laughing (email)

RSS:Really Simple Syndication

.RTF: Rich Text Format A non-proprietary standardtext ormat that never really caught on.

Scalability:The ability to add users and increasethe capabilities o an application without havingto making signicant changes to the applicationsotware or the system on which it runs.

.SCR:Script

SCSI: Small Computer System Interace (mostlyobsolete)

.SEA: Sel Extracting Archive [Macintosh]

SMTP: Simple Mail Transer Protocol (basic emailprotocol)

SOA: Service-Oriented ArchitectureA programmingparadigm that separates unctions into distinctunits, or services which developers make accessibleover a network in order that users can combineand reuse them in the production o businessapplications.

SQL: Structured Query Language is a standardcommand language used to interact with adatabase.

SRAM:Static Random Access Memory

SSL: Secure Sockets Layer is an older method oweb browser security, now supplanted by TLS(though many people still talk about SSL whenthey really mean TLS).

SW:Shareware

.SYS: System Conguration (e.g., CONFIG.SYS inDOS systems)

SYSOP:System Operator

T1, T3, T4: Types o transmission lines in the T-carrietelecommunications system that are oten usedto provide Internet access to larger organizations.

T1 lines can transmit about 1.5 Mbps o data. A T3line contains 28 T1 lines together and can transmitabout 45 times the data o a single T1, enough orull-motion video. Six T3 lines make one T4 line,

capable o transmitting about 274 Mbps.

.tar:Tape Archive [Unix]

.tar.Z: Compressed Archived les [Unix]

TCO:Total Cost o Ownershipis a long-term viewo all costs associated with a specic technologyinvestment. Costs include that o acquiring,installing, using, maintaining, changing, anddisposing o a technology during its useul lie.

TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/InternetProtocol

TDMA:Tone-Division Multiple Access wireless/cellphone protocol

TEMP:Temporary

Nextstep MAC OS

CP/M DR-DOS FreeDOS

OS/2

UNIX/Linux

Personal Computer

Operating System

Genealogy

Win NT Win 2000 Win XP Vista

MS-DOS Win 3.1/95/98/Me

IBM PC-DOS

FromMainframeComputers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSIEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NiCadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NiCadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NiMHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Information_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognitionbhttp://www.hhs.gov/healthithttp://www.hhs.gov/healthithttp://www.openehr.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlay_(programming)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC-DOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC-DOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC-DOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_information_managerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_information_managerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PINGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PINGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_read-only_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_read-only_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PrintScreenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAIDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regedithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysqlhttp://www.catb.org/jargon/html/C/comment-out.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RJ-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RJ-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Text_Formathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive_filehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMTPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-Oriented_Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_random_access_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_random_access_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_random_access_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharewarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharewarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signal_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_cost_of_ownershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_cost_of_ownershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_cost_of_ownershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_multiple_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_multiple_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_multiple_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_cost_of_ownershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signal_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharewarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_random_access_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-Oriented_Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMTPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive_filehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Text_Formathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RJ-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RJ-11http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/C/comment-out.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysqlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regedithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAIDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PrintScreenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_read-only_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PINGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_information_managerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC-DOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC-DOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlay_(programming)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_sourcehttp://www.openehr.org/http://www.hhs.gov/healthithttp://www.hhs.gov/healthithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognitionbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Information_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NiMHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NiCadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSIEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz


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Thin Client: In a client/server system, a client withlittle processing or data storage capability thatprimarily relies on a central server to perorm thoseunctions.

TIFF:Tagged Image File Format

.TIF:TIFF

TLS:Transport Layer Security TLS, the replacementor SSL, is what allows secure web-basedtransactions.

.TMP: Temporary

Tracking System: An ED Tracking System is otenseen as the most central and critical component oan EDIS. (See the blue blobby diagram.) A trackingsystem is a computer-based replacement or thetraditional ED whiteboard.

From the 1950 nurse-staed (and perhaps, intern-staed) ER receiving area evolved true, attending-physician staed Emergency Departments withattention to quality emergency care. EDs took overmany o the roles o the amily doctor and becamemassively busier. Parallel evolution, rom selectionpressure to improve situational awareness,resulted in whiteboards, also known as trackingboards: large, centrally-located dry-erase boardswith a spreadsheet-like grid, with a row or eachnumbered room in the ED.

An ED tracking system replaces the traditional

whiteboard sometimes with a large, centraldisplay monitor that literally replaces thewhiteboard. But increasingly, displays on manymultipurpose PCs throughout the ED replace asingle large display. When congured this way,tracking views generally emulate the spreadsheetmetaphor o the original whiteboards, butsometimes also oer geographic metaphor views,with a maplike view o the ED. The most eectivesystems oer a view that cannot be customizedby users at the PCs, so it always looks the same toany sta member who walks up a PC. (Views onback-oce rather than clinical PCs can usually becustomized.) For maximum situational awareness,screen-blankers and timeouts are disabled onsuch clinical PCs, so a user walking by can viewthe system without interacting with the PC.

Some systems even use the tracking display as ascreen-blanker ater a ew minutes without userinteraction, the PC reverts to the standard trackingscreen. For condentiality reasons, PCs in publicareas may have certain data elds hidden until auser signs on.

Essential tracking data may include: room number,patient name, age and sex, chie complaint,triage acuity using the national-standard 5-levelEmergency Severity Index, doctor and nursecaring or a patient, status o labs/x-rays/nurseorders (ordered, started, completed and resultsavailable), status o calls to consultants, messagesrom outside the ED about a patient, and providesobvious fags, preerably using preattentivesignals, or when someone (secretary, tech, R.N.,doctor) needs to do something or the patient: doan EKG, start an IV, make a decision as all labs orX-rays are back, or page the consultant again as itsbeen over 15 minutes since the last page.

Most importantly, a tracking system provides thatwhich has been shown to reduce error in the airlineindustry situational awareness. Human short-termmemory is limited, and, as with the display used byan air trac controller, the data on the ED trackingsystem helps prevent error and improves eciency.

The best tracking systems, in accordance with thetenets oEdward Tute o Yale University, providedierent inormation at dierent scales. When oneclicks on a single patient, one gets a whole screeno detailed inormation about the patient. Whenone looks at the board at a whole, ocusing on onesname or position, one can see what ones patients

need. When sta walk in at the beginning o a shit,even i too ar to see letters or numbers, they cansee a board ull o patients with a large column omostly green (or example) showing that manyo them need to be seen by a physician andocusing on the colors in the triage column, givesan impression o the severity o illness.

Unlike dry-erase boards, tracking systems can alsoserve as a ront end or accessing other patientinormation: CPOE, lab results, X-ray and EKGimages, old records, or ED charting systems.

Passive tracking depends on nursing sta to tell

the tracking system when a patient moves, orexample, to X-ray; active tracking uses IR or RFIDbadges and sensors emplaced in the ED to enterthis inormation automatically, which results in amodest but signicant improvement in eciency.

.TTF:TrueTypeFont

TWAIN:Technology Without Any Interesting Name(connection between application and scannersotware)

UAE: Unrecoverable Application Error

UART: Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter

UHF:Ultra-High Frequency

UNIX: (AT&T Bell Laboratories Operating System)

UPS:Uninterruptible Power Supply

URI: see URL

URL:Universal Resource Locator

Usability: Usability is a qualitative attributethat assesses how easy user interaces are touse. The word usability also reers to methodsor improving ease-o-use during the designprocess. Usability consultant Jakob Nielsen andcomputer science proessor Ben Shneidermanhave written (separately) about a ramework osystem acceptability, where usability is a part ouseulness and is composed o:

Learnability: How easy is it or users to accomplishbasic tasks the rst time they encounter thedesign?

Eciency: Once users have learned the design,

how quickly can they perorm tasks? Memorability: When users return to the design

ater a period o not using it, how easily can theyre establish prociency?

Errors: How many errors do users make, howsevere are these errors, and how easily can theyrecover rom the errors?

Satisaction: How pleasant is it to use the design?

User Interaction Design: Interaction Design (IxD) isthe discipline o dening the behavior o productsand systems with which a user can interact. Userinteraction design aims to minimize the learningcurve and to increase accuracy and eciencyo a task without diminishing useulness. Theobjective is to reduce rustration and increaseuser productivity and satisaction. Certain basic

principles o cognitive psychology providegrounding or interaction design. These includepreattentive perception, mental models, mapping,interace metaphors, and aordances. Many othese are laid out in Donald Normans infuentialbookThe Design o Everyday Things. Academicresearch in Human Computer Interaction (HCI)includes methods or describing and testing theusability o interacting with an interace. UI guruAlan Cooper emphasizes the need to use personas imagined user archetypes when designingsotware. While testing and in particular discountusability testinggures in UI design, UI designocuses more on the art and engineering o actually

designing sotware.

UI: User Interace.

USB: Universal Serial Bus serial port standard,available in multiple speeds; 2.0 is much aster than1.1; most recent PCs have USB 2.0 ports.

USENET: Users Network[Internet]

VGA:Video Graphics Array: IBM/Windows 640x480color graphics display standard

VHF:Very-High Frequency

VPN: aVirtual Private Networkuses public

connections, such as the Internet, to link users butrelies on encryption and other security measuresto ensure that only authorized users can access thenetwork.

.VXD: Virtual device Driver (Windows)

WAN: A Wide Area Networkcovers a large physicalarea. A WAN usually consists o multiple local areanetworks (LANs).

WAP: Wireless Application Protocol is a standard odelivering content to mobile wireless devices suchas cellular phones and handhelds.

.WAV:Waveorm Audio

Web-Enabled: Reers to sotware applications thatcan be used directly through the Web using abrowser. Web-enabled applications are oten used

to collect inormation rom, or make unctionalityavailable to, geographically dispersed users (e.g.disease surveillance systems). Some HIS and EDISproducts are web-enabled.

WEP:Wired Equivalent Privacyis a security protocoor wireless local area networks (WLANs) using the802.11x WiFi standard that is now deprecated andhas been replaced by WPA.

WiFi:802.11x short-to-medium range broadband

wireless protocol.

Winword: Word For Windows [Microsot]

.WMF:Windows Metale Format [Microsotgraphics ormat]

WPA:Wi-Fi Protected Access is a more robustsecurity protocol than WEP, and with the addition

o enterprise EAP standards such as LEAP, are thecurrent standard or wireless security. Many but notall WiFi adapters support LEAP-equivalent security.

WPM: Words Per Minute

.WRI:Windows Write/WordPad le

WYSIWYG:What You See Is What You Get

XGA: Extended Graphics Array [IBM]: generically,1024x768 color standard

XHTML: Extensible HyperText Markup Language

.z: Packed le (using Pack/Unpack program) lowercase z..[Unix]

.Z: Compressed le (using Compress/Uncompressprogram).upper case Z.[Unix]

ZIF: Zero-Insertion Force (socket)

.ZIP: ZIP Compressed File [PKWare]

More computer terms are dened at: http://www.geocities.com/ikind_babel/babel/babel.html

Tis work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribu-tion-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. o view a copyof this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/

by-sa/3.0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171Second Street, Suite 300, San FranciscoCalifornia, 94105, USA.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIFFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIFFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situational_awarenesshttp://www.ahrq.gov/research/esi/http://www.amazon.com/Information-Dashboard-Design-Effective-Communication/dp/0596100167/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1228426905&sr=8-1http://www.amazon.com/Information-Dashboard-Design-Effective-Communication/dp/0596100167/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1228426905&sr=8-1http://www.edwardtufte.com/tufte/http://www.edwardtufte.com/tufte/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truetypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truetypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truetypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWAINhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWAINhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrecoverable_Application_Errorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UARThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URLhttp://useit.com/http://www.amazon.com/Information-Dashboard-Design-Effective-Communication/dp/0596100167/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1228364776&sr=8-1http://www.amazon.com/Information-Dashboard-Design-Effective-Communication/dp/0596100167/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1228364776&sr=8-1http://www.jnd.org/dn.mss/affordances_and.htmlhttp://www.jnd.org/dn.mss/affordances_and.htmlhttp://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385267746/qid=998329520/sr=2-1/002-7081523-9348859http://www.cooper.com/management_team/http://www.useit.com/papers/guerrilla_hci.htmlhttp://www.useit.com/papers/guerrilla_hci.htmlhttp://www.useit.com/papers/guerrilla_hci.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_Equivalent_Privacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_Equivalent_Privacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_Equivalent_Privacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deprecationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_for_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Metafilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Metafilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Extensible_Authentication_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Writehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Writehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XGAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_archive_formatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Insertion_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKZIPhttp://www.geocities.com/ikind_babel/babel/babel.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/ikind_babel/babel/babel.htmlhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ushttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ushttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ushttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ushttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ushttp://www.geocities.com/ikind_babel/babel/babel.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/ikind_babel/babel/babel.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKZIPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Insertion_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_archive_formatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XGAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Writehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Extensible_Authentication_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Metafilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_for_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deprecationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_Equivalent_Privacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interfacehttp://www.useit.com/papers/guerrilla_hci.htmlhttp://www.useit.com/papers/guerrilla_hci.htmlhttp://www.cooper.com/management_team/http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385267746/qid=998329520/sr=2-1/002-7081523-9348859http://www.jnd.org/dn.mss/affordances_and.htmlhttp://www.amazon.com/Information-Dashboard-Design-Effective-Communication/dp/0596100167/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1228364776&sr=8-1http://useit.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UARThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrecoverable_Application_Errorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWAINhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truetypehttp://www.edwardtufte.com/tufte/http://www.amazon.com/Information-Dashboard-Design-Effective-Communication/dp/0596100167/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1228426905&sr=8-1http://www.amazon.com/Information-Dashboard-Design-Effective-Communication/dp/0596100167/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1228426905&sr=8-1http://www.ahrq.gov/research/esi/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situational_awarenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIFF

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