healthiness, through the material culture of...

HEALTHINESS, THROUGH THE MATERIAL CULTURE OF LATE IRON AGE

AND ROMAN LARGE URBAN-TYPE SETTLEMENTS OF SOUTH-EAST

BRITAIN

TWO VOLUMES

VOLUME 2

ANGELA LOUISE TURNER-WILSON

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Bournemouth University for

the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

Bournemouth University

October 2009

2

LIST OF CONTENTS

VOLUME 2

PART III

APPENDICES

Pages

List of Tables 4

Appendix 1 Tables for Chapters 7 to 11 9

Appendix 2 Data-Set References 97

Appendix 3 Copy of Publication 120

Appendix 4 Copy of Access Database 131

3

PART III

APPENDICES

Tables are colour coded as follows:

Mirrors

Combs

Glass Unguent Containers

Bronze Cosmetic Grinders

Additional Toilet Items

Pages

Table 1 Frequency of Small Finds by Site

1-5(a) 9

5(b) 10

Table 2 Cumulative Percentage Frequency of Small Finds by Site

1-5 11

Table 3 Frequency of Small Finds by Context & Site

1-2 Mirrors, Combs 12

3-4 Glass Unguent Containers, Bronze Cosmetic Grinders 13

5(a) Additional Toilet Items 14

5(b) Additional Toilet Items (Specific) 15

Table 4 Multiple Depositions of Small Finds, by Site. Sub-Site, & Context



5 Additional Toilet Items 18

Table 5 Frequency of Small Finds by Context & Context Date




Table 6 Frequency of Small Finds, Associated one with another, by Context




Table 7 Frequency of Additional Toilet Items, with Small Finds, by Context



Table 8




Table 9




LIST OF TABLES

Mirrors, Combs, Glass Unguent Containers, Bronze Cosmetic Grinders,


Additional Toilet Items (Specific)

Associated Non-Toilet Finds

APPENDIX 1

Sites

Contexts



Number of Occasions Non-Toilet Finds were Associated with Small Finds,

by Context

Associated Small Finds

Multiple Depositions of Small Finds, and Frequency of Small Finds, by

Site, Sub-Site, and Context

4

Table 10




Table 11




Table 12

1-5 39

Table 13




Table 14 Frequency of Small Finds, By Material and Sites


Table 15 Frequency of Small Finds, by Material and Context


Table 16 Frequency of Small Finds, by Context and Completeness

1-4 45

Table 17 Multiple Depositions of Small Finds, by Material, Site and Context


Table 18 Frequency of Small Finds, by Material and Context Dates


Table 19 Frequency of Small Finds, by Form and Site

1-2, 4 Mirrors, Combs, and Bronze Cosmetic Grinders 48

Table 20 Frequency of Small Finds, by Form and Context


Table 21 Multiple Depositions of Small Finds, by Form, Site, & Context


Table 22 Frequency of Small Finds, by Form & Material


Table 23 Frequency of Small Finds, by Form & Context Dates


Associated Animal Skeletal Remains

Associated Human Skeletal Remains

Frequency of Human Skeletal Remains from One Body, Associated with

Small Finds, by Age and Site

Frequency of Human Skeletal Remains from Two Bodies, Associated with

Small Finds by Gender, Age, and Site



Material

Form

Small Find Count and Associated Animal Skeletal Remains, by Site and

Context

Mirrors, Combs, Glass Unguent Containers, Bronze Cosmetic Grinders

Frequency of Human Skeletal Remains from One Body, Associated with

Small Finds, by Gender and Site

5

Table 24


Table 25


Table 26


Table 27


Table 28 Frequency of Small Finds, by Type and Form


Table 29 Frequency of Small Finds, by Type and Context Dates


Table 30 Frequency of Small Finds, by Zoomorphic Type and Site



Table 31 Frequency of Small Finds, by Zoomorphic Type and Context



Table 32 Frequency of Small Finds, by Zoomorphic Type and Material


Table 33 Frequency of Small Finds, by Zoomorphic Type and Form


4 Bronze Cosmetic Grinders 65

Table 34 Frequency of Small Finds, by Zoomorphic Type and Small Find Type


Table 35 Frequency of Small Finds, by Zoomorphic Type and Date



Table 36/37 Frequency of Small Finds: by Colour and Site; by Colour and Context

3 Glass Unguent Containers 69

Table 38 Multiple Depositions of Small Finds, by Colour, Site, Sub-site and Context


Table 39/40 Frequency of Small Finds: by Colour and Zoomorphic Type;


Coloured and Colourless

by Colour and Date

Zoomorphic Types

Frequency of Small Finds, by Type and Material

Frequency of Small Finds, by Type and Site

Frequency of Small Finds, by Type and Context

Multiple Depositions of Small Finds, by Type, Site and Context

Types

6

Table 41 Frequency of Small Finds, Stamped and Site

2-3 Combs, Glass Unguent Containers 72

Table 42 Frequency of Small Finds, Stamped and Context


Table 43/44/45 Frequency of Small Finds: Stamped and Material; Stamped and Form;

2 Combs 74

Table 46 Frequency of Small Finds, Stamped and Zoomorphic Type


Table 47 Frequency of Small Finds, Stamped and Coloured


Table 48 Frequency of Small Finds, Stamped and Date


Table 49 Frequency of Small Finds, by Decoration and Site



Table 50 Frequency of Small Finds, by Decoration and Context



Table 51 Multiple Depositions of Small Finds, by Decoration, Site and Context



Table 52 Frequency of Small Finds, by Decoration and Material


Table 53 Frequency of Small Finds, by Decoration and Form


Table 54 Frequency of Small Finds, by Decoration and Type


Table 55 Frequency of Small Finds, by Decoration and Zoomorphic Type



Table 56 Frequency of Small Finds, by Decoration and Colour


Table 57 Frequency of Small Finds, by Decoration and Stamp


Table 58 Frequency of Small Finds, by Decoration and Context Dates



Stamped

Decoration

Stamped and Type

7

Table 59/60 Frequency of Small Finds: by Covers and Cases, and Site;

1 Mirrors 93

Table 61 Multiple Depositions of Small Finds, by Covers and Cases, Site and Context

1 Mirrors 94

Table 62/63/64 Frequency of Small Finds: by Covers and Cases, and Material;

1 Mirrors 95

Table 65/66 Frequency of Small Finds: by Covers and Cases, and Decoration;

1 Mirrors 96

by Covers and Cases, and Form; by Covers and Cases, and Type

by Covers and Cases, and Context Date

Covers and Cases

by Covers and Cases, and Context

8

Site Mirrors TOTAL Site Combs TOTAL

n % n %

Canterbury 13 11% Canterbury 2 2%

Chichester 10 8% Chichester 2 2%

Colchester 12 10% Colchester 10 11%

London 53 44% London 37 41%

Silchester 3 2% Silchester 1 1%

St Albans 23 19% St Albans 0 0%

Winchester 7 6% Winchester 38 42%

TOTAL 121 100% TOTAL 90 100%

Site Ung Cont TOTAL Site Cos Grind TOTAL

n % n %

Canterbury 54 9% Canterbury 1 3%

Chichester 17 3% Chichester 3 9%

Colchester 316 51% Colchester 20 59%

London 160 26% London 8 24%

Silchester 16 3% Silchester 0 0%

St Albans 48 8% St Albans 2 6%

Winchester 3 0% Winchester 0 0%

TOTAL 614 100% TOTAL 34 100%

Site

Additional

Toilet Items TOTAL

n %

Canterbury 61 8%

Chichester 33 5%

Colchester 192 27%

London 262 36%

Silchester 40 6%

St Albans 103 14%

Winchester 33 5%

TOTAL 724 100%

Table 1-5(a). Frequency of Additional

Toilet Items by Sites

Table 1-1. Frequency of Mirrors by

Site

Table 1-2. Frequency of Combs by

Site

Table 1-3. Frequency of Glass

Unguent Containers by Site

Table 1-4. Frequency of Bronze

Cosmetic Grinders by Site

9

Site TOTAL

Toilet

Set

Nail

Cleaner Tweezers Spatula Ligulae Shears Strigils Razors

Stirring

Rods

Mixing

Pallets

Surgical

Instruments

Unspec

Toilet

Items

n n n n n n n n n n n n n

Canterbury 1 11 18 11 7 0 0 1 0 4 1 7 61

Chichester 1 1 3 2 11 0 0 2 1 2 1 9 33

Colchester 9 24 34 6 60 2 0 1 12 9 30 5 192

London 3 24 37 7 99 1 3 3 40 23 11 11 262

Silchester 2 4 8 3 7 1 1 6 0 0 4 4 40

St Albans 2 20 26 2 22 4 4 1 2 1 7 12 103

Winchester 0 9 9 1 10 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 33

TOTAL 18 93 135 32 216 8 8 14 56 41 54 49 724

10


Table 1-5(b). Frequency of Additional Toilet Items (Specific), by Sites

Site Mirrors Sub Total Site Combs Sub Total

% % % %

London 44% London 41%

St Albans 19% 63% Winchester 42% 83%

Canterbury 11% Colchester 11% 11%

Chichester 8%

Colchester 10% 29% Chichester 2%

Canterbury 2%

Silchester 6% Silchester 1%

Winchester 2% 8% St Albans 0% 5%

TOTAL 100% 100% TOTAL 100% 100%

Site Ung Cont Sub Total Site Cos Grind Sub Total

% % % %

London 26% London 24%

Colchester 51% 77% Colchester 59% 83%

Canterbury 9% Chichester 9%

St Albans 8% 17% St Albans 6% 15%

Chichester 3% Canterbury 3%

Silchester 3% Silchester 0%

Winchester 0% 6% Winchester 0% 3%

TOTAL 100% 100% TOTAL 100% 100%

Site

Additional

Toilet Items Cumulative

% %

London 36%

Colchester 26% 62%

St Albans 14% 14%

Canterbury 8%

Chichester 5%

Silchester 6%

Winchester 5% 24%

TOTAL 100% 100%

Table 2-5. Cumulative Percentage

Frequency of Additional Toilet Items

by Site


Frequency of Mirrors by Site


Frequency of Combs by Site


Frequency of Glass Unguent

Containers by Site


Frequency of Bronze Cosmetic

Grinders by Site

11

Context

n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

Domestic Bldgs 0 0% 0 0% 2 17% 6 11% 0 0% 1 4% 0 0% 9 7%

Public Occup 1 8% 0 0% 1 8% 3 6% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 5 4%

Grave 5 38% 4 40% 1 8% 10 19% 1 33% 8 35% 4 57% 33 27%

Cemetery Area 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 2 9% 1 14% 3 2%

Military Bldgs 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

Well 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 14% 1 1%

Other Features 2 15% 5 50% 4 33% 11 21% 0 0% 11 48% 0 0% 33 27%

Unstrat/Residual 4 31% 0 0% 3 25% 6 11% 1 33% 1 4% 1 14% 16 13%

Not Reported 1 8% 1 10% 1 8% 17 32% 1 33% 0 0% 0 0% 21 17%

TOTAL 13 100% 10 100% 12 100% 53 100% 3 100% 23 100% 7 100% 121 100%

12

Context

n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

Domestic Bldgs 0 0% 0 0% 1 10% 1 3% 0 0% 0 0% 2 5% 4 4%

Public Occup 2 100% 0 0% 0 0% 1 3% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 3 3%

Grave 0 0% 1 50% 7 70% 3 8% 0 0% 0 0% 29 76% 40 44%

Cemetery Area 0 0% 0 0% 1 10% 1 3% 0 0% 0 0% 1 3% 3 3%

Military Bldgs 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

Well 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

Other Features 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 3 8% 0 0% 0 0% 2 5% 5 6%


Not Reported 0 0% 1 50% 0 0% 27 73% 1 100% 0 0% 3 8% 32 36%

TOTAL 2 100% 2 100% 10 100% 37 100% 1 100% 0 0% 38 100% 90 100%

Table 3-2. Frequency of Combs by Context and Site

Table 3-1. Frequency of Mirrors by Context and Site

Site TOTAL

Canterbury Chichester Colchester London Silchester St Albans Winchester

Site TOTAL


Context

n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

Domestic Bldgs 4 7% 0 0% 64 20% 55 34% 12 75% 21 44% 0 0% 156 25%

Public Occup 3 6% 0 0% 99 31% 0 0% 0 0% 6 13% 0 0% 108 18%

Grave 3 6% 6 35% 15 5% 23 14% 0 0% 7 15% 1 33% 55 9%

Cemetery Area 1 2% 0 0% 6 2% 7 4% 0 0% 0 0% 1 33% 15 2%

Military Bldgs 0 0% 0 0% 10 3% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 10 2%

Well 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 1% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 0%

Other Features 12 22% 10 59% 33 10% 62 39% 2 13% 14 29% 0 0% 133 22%


Not Reported 0 0% 1 6% 0 0% 3 2% 2 13% 0 0% 1 33% 7 1%

TOTAL 54 100% 17 100% 316 100% 160 100% 16 100% 48 100% 3 100% 614 100%

13

Context

n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

Domestic Bldgs 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 13% 0 0% 1 50% 0 0% 2 6%

Public Occup 1 2% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 3%

Grave 0 0% 1 33% 1 5% 0 0% 0 0% 1 50% 0 0% 3 9%

Cemetery Area 0 0% 0 0% 5 25% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 5 15%

Military Bldgs 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

Well 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

Other Features 0 0% 1 33% 3 15% 2 25% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 6 18%


Not Reported 0 0% 1 6% 11 55% 5 63% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 17 50%

TOTAL 1 2% 3 73% 20 100% 8 100% 0 0% 2 100% 0 0% 34 100%

Table 3-4. Frequency of Bronze Cosmetic Grinders by Context and Site

Table 3-3. Frequency of Glass Unguent Containers by Context and Site

Site TOTAL


Site TOTAL


Context

n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

Domestic Bldgs 18 30% 2 6% 28 15% 41 16% 6 15% 33 32% 8 24% 136 19%

Public Occup 4 7% 5 15% 26 14% 12 5% 0 0% 3 3% 2 6% 52 7%

Grave 1 2% 4 12% 14 7% 9 3% 0 0% 15 15% 1 3% 44 6%

Cemetery Area 0 0% 0 0% 11 6% 1 0% 0 0% 4 4% 0 0% 16 2%

Military Bldgs 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 0%

Well 1 2% 3 9% 0 0% 2 1% 4 10% 0 0% 0 0% 10 1%

Other Features 22 36% 18 55% 55 29% 96 37% 21 53% 46 45% 14 42% 272 38%


Not Reported 1 2% 0 0% 4 2% 93 35% 6 15% 1 1% 2 6% 107 15%

TOTAL 61 100% 33 100% 192 100% 262 100% 40 100% 103 100% 33 100% 724 100%

14 Table 3-5(a). Frequency of Additional Toilet Items by Context and Site

Site TOTAL


Context TOTAL

Toilet

Set

Nail


Stirring

Rods

Mixing

Pallets

Surgical

Instruments

Unspec

Toilet

Items


Domestic Bldgs 3 17 28 6 39 2 2 4 9 9 8 9 136

Public Occup 2 6 11 4 11 1 0 0 6 3 5 3 52

Grave 2 2 5 1 3 2 3 1 0 3 13 9 44

Cemetery Area 2 1 5 0 6 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 16

Military Bldgs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

Well 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 10

Other Features 4 45 56 13 84 1 2 6 11 12 16 22 272

Unstrat/Residual 3 14 16 3 25 1 0 1 7 8 6 2 86

Not Reported 2 8 14 4 45 1 1 2 21 4 4 1 107

15 TOTAL 18 93 135 32 216 8 8 14 56 41 54 49 724


Table 3-5(b). Frequency of Additional Toilet Items (Specific), by Context

Site Sub-Site Context Mirrors

n

London Eastern Cemetery Grave 2

London Eastern Cemetery Grave 2

London West Tenter Street Grave 2

Winchester Victoria Road Grave 2

St Albans Lower Slope, Folly Lane Other Features 2

St Albans Roman Settlement, King Harry Lane Other Features 2

Site Sub-Site Context Combs

n

London Cannon St Station N Not Reported 2

London 11-11A Pudding Lane Not Reported 2

Table 4-1. Multiple Depositions of Mirrors by Site, Sub-site and

Context

Table 4-2. Multiple Depositions of Combs by Site, Sub-site and

Context

16

Site Sub-Site Context Ung Cont

n

Colchester St Mary's Hospital Grave 3

Beverley Rd Grave 2

Stanway Grave 2

London 15-23 Southwark St Other Features 8

Leadenhall Court Other Features 5

15-23 Southwark St Other Features 4

15-23 Southwark St Domestic Bldgs 3


201-211 Borough High St Other Features 3

Watling St Grave 3



15-23 Southwark St Grave 2

Leadenhall Court Domestic Bldgs 2


Leadenhall Court Other Features 2


199 Borough High St Other Features 2

199 Borough High St Other Features 2

Eastern Cemetery Grave 2


106-114 Borough High St Domestic Bldgs 2

Watling St Grave 2

Spitalfield Grave 2

Silchester Forum Basilica Domestic Bldgs 2

Forum Basilica Domestic Bldgs 2



St Albans Lower Slope, Folly Lane Grave 3

Site Sub-Site Context Cos Grind

n

Table 4-3. Multiple Depositions of Glass Unguent Containers by Site,

Sub-site and Context

Nil Return

Table 4-4. Multiple Depositions of Cosmetic Grinders by Site, Sub-

site and Context

17

Site Sub-Site Context Additional

Toilet

Items

n

Canterbury Marlowe Car Park Domestic Bldgs 3

St Gabriel's Chapel Other Features 2

Chichester St Pancras Grave 2

Eastgate Needlemakers Well 2

Colchester Stanway Grave 13

The Gilberd School Public Occupation 2

Sheepen Domestic Bldgs 2

London Fleet Valley Project Not Reported 4

Leadenhall Court Public Occupation 3


West Tenter St Grave 2


Spital Field Grave 2


Billingsgate Buildings Triangle Other Features 2

Palmerston House Other Features 2

Courages Brewery Bottling Plant Other Features 2

Custom House Other Features 2

20-30 Aldgate Other Features 2

201-211 Borough High St Other Features 2

Leadenhall Court Not Reported 2

Billingsgate Market Lorry Park Not Reported 2

Billingsgate Market Lorry Park Not Reported 2

Blossoms Inn, Nr Cheapside Not Reported 2

Silchester Insula IX Well 3

Insula IX Other Features 2

Inner Earthwork & various other sites Other Features 2

St Albans Iron Age Cemetery, King Harry Lane Grave 4

Roman Settlement, King Harry Lane Other Features 3

Insula XIII Domestic Bldgs 2

Insula II Domestic Bldgs 2

Roman Settlement, King Harry Lane Domestic Bldgs 2

Iron Age Cemetery, King Harry Lane Grave 2

Iron Age Cemetery, King Harry Lane Grave 2

Rescue Excavation, King Harry Lane Grave 2

Lower Slope, Folly Lane Other Features 2



Winchester Victoria Road Domestic Bldgs 2

Victoria Road Other Features 2

Table 4-5. Multiple Depositions of Additional Toilet Items by Site, Sub-site

and Context

18

Context

n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

Domestic Bldgs 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 7 16% 1 6% 1 10% 0 0% 0 0% 9 7%

Public Occup 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 3 7% 1 6% 1 10% 0 0% 0 0% 5 4%

Grave 1 100% 6 100% 0 0% 12 28% 9 50% 2 20% 0 0% 3 11% 33 27%

Cemetery Area 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 2 5% 1 6% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 3 2%

Military Bldgs 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0 0 0%

Well 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 10% 0 0% 0 0% 1 1%

Other Features 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 19 44% 6 33% 5 50% 0 0% 3 11% 33 27%

Unstrat/Residual 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 16 100% 0 0% 16 13%

Not Reported 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 21 78% 21 17%

TOTAL 1 100% 6 100% 0 0% 43 100% 18 100% 10 100% 16 100% 27 100% 121 100%

19

Context

n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

Domestic Bldgs 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 50% 1 25% 2 4% 0 0% 0 0% 4 4%

Public Occup 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 3 6% 0 0% 0 0% 3 3%

Grave 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 40 83% 0 0% 0 0% 40 44%

Cemetery Area 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 25% 1 2% 0 0% 1 3% 3 3%

Military Bldgs 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0 0 0%

Well 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

Other Features 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 50% 2 50% 2 4% 0 0% 0 0% 5 6%


Not Reported 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 32 97% 32 36%

TOTAL 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 2 100% 4 100% 48 100% 3 100% 33 100% 90 100%

Context Dates TOTAL

LIA LIA/ERB LIA/RB ERB RB LRB Unstrat/Residual Not Reported

Table 5-2. Frequency of Combs by Context and Context Date

Table 5-1. Frequency of Mirrors by Context and Context Date

Context Dates TOTAL


Context

n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

Domestic Bldgs 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 101 42% 30 25% 25 24% 0 0% 0 0% 156 25%

Public Occup 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 43 18% 40 33% 25 24% 0 0% 0 0% 108 18%

Grave 0 0% 1 50% 2 100% 10 4% 19 16% 19 18% 0 0% 4 31% 55 9%

Cemetery Area 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 0% 8 7% 5 5% 0 0% 1 8% 15 2%

Military Bldgs 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 10 4% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0 10 2%

Well 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 0%

Other Features 0 0% 1 50% 0 0% 75 31% 25 20% 31 30% 0 0% 1 8% 133 22%


Not Reported 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 7 54% 7 1%

TOTAL 0 0% 2 100% 2 100% 241 100% 122 100% 105 100% 129 100% 13 100% 614 100%

20

Context

n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

Domestic Bldgs 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 25% 0 0% 1 100% 0 0% 0 0% 2 6%

Public Occup 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 14% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 3%

Grave 0 0% 1 100% 0 0% 0 0% 2 29% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 3 9%

Cemetery Area 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 14% 0 0% 0 0% 4 19% 5 15%

Military Bldgs 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0 0 0%

Well 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

Other Features 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 3 75% 2 29% 0 0% 0 0% 1 5% 6 18%


Not Reported 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 14% 0 0% 0 0% 16 76% 17 50%

TOTAL 0 0% 1 100% 0 0% 4 100% 7 100% 1 100% 0 0% 21 100% 34 100%

Context Dates TOTAL


Table 5-4. Frequency of Bronze Cosmetic Grinders by Context and Context Date

Table 5-3. Frequency of Glass Unguent Containers by Context and Context Date

Context Dates TOTAL


Context

n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

Domestic Bldgs 0 0% 1 14% 0 0% 71 30% 39 30% 16 16% 0 0% 9 6% 136 19%

Public Occup 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 26 11% 14 11% 8 8% 0 0% 4 3% 52 7%

Grave 5 63% 6 86% 13 100% 4 2% 8 6% 8 8% 0 0% 0 0% 44 6%

Cemetery Area 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 4 2% 3 2% 9 9% 0 0% 0 0% 16 2%

Military Bldgs 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 1% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0 1 0%

Well 1 13% 0 0% 0 0% 1 0% 4 3% 4 4% 0 0% 0 0% 10 1%

Other Features 2 25% 0 0% 0 0% 128 55% 60 47% 57 56% 0 0% 25 17% 272 38%


Not Reported 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 107 74% 107 15%

TOTAL 8 100% 7 100% 13 100% 234 100% 129 100% 102 100% 86 100% 145 100% 724 100%

21 Table 5-5. Frequency of Additional Toilet Items by Context and Context Date

Context Dates TOTAL


Context

Combs

Glass

Unguent

Containers

Bronze

Cosmetic

Grinders

Additional

Toilet

Items

n n n n

Domestic Bldgs 0 0 0 0

Public Occup 0 0 0 3

Grave 0 4 0 0

Cemetery Area 0 0 0 0

Military Bldgs 0 0 0 0

Well 0 0 0 0

Other Features 0 0 0 6

Unstrat/Residual 0 0 0 0

Not Reported 0 0 0 6

TOTAL 0 4 0 15

TOTAL COUNT 90 614 34 724

Context

Mirrors

Glass

Unguent

Containers

Bronze

Cosmetic

Grinders

Additional

Toilet

Items

n n n n



Grave 0 1 0 0



Well 0 0 0 0




TOTAL 0 2 0 0

TOTAL COUNT 121 614 34 724

Small Finds

Table 6-1. Frequency of Small Finds, Associated with

Mirrors, by Context

Small Finds


Combs, by Context

22

Context

Mirrors Combs

Bronze

Cosmetic

Grinders

Additional

Toilet

Items

n n n n



Grave 5 2 0 5



Well 0 0 0 0




TOTAL 5 3 0 20


Context

Mirrors Combs

Glass

Unguent

Containers

Additional

Toilet

Items

n n n n



Grave 0 0 0 2



Well 0 0 0 0




TOTAL 0 0 0 6

TOTAL COUNT 121 90 614 724


Glass Unguent Containers, by Context

Small Finds


Bronze Cosmetic Grinders, by Context

Small Finds

23

Context

Mirrors Combs

Glass

Unguent

Containers

Bronze

Cosmetic

Grinders

n n n n



Grave 0 0 4 2



Well 0 0 0 0




TOTAL 10 0 25 4


Small Finds


Additional Toilet Items, by Context

24

Context TOTAL

Toilet

Set

Nail


Stirring

Rods

Mixing

Pallets

Surgical

Instruments

Unspec

Toilet

Items


Domestic Bldgs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Public Occup 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3

Grave 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cemetery Area 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Military Bldgs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Well 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Features 0 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6


Not Reported 0 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 6

25 TOTAL 1 3 2 2 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 15

Context TOTAL

Toilet

Set

Nail


Stirring

Rods

Mixing

Pallets

Surgical

Instruments

Unspec

Toilet

Items


Domestic Bldgs

Public Occup

Grave

Cemetery Area ----- NIL RETURN -----

Military Bldgs

Well

Other Features

Unstrat/Residual

Not Reported

TOTAL


Table 7-1. Frequency of Additional Toilet Items , Associated with Mirrors, by Context


Table 7-2. Frequency of Additional Toilet Items, Associated with Combs, by Context

Context TOTAL

Toilet

Set

Nail


Stirring

Rods

Mixing

Pallets

Surgical

Instruments

Unspec

Toilet

Items


Domestic Bldgs 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4

Public Occup 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Grave 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 5

Cemetery Area 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Military Bldgs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Well 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Features 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 10


Not Reported 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

26 TOTAL 0 1 4 1 3 0 2 0 0 1 1 7 20

Context TOTAL

Toilet

Set

Nail


Stirring

Rods

Mixing

Pallets

Surgical

Instruments

Unspec

Toilet

Items


Domestic Bldgs 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

Public Occup 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Grave 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

Cemetery Area 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Military Bldgs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Well 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Features 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


Not Reported 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

TOTAL 1 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6


Table 7-4. Frequency of Additional Toilet Items, Associated with Bronze Cosmetic Grinders, by Context


Table 7-3. Frequency of Additional Toilet Items, Asociated with Glass Unguent Containers, by Context

Site Sub-Site Mirrors Context

Combs

Glass

Unguent

Containers

Bronze

Cosmetic

Grinders

Additional

Toilet

Items

n n n n n

London Eastern Cemetery 2 Grave 0 2 0 0

London West Tenter St 2 Grave 0 1 0 0

St Albans Lower Slope, Folly Lane 2 Other Features 0 0 0 1

TOTAL 0 3 0 1

27

Site Sub-Site Combs Context

Mirrors

Glass

Unguent

Containers

Bronze

Cosmetic

Grinders

Additional

Toilet

Items

n n n n

Table 8-2. Multiple Depositions of Combs and Frequency of Associated Small Finds, by Site,

Sub-Site, and Context


Table 8-1. Multiple Depositions of Mirrors and Frequency of Associated Small Finds, by Site,

Sub-Site, and Context

NIL RETURN


Site Sub-Site

Glass

Unguent

Containers Context

Mirrors Combs

Bronze

Cosmetic

Grinders

Additional

Toilet

Items

n n n n n

London 15-23 Southwark St 8 Other Features 0 0 0 2

London 15-23 Southwark St 3 Domestic Bldgs 0 0 0 1

London Eastern Cemetery 2 Grave 2 0 0 0

London Spitalfield 2 Grave 0 0 0 2

London 199 Borough High St 2 Other Features 0 0 0 1

London Leadenhall Court 2 Other Features 0 0 0 1

TOTAL 2 0 0 7

28

Site Sub-Site

Bronze

Cosmetic

Grinders

Context

Mirrors Combs

Glass

Unguent

Containers

Additional

Toilet

Items

n n n n n


Table 8-3. Multiple Depositions of Glass Unguent Containers and Frequency of Associated

Small Finds, by Site, Sub-Site, and Context

NIL RETURN

Table 8-4. Multiple Depositions of Cosmetic Grinders and Frequency of Associated Small

Finds, by Site, Sub-Site, and Context


Site Sub-Site

Additional

Toilet

Items Context

Mirrors Combs

Glass

Unguent

Containers

Bronze

Cosmetic

Grinders

n n n n n

London Fleet Valley Project 4 Not Reported 1 0 0 0

London Leadenhall Court 3 Public Occup 1 0 0 0

St Albans Insular II 2 Domestic Bldgs 0 0 0 1

St Albans Roman Settlement, King Harry Lane 2 Domestic Bldgs 0 0 1 0

St Albans Rescue Excavation, King Harry Lane 2 Grave 0 0 1 0

London Spitalfield 2 Grave 0 0 2 0

London Blossoms Inn, near Cheapside 2 Not Reported 0 0 0 1

29 St Albans Lower Slope, Folly Lane 2 Other Features 1 0 0 0

London 201-211 Borough High St 2 Other Features 0 0 1 0

London 15-23 Southwark St 2 Other Features 0 0 7 0

TOTAL 3 0 12 2


Table 8-5. Multiple Depositions of Additional Toilet Items and Frequency of Associated Small Finds,

by Site, Sub-Site, and Context

Context TOTAL

Coins Hair Pins Jewellery Vessels Weapons

Other

Artefacts

Domestic Bldgs 1 0 1 4 0 5 11

Public Occup 0 0 1 0 0 1 2

Grave 5 0 11 15 0 11 42

Cemetery Area 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Military Bldgs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Well 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Feature 0 0 6 9 0 12 27

Unstrat/Residual 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Not Reported 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 6 0 19 28 0 29 82

Context TOTAL


Other

Artefacts



Grave 6 2 13 9 0 3 33



Well 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Features 0 0 1 2 0 2 5



TOTAL 8 2 16 13 0 7 46

Non-Toilet Finds

Table 9-1. Number of Occasions Non-Toilet Finds were Associated with

Mirrors, by Context

Non-Toilet Finds


Combs, by Context

30

Context TOTAL


Other

Artefacts



Grave 6 2 8 27 1 16 60



Well 0 0 0 1 0 1 2

Other Feature 14 2 13 42 0 29 100



TOTAL 31 5 37 115 1 76 265

Context TOTAL


Other

Artefacts



Grave 1 0 2 2 0 0 5



Well 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Features 0 0 0 0 0 1 1



TOTAL 2 0 2 2 0 3 9

Non-Toilet Finds


Glass Unguent Containers, by Context

Non-Toilet Finds


Bronze Cosmetic Grinders, by Context

31

Context TOTAL


Other

Artefacts

Domestic Bldgs 10 2 14 13 0 25 64


Grave 4 1 10 9 1 7 32



Well 2 1 4 4 0 5 16

Other Features 19 8 32 56 1 61 177



TOTAL 36 12 66 86 3 107 310

Non-Toilet Finds


Additional Toilet Items, by Context

32

Site TOTAL

Male Female

Not

Reported

n n n n

Canterbury 1 0 1 2

Chichester 0 1 0 1

Colchester 0 0 0 0

London 1 4 1 6

Silchester 0 0 0 0

St Albans 1 1 3 5

Winchester 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 3 6 5 14

Site TOTAL

Male Female

Not

Reported

n n n n

Canterbury 0 0 1 1

Chichester 0 1 0 1

Colchester 1 4 2 7

London 0 1 0 1

Silchester 0 0 0 0

St Albans 0 0 0 0

Winchester 3 5 14 22

TOTAL 4 11 17 32

Gender

Table 10-1. Frequency of Human Skeletal

Remains from One Body, Associated with Mirrors

by Gender and Site

Gender


Remains from One Body, Associated with Combs

by Gender and Site

33

Site TOTAL

Male Female

Not

Reported

n n n n

Canterbury 1 0 1 2

Chichester 0 0 2 2

Colchester 1 1 3 5

London 4 2 7 13

Silchester 0 0 0 0

St Albans 1 0 2 3

Winchester 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 7 3 15 25

Site TOTAL

Male Female

Not

Reported

n n n n

Canterbury 0 0 0 0

Chichester 0 0 0 0

Colchester 0 0 1 1

London 0 0 0 0

Silchester 0 0 0 0

St Albans 1 0 0 1

Winchester 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 1 0 1 2

Gender


Remains from One Body, Associated with Glass

Unguent Containers by Gender and Site

Gender


Remains from One Body, Associated with Bronze

Cosmetic Grinders by Gender and Site

34

Site TOTAL

Male Female

Not

Reported

n n n n

Canterbury 0 0 0 0

Chichester 0 0 0 0

Colchester 0 0 1 1

London 4 1 3 8

Silchester 0 0 0 0

St Albans 3 0 5 8

Winchester 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 7 1 9 17

Gender


Remains from One Body, Associated with

Additional Toilet Items by Gender and Site

35

Site TOTAL

Neonate Child

Young

Adult

Young

Middle

Adult

Middle

Adult

Mature

Adult

Adult

(estimate)

Not

Reported

n n n n n n n n n

Canterbury 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2

Chichester 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Colchester 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

London 0 0 0 2 1 0 3 0 6

Silchester 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

St Albans 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 5

Wnchester 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 1 0 1 2 1 0 4 5 14

36

Site TOTAL

Neonate Child

Young

Adult

Young

Middle

Adult

Middle

Adult

Mature

Adult

Adult

(estimate)

Not

Reported

n n n n n n n n n

Canterbury 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Chichester 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

Colchester 0 3 0 1 0 0 3 0 7

London 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

Silchester 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

St Albans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Wnchester 0 3 4 7 1 0 7 0 22

TOTAL 0 6 5 8 1 0 11 1 32

Age

Table 11-1. Frequency of Human Skeletal Remains from One Body, Associated with

Mirrors by Age and Site

Age


Combs by Age and Site

Site TOTAL

Neonate Child

Young

Adult

Young

Middle

Adult

Middle

Adult

Mature

Adult

Adult

(estimate)

Not

Reported

n n n n n n n n n

Canterbury 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2

Chichester 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

Colchester 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 5

London 0 2 2 4 0 0 3 2 13

Silchester 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

St Albans 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 3

Wnchester 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 0 3 2 7 0 0 7 6 25

37

Site TOTAL

Neonate Child

Young

Adult

Young

Middle

Adult

Middle

Adult

Mature

Adult

Adult

(estimate)

Not

Reported

n n n n n n n n n

Canterbury 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Chichester 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Colchester 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

London 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Silchester 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

St Albans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Wnchester 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

Age


Glass Unguent Containers by Age and Site

Age


Bronze Cosmetic Grinders by Age and Site

Site TOTAL

Neonate Child

Young

Adult

Young

Middle

Adult

Middle

Adult

Mature

Adult

Adult

(estimate)

Not

Reported

n n n n n n n n n

Canterbury 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Chichester 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Colchester 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

London 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 8

Silchester 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

St Albans 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 8

Winchester 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 0 1 1 1 1 1 7 5 17

38

Age


Additional Toilet Items by Age and Site

Site Mirrors

Frequency Gender Age Gender Age

Canterbury 1 Unknown Adult (estimate) Unknown Young Adult

Silchester 1 Unknown Adult (estimate) Unknown Child

St Albans 1 Unknown Adult (estimate) Unknown Neonate

TOTAL 3

Site Combs

Gender Age Gender Age

TOTAL

Site Ung Con

Frequency Gender Age Gender Age

Canterbury 1 Male Adult (estimate) Unknown Adult (estimate)

Colchester 3 Female Young Adult Female Young Adult

St Albans 1 Unknown Adult (estimate) Unknown Child

TOTAL 5

Site Grinders


TOTAL

Site

Additional

Toilet

Items


TOTAL

NIL RETURN

Table 12-2. Frequency of Human Skeletal Remains from Two Bodies,

Associated with Combs by Gender, Age and Site

First Burial 2nd Burial



Associated with Mirrors by Gender, Age and Site




Associated with Additional Toilet Items by Gender, Age and Site

NIL RETURN


Associated with Bronze Cosmetic Grinders by Gender, Age and Site

NIL RETURN


Associated with Glass Unguent Containers by Gender, Age and Site


39

Site Mirrors Context

n

Bird

(dom)

Bird

(wild) Cat Cattle Chick Deer Dog Fish Goat Horse Pig Sheep

London 2 Grave x x x x x x x x x x x

London 1 Other Features x x x x x

London 1 Other Features x x x x x x x x x x x

St Albans 1 Grave x x x x x x x x x x x

St Albans 1 Grave x x x x x x x x x x

Silchester 1 Grave x x x x x x x x x x x

40

Site Combs Context

n

Bird

(dom)

Bird


London 1 Other Features x x x x x x x x

London 1 Other Features x x x x x x x x x x

Animal Skeletal Remains

Table13-1. Mirror Count and Associated Animal Skeletal Remains, by Site and Context


Table 13-2. Comb Count and Associated Animal Skeletal Remains, by Site and Context

Site

Glass

Unguent

Cont Context

n

Bird

(dom)

Bird


Colchester 1 Other Features x x x x x x

Colchester 1 Other Features x x x x x x




London 1 Cemetery Area x x x x x x x

Silchester 1 Other Features x x x x x x x x

41

Winchester 1 Grave x x x x x x x x x

Winchester 1 Cemetery x x x x x x x x x x x

Site

Bronze

Cosmetic

Grinders Context

n

Bird

(dom)

Bird




Table 13-3. Glass Unguent Container Count and Associated Animal Skeletal Remains, by Site and Context


Table 13-4. Cosmetic Grinder Count and Associated Animal Skeletal Remains, by Site and Context

Site

Additional

Toilet

Items Context

n

Bird

(dom)

Bird


Colchester 1 Public Occup x x x x x x x

Colchester 1 Other Features x x x x x x x

Colchester 1 Other Features x x x x x x x x x


London 1 Cemetery Area x x x x x x x



42 London 1 Other Features x x x x x x x x x x x

London 1 Other Features x x x x x

Silchester 3 Well x x x x x x x

Silchester 2 Other Features x x x x

Silchester 1 Other Features x x x x x x x x

Silchester 1 Other Features x x

Silchester 1 Other Features x x x x x x x





Winchester 1 Other Features x x x x x x x x x


Table 13-5. Additional Toilet Item Count and Associated Animal Skeletal Remains, by Site and Context

Site

n % n % n % n % n %

Canterbury 5 6% 0 0% 0 0% 8 22% 13 11%

Chichester 8 10% 0 0% 0 0% 2 5% 10 8%

Colchester 11 14% 0 0% 1 100% 0 0% 12 10%

London 39 48% 2 100% 0 0% 12 32% 53 44%

Silchester 2 2% 0 0% 0 0% 1 3% 3 2%

St Albans 9 11% 0 0% 0 0% 14 38% 23 19%

Winchester 7 9% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 7 6%

TOTAL 81 100% 2 100% 1 100% 37 100% 121 100%

% of All Mirors 67% 2% 1% 31%

43

Site

n % n % n % n % n % n %

Canterbury 0 0% 1 3% 1 4% 0 0% 0 0% 2 2%

Chichester 0 0% 2 6% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 2 2%

Colchester 0 0% 0 0% 10 37% 0 0% 0 0% 10 11%

London 26 90% 8 24% 2 7% 1 100% 0 0% 37 41%

Silchester 0 0% 1 3% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 1%

St Albans 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

Winchester 3 10% 21 64% 14 52% 0 0% 0 0% 38 42%

TOTAL 29 100% 33 100% 27 100% 1 100% 0 0% 90 100%

% of All Combs 32% 37% 30% 1% 0%

TOTALMaterial

Table 14-2. Frequency of Combs, By Material and Site

Table 14-1. Frequency of Mirrors, By Material and Site

Wood Bone Antler Not ReportedIvory

Material TOTAL

Speculum Glass Silver/Bronze Not Reported

Context

n % n % n % n % n %

Domestic Bldgs 6 7% 0 0% 0 0% 3 8% 9 7%

Public Occup 2 2% 0 0% 0 0% 3 8% 5 4%

Grave 28 35% 2 100% 0 0% 3 8% 33 27%

Cemetery Area 1 1% 0 0% 0 0% 2 5% 3 2%

Military Bldgs 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

Well 1 1% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 1%

Other Features 19 23% 0 0% 1 100% 13 35% 33 27%

Unstrat/Residual 6 7% 0 0% 0 0% 10 27% 16 13%

Not Reported 18 22% 0 0% 0 0% 3 8% 21 17%

TOTAL 81 100% 2 100% 1 100% 37 100% 121 100%

44

Context

n % n % n % n % n % n %

Domestic Bldgs 0 0% 0 0% 3 11% 1 100% 0 0% 4 4%

Public Occup 1 3% 1 3% 1 4% 0 0% 0 0% 3 3%

Grave 1 3% 23 70% 16 59% 0 0% 0 0% 40 44%

Cemetery Area 1 3% 0 0% 2 7% 0 0% 0 0% 3 3%

Military Bldgs 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

Well 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

Other Features 3 10% 0 0% 2 7% 0 0% 0 0% 5 6%

Unstrat/Residual 0 0% 1 3% 2 7% 0 0% 0 0% 3 3%

Not Reported 23 79% 8 24% 1 4% 0 0% 0 0% 32 36%

TOTAL 29 100% 33 100% 27 100% 1 100% 0 0% 90 100%

TOTALMaterial

Table 15-2. Frequency of Combs, by Material and Context

Table 15-1. Frequency of Mirrors, by Material and Context

Wood Bone Antler Not ReportedIvory

Material TOTAL


Context Complete Fragment Context Complete Fragment

n n n n

Domestic Bldgs 0 9 Domestic Bldgs 1 3

Public Occup 0 5 Public Occup 0 3

Grave 15 18 Grave 6 34

Cemetery Area 0 3 Cemetery Area 0 3

Military Bldgs 0 0 Military Bldgs 0 0

Well 0 1 Well 0 0

Other Features 0 33 Other Features 0 5

Unstrat/Residual 0 16 Unstrat/Residual 0 3

Not Reported 0 21 Not Reported 2 30

TOTAL 15 106 TOTAL 9 81

Context Complete Fragment Context Complete Fragment

n n n n

Domestic Bldgs 1 155 Domestic Bldgs 2 0

Public Occup 1 107 Public Occup 1 0

Grave 33 22 Grave 3 0

Cemetery Area 2 13 Cemetery Area 5 0

Military Bldgs 0 10 Military Bldgs 0 0

Well 0 1 Well 0 0

Other Features 3 130 Other Features 5 1

Unstrat/Residual 0 129 Unstrat/Residual 0 0

Not Reported 2 5 Not Reported 13 4

TOTAL 42 572 TOTAL 29 5

Table 16-1. Frequency of Mirrors,

by Context and Completeness

Table 16-2. Frequency of Combs,

by Context and Completeness

Table16-3. Frequency of Glass

Unguent Containers, by Context

and Completeness

Table16-4. Frequency of Bronze

Cosmetic Grinders, by Context and

Completeness

45


Speculum Glass

Not

Reported

n n n n

London 2 Grave 1 1 0



St Albans 2 Other Features 0 0 2


Winchester 2 Grave 2 0 0

TOTAL 7 1 4

Site Combs Context

Wood Bone Antler

Not

Reported

n n n n n

London 2 Not Reported 1 1 0 0

London 2 Not Reported 0 2 0 0

TOTAL 1 3 0 0

Material

Table17-1. Multiple Depositions of Mirrors, by Material,

Site and Context

Material

Table 17-2. Multiple Depositions of Combs, by Material, Site and

Context

46

Dates

n % n % n % n % n %

LIA 1 1% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 1%

LIA/ERB 6 7% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 6 5%

LIA/RB 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

ERB 28 35% 1 50% 1 100% 13 35% 43 36%

RB 15 19% 1 50% 0 0% 2 5% 18 15%

LRB 3 4% 0 0% 0 0% 7 19% 10 8%

Unstrat/Residual 6 7% 0 0% 0 0% 10 27% 16 13%

Not Reported 22 27% 0 0% 0 0% 5 14% 27 22%

TOTAL 81 100% 2 100% 1 100% 37 100% 121 100%

47

Dates

n % n % n % n % n % n %

LIA 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

LIA/ERB 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

LIA/RB 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

ERB 1 3% 0 0% 0 0% 1 100% 0 0% 2 2%

RB 3 10% 0 0% 1 4% 0 0% 0 0% 4 4%

LRB 2 7% 24 73% 22 81% 0 0% 0 0% 48 53%


Not Reported 23 79% 8 24% 2 7% 0 0% 0 0% 33 37%

TOTAL 29 100% 33 100% 27 100% 1 100% 0 0% 90 100%

TOTALMaterial

Table 18-2. Frequency of Combs, by Material and Context Dates

Table 18-1. Frequency of Mirrors, by Material and Context Dates

Wood Bone

Material TOTAL


Antler Not ReportedIvory

Site

n % n % n % n %

Canterbury 9 24% 1 8% 3 4% 13 11%

Chichester 4 11% 5 38% 1 1% 10 8%

Colchester 7 18% 1 8% 4 6% 12 10%

London 12 32% 4 31% 37 53% 53 44%

Silchester 1 3% 0 0% 2 3% 3 2%

St Albans 3 8% 0 0% 20 29% 23 19%

Winchester 2 5% 2 15% 3 4% 7 6%

TOTAL 38 100% 13 100% 70 100% 121 100%

% All Mirrors 31% 11% 58%

Site

n % n % n % n %

Canterbury 0 0% 1 2% 1 3% 2 2%

Chichester 0 0% 1 2% 1 3% 2 2%

Colchester 0 0% 10 20% 0 0% 10 11%

London 2 50% 5 10% 30 81% 37 41%

Silchester 0 0% 1 2% 0 0% 1 1%

St Albans 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

Winchester 2 50% 31 63% 5 14% 38 42%

TOTAL 4 100% 49 100% 37 100% 90 100%

% All Combs 4% 54% 41%

Site Total

Mortar Pestle Sets

n n n n

Canterbury 0 0 1 1

Chichester 1 1 1 3

Colchester 16 3 1 20

London 1 5 2 8

Silchester 0 0 0 0

St Albans 0 0 2 2

Winchester 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 18 9 7 34

% All Bronze

Cosmetic Grinders

53% 26% 21%

Table 19-4. Frequency of Bronze Cosmetic

Grinders, by Form and Site

Table 19-2. Frequency of Combs, by Form and Site

Table 19-1. Frequency of Mirrors, by Form and Site

Forms TOTAL

Single Piece Composite P'ce Not Reported

Forms

Forms TOTAL

Circular Rectangular Not Reported

48

Context

n % n % n % n %

Domestic Bldgs 5 13% 0 0% 4 6% 9 7%

Public Occup 1 3% 0 0% 4 6% 5 4%

Grave 15 39% 6 46% 12 17% 33 27%

Cemetery Area 0 0% 0 0% 3 4% 3 2%

Military Bldgs 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

Well 0 0% 0 0% 1 1% 1 1%

Other Features 11 29% 4 31% 18 26% 33 27%

Unstrat/Residual 4 11% 3 23% 9 13% 16 13%

Not Reported 2 5% 0 0% 19 27% 21 17%

TOTAL 38 100% 13 100% 70 100% 121 100%

Context

n % n % n % n %

Domestic Bldgs 1 25% 3 6% 0 0% 4 4%

Public Occup 0 0% 2 4% 1 3% 3 3%

Grave 1 25% 37 76% 2 5% 40 44%

Cemetery Area 1 25% 1 2% 1 3% 3 3%

Military Bldgs 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

Well 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

Other Features 0 0% 3 6% 2 5% 5 6%


Not Reported 1 25% 1 2% 30 81% 32 36%

TOTAL 4 100% 49 100% 37 100% 90 100%

Context Total

Mortar Pestle Sets

n n n n



Grave 0 0 3 3



Well 0 0 0 0




TOTAL 18 9 7 34

Table 20-4. Frequency of Bronze Cosmetic

Grinders, by Form and Context

Forms TOTAL


Table 20-2. Frequency of Combs, by Form and Context

Table 20-1. Frequency of Mirrors, by Form and Context

Forms TOTAL


Forms

49



n n n n







TOTAL 12 4 2 6

Site Combs Context


n n n n

London 2 Not Reported 2

London 2 Not Reported 2

TOTAL 4 0 0 4

Forms

Table 21-1. Multiple Depositions of Mirrors, by Form, Site and

Context

Forms

Table 21-2. Multiple Depositions of Combs, by Form, Site and

Context

50

Material

n % n % n % n %

Speculum 29 76% 11 85% 41 59% 81 67%

Glass 1 3% 0 0% 1 1% 2 2%

Silver/Bronze 0 0% 0 0% 1 1% 1 1%

Not Reported 8 21% 2 15% 27 39% 37 31%

TOTAL 38 100% 13 100% 70 100% 121 100%

Material

n % n % n % n %

Wood 2 50% 2 4% 25 68% 29 32%

Bone 1 25% 24 49% 8 22% 33 37%

Antler 0 0% 23 47% 4 11% 27 30%

Ivory 1 25% 0 0% 0 0% 1 1%

Not Reported 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

TOTAL 4 100% 49 100% 37 100% 90 100%

Forms TOTAL


Table 22-2. Frequency of Combs, by Form and Material

Table 22-1. Frequency of Mirrors, by Form and Material

Forms TOTAL


51

Dates

n % n % n % n %

LIA 0 0% 0 0% 1 1% 1 1%

LIA/ERB 1 3% 0 0% 5 7% 6 5%

LIA/RB 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

ERB 18 47% 6 46% 19 27% 43 36%

RB 10 26% 3 23% 5 7% 18 15%

LRB 1 3% 0 0% 9 13% 10 8%


Not Reported 4 11% 1 8% 22 31% 27 22%

TOTAL 38 100% 13 100% 70 100% 121 100%

Dates

n % n % n % n %

LIA 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

LIA/ERB 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

LIA/RB 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

ERB 1 25% 0 0% 1 3% 2 2%

RB 1 25% 2 4% 1 3% 4 4%

LRB 1 25% 44 90% 3 8% 48 53%


Not Reported 1 25% 1 2% 31 84% 33 37%

TOTAL 4 100% 49 100% 37 100% 90 100%

Dates Total

Mortar Pestle Sets

n n n n

LIA 0 0 0 0

LIA/ERB 0 0 1 1

LIA/RB 0 0 0 0

ERB 1 2 1 4

RB 3 1 3 7

LRB 0 1 0 1



TOTAL 18 9 7 34

Table 23-4. Frequency of Bronze

Cosmetic Grinders, by Form and Context

Dates

Forms TOTAL


Table 23-2. Frequency of Combs, by Form and Context Dates

Table 23-1. Frequency of Mirrors, by Form and Context Dates

Forms TOTAL


Forms

52

Site TOTAL

Handles Box Lid

Not

Reported

n n n n

Canterbury 3 0 10 13

Chichester 0 0 10 10

Colchester 3 0 9 12

London 2 1 50 53

Silchester 1 0 2 3

St Albans 2 0 21 23

Winchester 2 0 5 7

TOTAL 13 1 107 121

% All Mirrors 11% 1% 88%

Site TOTAL

Single

Sided

Double

Sided

Not

Reported

n n n nCanterbury 1 1 0 2

Chichester 0 1 1 2


London 2 21 14 37

Silchester 0 1 0 1

St Albans 0 0 0 0

Winchester 4 20 14 38

TOTAL 7 54 29 90

% All Combs 8% 60% 32%

Types

Table 24-1. Frequency of Mirrors by Type and

Site

Types

Table 24-2. Frequency of Combs by Type and Site

53

Context TOTAL

Handles Box Lid

Not

Reported

n n n n



Grave 8 1 24 33



Well 0 0 1 1




TOTAL 13 1 107 121

Context TOTAL

Single

Sided

Double

Sided

Not

Reported

n n n n



Grave 2 28 10 40



Well 0 0 0 0




TOTAL 7 54 29 90

Type

Table 25-1. Frequency of Mirrors by Type and

Context

Type

Table 25-2. Frequency of Combs by Type and

Context

54


Handle Box Lid Not Reported

n n n n







TOTAL 12 1 1 10

Site Combs Context

Single-Sided Double-Sided Not Reported

n n n n

London 2 Not Reported 0 0 2

London 2 Not Reported 0 0 2

TOTAL 4 0 0 4

Type

Table 26-1. Multiple Depositions of Mirrors, by Type, Site and

Context

Type

Table 26-2. Multiple Depositions of Combs, by Type, Site and

Context

55

Material

n % n % n % n %

Speculum 10 77% 1 100% 70 65% 81 67%

Glass 0 0% 0 0% 2 2% 2 2%

Silver/Bronze 0 0% 0 0% 1 1% 1 1%

Not Reported 3 23% 0 0% 34 32% 37 31%

TOTAL 13 100% 1 100% 107 100% 121 100%

Material

n % n % n % n %

Wood 1 14% 18 33% 10 34% 29 32%

Bone 3 43% 17 31% 13 45% 33 37%

Antler 3 43% 18 33% 6 21% 27 30%

Ivory 0 0% 1 2% 0 0% 1 1%

Not Reported 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

TOTAL 7 100% 54 100% 29 100% 90 100%

Table 27-2. Frequency of Combs, by Type and Material

Table 27-1. Frequency of Mirrors, by Type and Material

Type TOTAL


Type TOTAL

Handle Box Lid Not Reported

56

Form

n % n % n % n %

Circular 11 85% 1 100% 26 24% 38 31%

Rectangular 0 0% 0 0% 13 12% 13 11%

Not Reported 2 15% 0 0% 68 64% 70 58%

TOTAL 13 100% 1 100% 107 100% 121 100%

Form

n % n % n % n %

Single Piece 2 29% 2 4% 0 0% 4 4%

Composite P'ce 4 57% 36 67% 9 31% 49 54%

Not Reported 1 14% 16 30% 20 69% 37 41%

TOTAL 7 100% 54 100% 29 100% 90 100%

Table 28-1. Frequency of Mirrors, by Type and Form

Types TOTAL

Handles Box Lid Not Reported

Table 28-2. Frequency of Combs, by Type and Form

Type TOTAL


57

Dates

n % n % n % n %

LIA 0 0% 0 0% 1 1% 1 1%

LIA/ERB 1 8% 0 0% 5 5% 6 5%

LIA/RB 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

ERB 6 46% 1 100% 36 34% 43 36%

RB 1 8% 0 0% 17 16% 18 15%

LRB 1 8% 0 0% 9 8% 10 8%


Not Reported 3 23% 0 0% 24 22% 27 22%

TOTAL 13 100% 1 100% 107 100% 121 100%

Dates

n % n % n % n %

LIA 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

LIA/ERB 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

LIA/RB 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

ERB 0 0% 2 4% 0 0% 2 2%

RB 1 14% 2 4% 1 3% 4 4%

LRB 5 71% 32 59% 11 38% 48 53%


Not Reported 1 14% 16 30% 16 55% 33 37%

TOTAL 7 100% 54 100% 29 100% 90 100%

Types TOTAL

Handles Box Lid Not Reported

Table 29-2. Frequency of Combs, by Type and Context Dates

Table 29-1. Frequency of Mirrors by Type and Context Dates

Type TOTAL


58

Site TOTAL

Bird Cat Cattle Dragon Horse Marine Animal

Not

Reported

n n n n n n n n n

Canterbury 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 13

Chichester 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10

Colchester 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 12

London 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 53

Silchester 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3

St Albans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 23

Winchester 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 7

TOTAL 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 120 121

% All Mirrors 1% 99%

59

Site TOTAL


Not

Reported

n n n n n n n n n

Canterbury 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

Chichester 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

Colchester 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 10

London 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 37

Silchester 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

St Albans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Winchester 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 34 38

TOTAL 1 0 0 0 3 0 3 83 90

% All Mirrors 1% 3% 3% 92%

Zoomorphic Types

Table 30-1. Frequency of Mirrors by Zoomorphic Type and Site

Zoomorphic Types

Table 30-2. Frequency of Combs by Zoomorphic Type and Site

Site TOTAL


Not

Reported

n n n n n n n n n

Canterbury 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 47 54

Chichester 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 16 17

Colchester 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 301 316

London 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 154 160

Silchester 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 14 16

St Albans 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 47 48

Winchester 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3

TOTAL 1 0 0 0 0 31 0 582 614

% All Glass Unguent

Containers 0% 5% 95%

60

Site TOTAL


Not

Reported

n n n n n n n n n

Canterbury 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Chichester 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 3

Colchester 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 16 20

London 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 7 8

Silchester 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

St Albans 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2

Winchester 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 1 1 6 0 0 0 0 26 34

% All Bronze Cosmetic

Grinders 3% 3% 18% 76%

Zoomorphic Types

Table 30-3. Frequency of Glass Unguent Containers by Zoomorphic Type and Site

Zoomorphic Types

Table 30-4. Frequency of Bronze Cosmetic Grinders by Zoomorphic Type and Site

Context TOTAL


Not

Reported

n n n n n n n n n

Domestic Bldgs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 13

Public Occup 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10

Grave 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 12 13

Cemetery Area 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Military Bldgs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Well 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 53

Other Features 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3

Unstrat/Residual 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 23

Not Reported 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6

TOTAL 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 120 121

61

Context TOTAL


Not

Reported

n n n n n n n n n

Domestic Bldgs 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 4

Public Occup 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3

Grave 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 36 40

Cemetery Area 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3


Well 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



Not Reported 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 32

TOTAL 1 0 0 0 3 0 3 83 90

Zoomorphic Types

Table 31-1. Frequency of Mirrors by Zoomorphic Type and Context

Zoomorphic Types

Table 31-2. Frequency of Combs, by Zoomorphic Type and Context

Context TOTAL


Not

Reported

n n n n n n n n n

Domestic Bldgs 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 151 156

Public Occup 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 102 108

Grave 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 52 55

Cemetery Area 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 15

Military Bldgs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10

Well 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Other Features 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 126 133


Not Reported 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 7

TOTAL 1 0 0 0 0 31 0 582 614

62

Context TOTAL


Not

Reported

n n n n n n n n n

Domestic Bldgs 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2

Public Occup 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Grave 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 3

Cemetery Area 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 5


Well 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



Not Reported 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 15 17

TOTAL 1 1 6 0 0 0 0 26 34

Zoomorphic Types

Table 31-3. Frequency of Glass Unguent Containers, by Zoomorphic Type and Context

Zoomorphic Types

Table 31-4. Frequency of Bronze Cosmetic Grinders, by Zoomorphic Type and Context

Material TOTAL


Not

Reported

n n n n n n n n n

Speculum 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 80 81

Glass 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

Silver/Bronze 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Not Reported 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 37

TOTAL 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 120 121

63

Material TOTAL


Not

Reported

n n n n n n n n n

Wood 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 29

Bone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 33

Antler 1 0 0 0 3 0 3 20 27

Ivory 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Not Reported 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 1 0 0 0 3 0 3 83 90

Zoomorphic Types

Table 32-1. Frequency of Mirrors, by Zoomorphic Type and Material

Zoomorphic Types

Table 32-2. Frequency of Combs, by Zoomorphic Type and Material

Form TOTAL


Not

Reported

n n n n n n n n n

Circular 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 37 38

Rectangular 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 13

Not Reported 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 70

TOTAL 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 120 121

64

Form TOTAL


Not

Reported

n n n n n n n n n

Single Piece 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4

Composite Piece 1 0 0 0 3 0 3 42 49

Not Reported 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 37

TOTAL 1 0 0 0 3 0 3 83 90

Zoomorphic Types

Table 33-1. Frequency of Mirrors, by Zoomorphic Type and Form

Zoomorphic Types

Table 33-2. Frequency of Combs, by Zoomorphic Type and Form

Form TOTAL


Not

Reported

n n n n n n n n n

Mortar 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 13 18

Pestle 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9

Sets ** 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 4 7

TOTAL 1 1 6 0 0 0 0 26 34

** In the Sets it is only the Mortar that shows the Zoomorphic Type

65

Zoomorphic Types

Table 33-4. Frequency of Bronze Cosmetic Grinders, by Zoomorphic Type and Form

Object Type TOTAL


Not

Reported

n n n n n n n n n

Handle 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 12 13

Box Lid 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Not Reported 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 107 107

TOTAL 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 120 121

66

Object Type TOTAL


Not

Reported

n n n n n n n n n

Single-Sided 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 6 7

Double-Sided 1 0 0 0 2 0 3 48 54

Not Reported 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 29

TOTAL 1 0 0 0 3 0 3 83 90

Zoomorphic Types

Table 34-1. Frequency of Mirrors, by Zoomorphic Type and Object Type

Zoomorphic Types

Table 34-2. Frequency of Combs, by Zoomorphic Type and Object Type

Dates TOTAL


Not

Reported

n n n n n n n n n

LIA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

LIA/ERB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6

LIA/RB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ERB 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 42 43

RB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 18

LRB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10


Not Reported 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 27

TOTAL 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 120 121

67

Dates TOTAL


Not

Reported

n n n n n n n n n

LIA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

LIA/ERB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

LIA/RB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ERB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

RB 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 4

LRB 1 0 0 0 3 0 2 42 48


Not Reported 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 33

TOTAL 1 0 0 0 3 0 3 83 90

Zoomorphic Types

Table 35-1. Frequency of Mirrors, by Zoomorphic Type and Date

Zoomorphic Types

Table 35-2. Frequency of Combs, by Zoomorphic Type and Date

Dates TOTAL


Not

Reported

n n n n n n n n n

LIA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

LIA/ERB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

LIA/RB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

ERB 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 234 241

RB 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 116 122

LRB 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 97 105


Not Reported 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 11 13

TOTAL 1 0 0 0 0 31 0 582 614

68

Dates TOTAL


Not

Reported

n n n n n n n n n

LIA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

LIA/ERB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

LIA/RB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ERB 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 4

RB 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 7

LRB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1


Not Reported 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 18 21

TOTAL 1 1 6 0 0 0 0 26 34

Zoomorphic Types

Table 35-3. Frequency of Glass Unguent Containers, by Zoomorphic Type and Date

Zoomorphic Types

Table 35-4. Frequency of Bronze Cosmetic Grinders, by Zoomorphic Type and Date

Site TOTAL

Coloured Colourless

Not

Reported

n n n n

Canterbury 42 6 6 54

Chichester 15 0 2 17


London 136 13 11 160

Silchester 15 1 0 16

St Albans 45 2 1 48

Winchester 2 0 1 3

TOTAL 544 46 24 614

Context TOTAL

Coloured Colourless

Not

Reported

n n n n



Grave 36 12 7 55



Well 1 0 0 1




TOTAL 544 46 24 614

Colour

Table 37-3. Frequency of Glass Unguent Containers,

by Colour and Context

Colour


by Colour and Site

69

Site Sub-Site Ung Cont Context Col C'less

Not

Reported

n n n n

Colchester St Mary's Hospital 3 Grave 0 0 3

Beverley Rd 2 Grave 2 0 0

Stanway 2 Grave 1 1 0

London 15-23 Southwark St 8 Other Features 8 0 0

Leadenhall Court 5 Other Features 5 0 0

15-23 Southwark St 4 Other Features 4 0 0

15-23 Southwark St 3 Domestic Bldgs 3 0 0


201-211 Borough High St 3 Other Features 3 0 0

Watling St 3 Grave 3 0 0

15-23 Southwark St 2 Other Features 2 0 0


15-23 Southwark St 2 Grave 2 0 0

Leadenhall Court 2 Domestic Bldgs 2 0 0


Leadenhall Court 2 Other Features 2 0 0


199 Borough High St 2 Other Features 2 0 0

199 Borough High St 2 Other Features 1 1 0

Eastern Cemetery 2 Grave 2 0 0

Eastern Cemetery 2 Grave 1 1 0

106-114 Borough High St 2 Domestic Bldgs 2 0 0

Watling St 2 Grave 1 1 0

Spitalfield 2 Grave 0 2 0

Silchester Forum Basilica 2 Domestic Bldgs 2 0 0

Forum Basilica 2 Domestic Bldgs 2 0 0



St Albans Lower Slope, Folly Lane 3 Grave 3 0 0

Table 38-3. Multiple Depositions of Glass Unguent Containers, by Colour,

Site, Sub-site and Context

70

Zoomorphic Type TOTAL

Coloured Colourless

Not

Reported

n n n n

Bird 1 0 0 1

Cat 0 0 0 0

Cattle 0 0 0 0

Dragon 0 0 0 0

Horse 0 0 0 0

Marine 27 0 4 31

Animal 0 0 0 0


TOTAL 544 46 24 614

Date TOTAL

Coloured Colourless

Not

Reported

n n n n

LIA 0 0 0 0

LIA/ERB 2 0 0 2

LIA/RB 1 1 0 2

ERB 223 12 6 241

RB 103 10 9 122

LRB 91 13 1 105



TOTAL 544 46 24 614

Colour


by Colour and Zoomorphic Type

Colour


by Colour and Date

71

Site TOTAL

Yes No

n n n

Canterbury 0 2 2

Chichester 0 2 2

Colchester 0 10 10

London 1 36 37

Silchester 0 1 1

St Albans 0 0 0

Winchester 0 38 38

TOTAL 1 89 90

Site TOTAL

Yes No

n n n

Canterbury 0 54 54

Chichester 2 15 17

Colchester 0 316 316

London 3 157 160

Silchester 0 16 16

St Albans 0 48 48

Winchester 0 3 3

TOTAL 5 609 614

Stamped

Table 41-2. Frequency of Combs,

Stamped and Site

Stamped

Table 41-3. Frequency of Glass

Unguent Containers, Stamped and

Site

72

Context TOTAL

Yes No

n n n

Domestic Bldgs 0 4 4

Public Occup 0 3 3

Grave 0 40 40

Cemetery Area 0 3 3

Military Bldgs 0 0 0

Well 0 0 0

Other Features 0 5 5

Unstrat/Residual 0 3 3

Not Reported 1 31 32

TOTAL 1 89 90

Context TOTAL

Yes No

n n n


Public Occup 0 108 108

Grave 2 53 55

Cemetery Area 0 15 15


Well 0 1 1



Not Reported 1 6 7

TOTAL 5 609 614

Stamped

Table 42-2. Frequency of Combs, Stamped

and Context

Stamped

Table 42-3. Frequency of Glass Unguent

Containers, Stamped and Context

73

Material TOTAL

Yes No

n n n

Wood 1 28 29

Bone 0 33 33

Antler 0 27 27

Ivory 0 1 1

Not Reported 0 0 0

TOTAL 1 89 90

Form TOTAL

Yes No

n n n

Single Piece 0 4 4

Composite Piece 0 49 49


TOTAL 1 89 90

Type TOTAL

Yes No

n n n

Single-Sided 0 7 7

Double-Sided 1 53 54


TOTAL 1 89 90

Stamped


and Type

Stamped


and Material

Stamped


and Form

74


Yes No

n n n

Bird 0 1 1

Cat 0 0 0

Cattle 0 0 0

Dragon 0 0 0

Horse 0 3 3

Marine 0 0 0

Animal 0 3 3


TOTAL 1 89 90


Yes No

n n n

Bird 0 1 1

Cat 0 0 0

Cattle 0 0 0

Dragon 0 0 0

Horse 0 0 0

Marine 0 31 31

Animal 0 0 0


TOTAL 5 609 614

Stamped


and Zoomorphic Type

Stamped


Containers, Stamped and Zoomorphic

Type

75

Colour TOTAL

Yes No

n n n

Coloured 3 541 544

Colourless 0 46 46


TOTAL 5 609 614

Stamped


Containers, Stamped and Coloured

76

Date TOTAL

Yes No

n n n

LIA 0 0 0

LIA/ERB 0 0 0

LIA/RB 0 0 0

ERB 0 2 2

RB 0 4 4

LRB 0 48 48



TOTAL 1 89 90

Date TOTAL

Yes No

n n n

LIA 0 0 0

LIA/ERB 0 2 2

LIA/RB 0 2 2

ERB 2 239 241

RB 2 120 122

LRB 0 105 105



TOTAL 5 609 614


Containers, Stamped and Date

Stamped


and Date

Stamped

77

Site

n % n % n % n % n % n %

Canterbury 4 24% 1 25% 0% 0% 0 0% 8 8% 13 11%

Chichester 0 0% 0 0% 0% 0% 0 0% 10 10% 10 8%

Colchester 4 24% 1 25% 0% 0% 0 0% 7 7% 12 10%

London 7 41% 0 0% 0% 0% 1 100% 45 45% 53 44%

Silchester 0 0% 1 25% 0% 0% 0 0% 2 2% 3 2%

St Albans 2 12% 1 25% 0% 0% 0 0% 20 20% 23 19%

Winchester 0 0% 0 0% 0% 0% 0 0% 7 7% 7 6%

TOTAL 17 100% 4 100% 0% 0% 1 100% 99 100% 121 100%

% All Mirrors 14% 3% 0% 1% 82%

78

Site

n % n % n % n % n % n %

Canterbury 1 11% 1 11% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 2 2%

Chichester 1 11% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 2% 2 2%

Colchester 1 11% 3 33% 3 33% 0 0% 3 5% 7 9%

London 0 0% 0 0% 1 11% 0 0% 36 57% 36 44%

Silchester 0 0% 1 11% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 1%

St Albans 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

Winchester 6 67% 4 44% 5 56% 0 0% 23 37% 33 41%

TOTAL 9 100% 9 100% 9 100% 0 0% 63 100% 81 100%

% All Combs 10% 10% 10% 0% 70%

Table 49-2. Frequency of Combs, by Decoration and Site

Decoration TOTAL

Circular Abstract Pictorial No Dec/Not ReportedCirc + Abstract

Table 49-1. Frequency of Mirrors, by Decoration and Site

Decoration TOTAL


Site

n % n % n % n % n % n %

Canterbury 5 26% 1 3% 0 0% 1 33% 47 8% 54 9%

Chichester 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 17 3% 17 3%

Colchester 8 42% 26 79% 3 50% 2 67% 277 50% 316 51%

London 2 11% 0 0% 1 17% 0 0% 157 28% 160 26%

Silchester 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 16 3% 16 3%

St Albans 4 21% 6 18% 2 33% 0 0% 36 7% 48 8%

Winchester 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 3 1% 3 0%

TOTAL 19 100% 33 100% 6 100% 3 100% 553 100% 614 100%

% All Glass Unguent

Containers

3% 5% 1% 0% 90%

79

Site

n % n % n % n % n % n %

Canterbury 0 0% 1 8% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 3%

Chichester 0 0% 1 8% 0 0% 0 0% 2 9% 3 9%

Colchester 0 0% 7 58% 0 0% 0 0% 13 59% 20 59%

London 0 0% 2 17% 0 0% 0 0% 6 27% 8 24%

Silchester 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

St Albans 0 0% 1 8% 0 0% 0 0% 1 5% 2 6%

Winchester 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

TOTAL 0 0% 12 100% 0 0% 0 0% 22 100% 34 100%

% All Bronze Cosmetic

Grinders

0% 35% 0% 0% 65%

Table 49-4. Frequency of Bronze Cosmetic Grinders, by Decoration and Site

Table 49-3. Frequency of Glass Unguent Containers, by Decoration and Site

Decoration TOTAL


Decoration TOTAL


Context

n % n % n % n % n % n %

Domestic Bldgs 2 12% 1 25% 0 0% 0 0% 6 6% 9 7%

Public Occup 2 12% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 3 3% 5 4%

Grave 5 29% 1 25% 0 0% 1 100% 26 26% 33 27%

Cemetery Area 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 3 3% 3 2%

Military Bldgs 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

Well 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 1% 1 1%

Other Features 6 35% 2 50% 0 0% 0 0% 25 25% 33 27%


Not Reported 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 21 21% 21 17%

TOTAL 17 100% 4 100% 0 0% 1 100% 99 100% 121 100%

80

Context

n % n % n % n % n % n %

Domestic Bldgs 0 0% 1 11% 1 11% 0 0% 2 3% 4 4%

Public Occup 1 11% 1 11% 0 0% 0 0% 1 2% 3 3%

Grave 8 89% 3 33% 6 67% 0 0% 23 37% 40 44%

Cemetery Area 0 0% 0 0% 1 11% 0 0% 2 3% 3 3%

Military Bldgs 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

Well 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

Other Features 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 5 8% 5 6%


Not Reported 0 0% 3 33% 1 11% 0 0% 28 44% 32 36%

TOTAL 9 100% 9 100% 9 100% 0 0% 63 100% 90 100%

Table 50-2. Frequency of Combs, by Decoration and Context

Decorated TOTAL


Table 50-1. Frequency of Mirrors, by Decoration and Context

Decorated TOTAL


Context

n % n % n % n % n % n %

Domestic Bldgs 5 26% 11 33% 3 50% 1 33% 136 25% 156 25%

Public Occup 3 16% 8 24% 0 0% 0 0% 97 18% 108 18%

Grave 3 16% 4 12% 1 17% 0 0% 47 8% 55 9%

Cemetery Area 1 5% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 14 3% 15 2%

Military Bldgs 0 0% 1 3% 0 0% 0 0% 9 2% 10 2%

Well 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 0% 1 0%

Other Features 3 16% 2 6% 1 17% 1 33% 126 23% 133 22%


Not Reported 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 7 1% 7 1%

TOTAL 19 79% 33 100% 6 100% 3 100% 553 100% 614 100%

81

Context

n % n % n % n % n % n %

Domestic Bldgs 0 0% 1 8% 0 0% 0 0% 1 5% 2 6%

Public Occup 0 0% 1 8% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 3%

Grave 0 0% 2 17% 0 0% 0 0% 1 5% 3 9%

Cemetery Area 0 0% 2 17% 0 0% 0 0% 3 14% 5 15%

Military Bldgs 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

Well 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

Other Features 0 0% 1 8% 0 0% 0 0% 5 23% 6 18%


Not Reported 0 0% 5 42% 0 0% 0 0% 12 55% 17 50%

TOTAL 0 0% 12 100% 0 0% 0 0% 22 100% 34 100%

Table 50-4. Frequency of Bronze Cosmetic Grinders, by Decoration and Context

Table 50-3. Frequency of Glass Unguent Containers, by Decoration and Context

Decorated TOTAL


Decorated TOTAL


Site Mirrors Context TOTAL

Circular Abstract

Circ +

Abstract Pictorial

No Dec/ Not

Reported

n n n n n n n

London 2 Grave 1 0 0 0 1 2



Winchester 2 Grave 0 0 0 0 2 2

St Albans 2 Other Features 0 0 0 0 2 2

St Albans 2 Other Features 0 0 0 0 2 2

TOTAL 12

82

Site Combs Context TOTAL

Circular Abstract

Circ +

Abstract Pictorial

No Dec/ Not

Reported

n n n n n n n

London 2 Not Reported 0 0 0 0 2 2

London 2 Not Reported 0 0 0 0 2 2

TOTAL 4

Decorated

Table 51-1. Multiple Depositions of Mirrors, by Decoration, Site and Context

Decorated

Table 51-2. Multiple Depositions of Combs, by Decoration, Site and Context

Site Flasks Context TOTAL

Circular Abstract

Circ +

Abstract Pictorial

No Dec/ Not

Reported

n n n n n n n

Colchester 3 Grave 0 0 0 0 3 3

2 Grave 0 0 0 0 2 2

2 Grave 0 0 0 0 2 2

London 8 Other Features 0 0 0 0 8 8

5 Other Features 0 0 0 0 5 5


3 Domestic Bldgs 0 0 0 0 3 3



3 Grave 0 0 0 0 3 3



2 Grave 0 0 0 0 2 2







2 Grave 0 0 0 0 2 2

2 Grave 0 0 0 0 2 2


2 Grave 0 0 0 0 2 2

2 Grave 0 0 1 0 1 2

Silchester 2 Domestic Bldgs 0 0 0 0 2 2




St Albans 3 Grave 0 0 0 0 3 3

TOTAL 75

Decorated

Table 51-3. Multiple Depositions of Glass Unguent Containers, by Decoration,

Site and Context

83

Material TOTAL

Circular Abstract

Circ +

Abstract Pictorial

No Dec/

Not

Reported

n n n n n n

Speculum 13 4 0 1 63 81

Glass 0 0 0 0 2 2

Silver/Bronze 0 0 0 0 1 1

Not Reported 4 0 0 0 33 37

TOTAL 17 4 0 1 99 121

Material TOTAL

Circular Abstract

Circ +

Abstract Pictorial

No Dec/

Not

Reported

n n n n n n

Wood 0 3 0 0 26 29

Bone 6 1 2 0 24 33

Antler 3 5 7 0 12 27

Ivory 0 0 0 0 1 1


TOTAL 9 9 9 0 63 90

Decoration

Table 52-1. Frequency of Mirrors, by Decoration and Material

Decoration

Table 52-2. Frequency of Combs, by Decoration and Material

84

Form TOTAL

Circular Abstract

Circ +

Abstract Pictorial

No Dec/

Not

Reported

n n n n n n

Circular 15 4 0 1 18 38

Rectangular 0 0 0 0 13 13


TOTAL 17 4 0 1 99 121

Table 53-1. Frequency of Mirrors, by Decoration and Form

Form TOTAL

Circular Abstract

Circ +

Abstract Pictorial

No Dec/

Not

Reported

n n n n n n

Single Piece 0 1 1 0 2 4

Composite Piece 8 6 8 0 27 49


TOTAL 9 9 9 0 63 90

Table 53-2. Frequency of Combs, by Decoration and Form

Form TOTAL

Circular Abstract

Circ +

Abstract Pictorial

No Dec/

Not

Reported

n n n n n n

Mortar 0 7 0 0 11 18

Pestle 0 0 0 0 9 9

Sets ** 0 5 0 0 2 7

TOTAL 0 12 0 0 22 34

** There is one Set with Abstract Decoration on both Mortar and Pestle, and four Sets where

the Abstract Decoration is only on the Mortar

Decoration

Decoration

Decoration

Table 53-4. Frequency of Bronze Cosmetic Grinders, by Decoration and

Form

85

Type TOTAL

Circular Abstract

Circ +

Abstract Pictorial

No Dec/

Not

Reported

n n n n n n

Handle 3 2 0 0 8 13

Box Lid 0 0 0 1 0 1

Total 3 2 0 1 8 14

Not Reported 107

Total 121

Type TOTAL

Circular Abstract

Circ +

Abstract Pictorial

No

Dec/Not

Reported

n n n n n n

Single-Sided 1 0 3 0 3 7

Double-Sided 8 6 6 0 34 54

TOTAL 9 6 9 0 37 61

Not Reported 29

Total 90

Decoration

Table 54-1. Frequency of Mirrors, by Decoration and Type

Decoration

Table 54-2. Frequency of Combs, by Decoration and Type

86


Circular Abstract

Circ +

Abstract Pictorial

No Dec/

Not

Reported

n n n n n n

Bird 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cat 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cattle 0 0 0 0 0 0

Dragon 0 0 0 0 1 1

Horse 0 0 0 0 0 0

Marine 0 0 0 0 0 0

Animal 0 0 0 0 0 0

Not Reported 17 4 0 1 98 120

TOTAL 17 4 0 1 99 121


Circular Abstract

Circ +

Abstract Pictorial

No Dec/

Not

Reported

n n n n n n

Bird 0 0 0 0 1 1

Cat 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cattle 0 0 0 0 0 0

Dragon 0 0 0 0 0 0

Horse 1 0 2 0 0 3

Marine 0 0 0 0 0 0

Animal 0 1 2 0 0 3


TOTAL 9 9 9 0 63 90

Decoration

Table 55-1. Frequency of Mirrors, by Decoration and Zoomorphic Type

Decoration

Table 55-2. Frequency of Combs, by Decoration and Zoomorphic Type

87


Circular Abstract

Circ +

Abstract Pictorial

No Dec/

Not

Reported

n n n n n n

Bird 0 0 0 0 1 1

Cat 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cattle 0 0 0 0 0 0

Dragon 0 0 0 0 0 0

Horse 0 0 0 0 0 0

Marine 1 2 0 0 28 31

Animal 0 0 0 0 0 0

Not Reported 18 31 6 3 524 582

TOTAL 19 33 6 3 553 614


Circular Abstract

Circ +

Abstract Pictorial

No Dec/

Not

Reported

n n n n n n

Bird 0 0 0 0 1 1

Cat 0 1 0 0 0 1

Cattle 0 4 0 0 2 6

Dragon 0 0 0 0 0 0

Horse 0 0 0 0 0 0

Marine 0 0 0 0 0 0

Animal 0 0 0 0 0 0


TOTAL 0 12 0 0 22 34

Decoration

Table 55-3. Frequency of Glass Unguent Containers, by Decoration and

Zoomorphic Type

Decoration


Zoomorphic Type

88

Colour TOTAL

Circular Abstract

Circ +

Abstract Pictorial

No Dec/

Not

Reported

n n n n n n

Coloured 15 30 3 3 493 544

Colourless 3 3 3 0 37 46


TOTAL 19 33 6 3 553 614

Decoration


Colour

89

Stamped TOTAL

Circular Abstract

Circ +

Abstract Pictorial

No Dec/

Not

Reported

n n n n n n

Yes 0 0 0 0 1 1

No 9 9 9 0 62 89

TOTAL 9 9 9 0 63 90

Stamped TOTAL

Circular Abstract

Circ +

Abstract Pictorial

No Dec/

Not

Reported

n n n n n n

Yes 0 0 0 0 5 5

No 19 33 6 3 548 609

TOTAL 19 33 6 3 553 614

Decoration

Table 57-2. Frequency of Combs, by Decoration and Stamp

Decoration


Stamp

90

Dates TOTAL

Circular Abstract

Circ +

Abstract Pictorial

No Dec/

Not

Recorded

n n n n n n

LIA 0 0 0 0 1 1

LIA/ERB 0 1 0 0 5 6

LIA/RB 0 0 0 0 0 0

ERB 10 2 0 1 30 43

RB 4 0 0 0 14 18

LRB 1 0 0 0 9 10

Unstrat/Residual 2 0 0 0 14 16


TOTAL 17 4 0 1 99 121

Dates TOTAL

Circular Abstract

Circ +

Abstract Pictorial

No Dec/

Not

Recorded

n n n n n n

LIA 0 0 0 0 0 0

LIA/ERB 0 0 0 0 0 0

LIA/RB 0 0 0 0 0 0

ERB 0 0 0 0 2 2

RB 0 1 0 0 3 4

LRB 9 4 8 0 27 48



TOTAL 9 9 9 0 63 90

Decoration

Table 58-1. Frequency of Mirrors, by Decoration and Context Dates

Decoration

Table 58-2. Frequency of Combs, by Decoration and Context Dates

91

Dates TOTAL

Circular Abstract

Circ +

Abstract Pictorial

No Dec/

Not

Recorded

n n n n n n

LIA 0 0 0 0 0 0

LIA/ERB 1 0 0 0 1 2

LIA/RB 0 0 0 0 2 2

ERB 5 11 2 1 222 241

RB 1 8 0 1 112 122

LRB 7 6 3 0 89 105



TOTAL 19 33 6 3 553 614

Dates TOTAL

Circular Abstract

Circ +

Abstract Pictorial

No Dec/

Not

Recorded

n n n n n n

LIA 0 0 0 0 0 0

LIA/ERB 0 0 0 0 1 1

LIA/RB 0 0 0 0 0 0

ERB 0 2 0 0 2 4

RB 0 4 0 0 3 7

LRB 0 0 0 0 1 1



TOTAL 0 12 0 0 22 34

Decoration


Context Dates

Decoration


Context Dates

92

Site Total

Frames Covers

n n n

Canterbury 0 0 0

Chichester 1 2 3

Colchester 0 0 0

London 0 1 1

Silchester 0 0 0

St Albans 0 0 0

Winchester 3 0 3

Total 4 3 7

Not Reported 114

TOTAL 121

Context Total

Frames Covers

n n n


Public Occup 0 0 0

Grave 4 2 6

Cemetery Area 0 0 0


Well 0 0 0



Not Reported 0 1 1

Total 4 3 7

Not Reported 114

TOTAL 121

Table 60-1. Frequency of Mirrors, by Covers

and Cases, and Context

Covers & Cases


and Cases, and Site

Covers & Cases

93


Frames Covers

n n n

London 2 Grave 0 0

London 2 Grave 0 0

London 2 Grave 0 0

Winchester 2 Grave 1 0

St Albans 2 Other Features 0 0

St Albans 2 Discard Area 0 0

TOTAL 12

Covers and Cases

Table 61-1. Multiple Depositions of Mirrors by

Covers and Cases, Site and Context

94

Material Total

Frames Covers

n n n

Speculum 4 3 7

Glass 0 0 0

Silver/Bronze 0 0 0

Not Reported 0 0 0

Total 4 3 7

Not Reported 114

TOTAL 121

Form Total

Frames Covers

n n n

Cirular 1 0 1

Rectangle 3 2 5

Not Reported 0 1 1

Total 4 3 7

Not Reported 114

TOTAL 121

Type Total

Frames Covers

n n n

Handles 1 0 1

Box Lid 0 0 0

Not Reported 3 3 6

Total 4 3 7

Not Reported 114

TOTAL 121

Covers & Cases


and Cases, and Type

Covers & Cases


and Cases, and Material

Covers & Cases


and Cases, and Form

95

Decoration Total

Frames Covers

n n n

Circular 0 0 0

Abstract 0 0 0

Pictorial 0 0 0

No Decoration 4 3 7

Total 4 3 7

Not Reported 114

TOTAL 121

Date Total

Frames Covers

n n n

LIA 0 0 0

LIA/ERB 0 0 0

LIA/RB 0 0 0

ERB 3 1 4

RB 1 1 2

LRB 0 0 0


Not Reported 0 1 1

Total 4 3 7

Not Reported 114

TOTAL 121

Covers & Cases


and Cases, and Decoration

Covers & Cases


and Cases, and Context Dates

96

97

APPENDIX 2

DATA-SET REFERENCES

Site name Sub-site Region Site

Period*

Data-Set References

Canterbury 41, St George's

Street

Kent MP Blockley, P., 1988. Excavations at 41, St

George's Street, Canterbury, 1985.

Archaeologia Cantiana, 106, 59-155.

Canterbury 5, New Street, St.

Dunstan's

Kent RB Taylor, M., 1985. 5, New Street, St.

Dunstan's. Archaeologia Cantiana, 102,

247-248.

Canterbury Area Y, Burgate

Street

Kent MP Charlesworth D. and Price, A. J., 1987.

The Roman and Saxon glass. In: Frere, S.

S., Bennett, P., Rady, J. and Stow, S., eds.

Canterbury excavations: intra-and extra-

mural sites, 1949-55 and 1980-84.

Volume VIII. Maidstone: Canterbury

Archaeological Trust, 220-231.

Canterbury Cakebread Robey Kent RB Jackson, R., 1985. Cosmetic sets from late

Iron Age and Roman Britain. Britannia,

16, 165-192.

Canterbury Castle (CXXIV)

Castle Trench III





mural sites, 1949-55 and 1980-84.



Canterbury Church Lane Kent MP Frere, S. S., Stow, S. and Bennett, P.,

1982. Excavations on the Roman and

Medieval Defences of Canterbury.

Maidstone: Canterbury Archaeology Trust.

Canterbury Cranmer House,

London Road

Kent MP Frere, S. S., Bennett, P., Rady, J. and

Stow, S., 1987. Canterbury excavations:

intra-and extra-mural sites, 1949-55 and

1980-84. Volume VIII. Maidstone:

Canterbury Archaeological Trust.

Canterbury Defences 90ft

South of the

Riding Gate

Kent RB Frere, S. S., Stow, S. and Bennett, P.,

1982. Excavations on the Roman and

Medieval Defences of Canterbury.

Maidstone: Canterbury Archaeology Trust.

Canterbury Land adjacent to

nos 10-16

Wincheap

Kent MP Shand, G., 2003. Land adjacent to nos 10-

16, Wincheap. Canterbury's Archaeology,

2002-2003, 16-17.

98

Canterbury Linacre Garden Kent MP Driver, J. C., Rady, J. and Sparks, M.,

1990. Excavations in the cathedral

precincts, 2, Linacre Gardens, 'Meister

Omers' and St Gabriel's Chapel.

Maidstone: Canterbury Archaeological

Trust.

Canterbury Sessions House,

Longport

Kent MP Keppie, L. J. F., Esmonde Cleary, A. S.,

Hassall, M. W. C., Tomlin, R. S. O. and

Burnham, B. C., 1998. Roman Britain

1997. Britannia, 29, 431.

Canterbury Marlowe Car

Park

Kent MP Blockley, K., Blockley, M., Blockley, P.,

Frere, S. and Stow, S., 1995. Excavations

in the Marlowe Car Park and surrounding

areas. Volume V. Part II: the finds.


Trust.

Canterbury Rosemary Lane

Car Park

Kent MP Bennett, P., Frere, S. S. and Stow, S.,

1982. Excavations at Canterbury Castle.

Volume I. Maidstone: Canterbury

Archaeological Trust.

Canterbury St Augustine's

Abbey

Kent

RB

Lloyd-Morgan, G., 1984. Some mirrors

from Roman Canterbury. Archaeologia

Cantiana, 99, 231-236.

Sherlock, D. and Woods, H., 1988. St

Augustine's Abbey: the report on

excavations, 1960-78. Maidstone: Kent

Archaeological Society.

Canterbury St Dunstan's

Terrace

Kent RB Diack, M., 2002. St Dunstan's Terrace.

Canterbury's Archaeology, 2001-2002, 14-

17.

Canterbury Site near to St

Edmunds Church

Kent RB Lloyd-Morgan, G., 1984. Some mirrors


Cantiana, 99, 231-236.

Canterbury St Gabriel's

Chapel

Kent MP Driver, J. C., Rady, J. and Sparks, M.,

1990. Excavations in the cathedral

precincts, 2, Linacre Gardens, 'Meister

Omers' and St Gabriel's Chapel.


Trust.

Canterbury St George Street

Bath-Building





mural sites, 1949-55 and 1980-84.



99

Canterbury St George's

Church

Kent MP Canterbury Archaeology Trust, 1992. The

Canterbury Lane trench, St George's

Church. Archaeologia Cantiana, 110, 361-

362.

Canterbury St George's Lane Kent MP Charlesworth D. and Price, A. J., 1987.




mural sites, 1949-55 and 1980-84.



Canterbury St George's Street Kent MP Charlesworth D. and Price, A. J., 1987.




mural sites, 1949-55 and 1980-84.



Canterbury St John's Lane Kent MP Frere, S. S., Bennett, P., Rady, J. and

Stow, S., 1987. Canterbury excavations:

intra-and extra-mural sites, 1949-55 and

1980-84. Volume VIII. Maidstone:

Canterbury Archaeological Trust.

Canterbury South-west Angle

of Canterbury

Town Wall,

Westgate

Gardens

Kent RB Johns, C. M., and Potter, T. W., 1985. The

Canterbury Late Roman Treasure.

Antiquaries Journal, 65, Part II, 312-352.

Canterbury The Apsed

Building





mural sites, 1949-55 and 1980-84.



Canterbury West Side of

Canterbury Lane

Kent RB Charlesworth D. and Price, A. J., 1987.




mural sites, 1949-55 and 1980-84.



Canterbury

Westgate Court

Farm

Kent

MP

Lloyd-Morgan, G., 1984. Some mirrors


Cantiana, 99, 231-236.

Bennett, P., 1982. Old Westgate Court

Farm site. Canterbury Archaeological

Trust Annual Report, 1981-1982, 11-12.

100

Canterbury Wincheap

roundabout,

Canterbury

Castle, Martyrs

Field

Kent MP Anderson, A. and Blockley, P. 1987.

Station Road East. Canterbury's

Archaeology, 1986-7, 20.

Chichester Cattlemarket West

Sussex

RB Down, A., 1989. Chichester Excavations

6. Chichester: Phillimore.

Chichester Central Car Park

David Greig

West

Sussex

MP Down, A., 1974. Chichester Excavations


Chichester Central Girls

School and

Clemens Yard,

North-West

Quadrant

West

Sussex



Chichester Chapel Street

NW Quadrant

West

Sussex



Chichester City Walls West

Walls

West

Sussex

MP Down, A. and Magilton, J., 1993.

Chichester Excavations 8. Chichester:

Chichester District Council.

Chichester County Hall West

Sussex



Chichester East Pallant

House

West

Sussex



Chichester Eastgate

Needlemakers

West

Sussex



Chichester Gospel Hall Site

North-West

Quadrant

West

Sussex



Chichester Purchase's

Garden and land

rear of Chapel St

North-West

Quadrant

West

Sussex



Chichester St Pancras West

Sussex

MP Down, A. and Rule, M., 1971. Chichester

Excavations 1. Chichester: Chichester

Civic Society Excavations Committee

Chichester Theological

College Westgate

West

Sussex

MP Down, A. and Magilton, J., 1993.

Chichester Excavations 8. Chichester:

Chichester District Council.

Chichester Tower Street Car

Park North-West

Quadrant

West

Sussex



101

Colchester 21-31, Long

Wyre Street

Essex MP Brooks, H., 2004. Excavations at 21-31

Long Wyre Street, Colchester, Essex, in

1998. In: Crummy, P., ed. Journal of the

Colchester Archaeological Trust.

Colchester: Colchester Archaeological

Trust, 26-52.

Colchester 32-34, Lexden

Road, Sovereign

Crescent

Essex RB Esmonde Cleary, A. S., 1999. Britannia,

30, 353.

Colchester Abbey Field Essex LIA/ERB Crossan, C., 2001. Roman burial ground.

Cremation cemetery under a sports field.

The Colchester Archaeologist, 14, 5-7.

Colchester Angel Yard Essex MP Shimmin, D. and Carter, G., 1996.

Excavations at Angel Yard, High Street,

Colchester, 1986 and 1989. Essex

Archaeology and History, 27, 35-83.

Colchester Area J1, North of

the Colchester

Garrison.

Essex RB Jackson, R., 2006. Colchester, cosmetic

sets and context. In: Ottaway, P., ed. A

victory celebration: papers on the

archaeology of Colchester. Colchester:

Friends of Colchester Archaeological

Trust, 105-112.

Colchester Balkerne Gardens Essex MP Cool, H. E. M. and Price, J., 1995.

Colchester archaeological report 8.

Roman vessel glass from excavations in

Colchester, 1971-1985. Colchester:


Colchester Balkerne Lane Essex ERB/LRB Crummy, N., 1983. Colchester

archaeological report 2: The Roman small

finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-

9. Colchester: Colchester Archaeological

Trust.

Colchester Beverley Road,

Lexden

Essex RB Eckardt, C., 1999. The Colchester 'child's

grave'. Britannia, 30, 57-90.

Colchester Butt Road Essex MP Crummy, N., 1983. Colchester

archaeological report 2. The Roman small



Trust.

Colchester Castle Park

Bowling Green

Essex RB Jackson, R., 1985. Cosmetic sets from late


16, 165-192.

Colchester Cemetery Area

Outside Balkerne

Gate.

Essex RB Jackson, R., 1985. Cosmetic sets from late


16, 165-192.

102

Colchester Colchester Lead

Coffin Grave.

Essex

RB

Price, J. and Cottam, S., 1998. Romano-

British glass vessels: a handbook. York:

Council for British Archaeology.

Brailsford, J. W., 1958. Guide to the

antiquities of Roman Britain. London:

Trustees of the British Museum.

Colchester Crouched Friars Essex MP Crummy, N., 1985. Report on the small

finds from Crouched Friars, Colchester.

Colchester Archaeological Group Annual

Bulletin, 28, 36-39.

Colchester Culver Street Essex MP Cool, H. E. M. and Price, J., 1995.





Colchester Cups Hotel Essex MP Crummy, N., 1983. Colchester




Trust.

Colchester Hyderabad

Barracks

Essex LIA/RB Sealey, P. R., 2006. Two new decorated

Iron Age mirror finds from Essex. In:

Ottaway, P., ed. A victory celebration:

papers on the archaeology of Colchester.

Colchester: Friends of Colchester


Colchester Lexden Essex LIA/ERB Orr, K. and Crummy, P., 2004. New light

on an old problem. The Colchester

Archaeologist, 17, 2-7.

Colchester Lion Walk Essex MP Crummy, N., 1983. Colchester



9. Colchester, Colchester Archaeological

Trust Ltd.

Colchester Long Wyre Street Essex MP Crummy, N., 1983. Colchester




Trust.

Colchester Maldon Road Essex MP Crummy, N., 1983. Colchester




Trust.

Colchester Middleborough Essex MP Crummy, N., 1983. Colchester




Trust.

103

Colchester Near Balkerne

Lane.

Essex RB Portable Antiquities Scheme online

Colchester Not reported Essex LIA/RB Jackson, R., 1985. Cosmetic sets from late


16, 165-192.

Colchester Osborne Street Essex MP Shimmin, D., 1994. Excavations at

Osborne Street, Colchester. Essex


Colchester Roman Theatre,

Gosbecks

Essex RB Dunnett, R., 1971. The excavation of the

Roman theatre at Gosbecks. Britannia, 2,

27-47.

Colchester Sheepen Essex LIA/ERB Niblett, R., 1985. Sheepen: an early

Roman industrial site at Camulodunum.

London: Council for British Archaeology

(Council for British Archaeology Research

Report 57).

Colchester Somerford, 147,

Lexden Road

Essex RB Brasier, M. D., 1985. Excavations at 147

Lexden Road, Colchester. Essex


Colchester St Mary's

Hospital

Essex

RB

Colchester Archaeology Trust, 2002.

Major excavations begin at St Mary’s

Hospital. The Colchester Archaeologist,

15, 10-15.

Crummy, N., 2006. Worshipping Mercury

on Balkerne Hill, Colchester. In: Ottaway,

P., ed. A victory celebration: papers on

the archaeology of Colchester.

Colchester: Friends of Colchester


Colchester Stanway Essex LIA/ERB Crummy, P., 1997. Colchester: the

Stanway burials. Current Archaeology,

153, 337-343.

Colchester The Gilberd

School

Essex MP Cool, H. E. M. and Price, J., 1995.





London

1 Poultry

City of

London

MP

London Archaeological Archive and

Research Centre online

Pugsley, P., 2003. Roman domestic wood

Oxford: Archaeopress (British

Archaeological Report International Series

1118).

http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/laarc

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104

London 10 Arthur Street City of

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MP London Archaeological Archive and


Frere, S. S., Hassall, M. W. C. and Tomlin,

R. S. O., 1986. Roman Britain 1985.

Britannia, 17, 407.

London 10 Milk Street

City of

London

MP



Perring, D., Roskams, S. and Allen, P.,

1991. Early development of Roman

London west of the Walbrook. The

archaeology of Roman London volume 2.

London: Museum of London and CBA.

(Council for British Archaeology Research

Report 70).

London 10-12 Copthall

Avenue

City of

London

RB



Schofield, J. and Maloney, C., 1998.

Archaeology in the City of London 1907-

1991. London: Museum of London.

London 11-11A Pudding

Lane

City of

London

MP



Bateman, N. and Milne, G., 1983. A

Roman harbour in London: excavations

and observations near Pudding Lane, City

of London 1979-82. Britannia, 14, 207-

226.

London 145-146

Leadenhall Street

City of

London

RB



Frere, S. S. and Tomlin, R. S. O., 1991.

Roman Britain 1990. Britannia, 22, 268.

London 1-6 Milk Street

City of

London

MP







London: Museum of London and Council

of British Archaeology (Council for

British Archaeology, Research Report 70).

London 168 Fenchurch

Street

City of

London

RB Dunwoodie, L., 2004. Pre-Boudiccan and

later activity on the site of the forum.

London: Museum of London Archaeology

Service.

105

London 1-7 Whittington

Avenue

City of

London

MP





London 20-30 Aldgate City of

London

MP Chapman, H. and Johnson, T., 1973.

Excavations at Aldgate and Bush Lane

House in the City of London, 1972.

Transactions of the London and Middlesex

Archaeological Society, 24, 1-73.

London 2-3 Cross Keys

Court

City of

London

MP


Research Centre online.



Britannia, 14, 311.

London 23-25 Austin

Friars

City of

London

RB






London 24-25

Ironmonger Lane

City of

London

MP







London: Museum of London and Council

for British Archaeology (Council of

British Archaeology Research Report 70).

London 24-30 West

Smithfield

City of

London

MP





London 25-51 St Mary

Axe, 9 Helen's

Place

City of

London

MP




Roman Britain 1990. Britannia, 22, 267-

268.

London 27-30 Lime

Street

City of

London

MP





Britannia, 16, 297.

106

London 274-280, 296-

306, Bishopsgate

City of

London

MP





London 28-34

Bishopsgate, 2-3

Crosby Square

City of

London

MP



Frere, S. S. Hassall, M. W. C. and Tomlin,


Britannia, 14, 311.

London 36-37 King Street

City of

London

MP



Rowsome, P., 1987. Roman street life.

Archaeology Today, 5, October, 22-25.

London 3-9 Newgate

Street

City of

London

MP Pitt, K., 2006. Roman and medieval

development south of Newgate. London:

Museum of London Archaeology Service.

London 4 Billiter

Street/34-35

Leadenhall Street

City of

London

MP Frere, S. S. and Tomlin, R. S. O., 1991.


London 41-46 King

William Street,

18-20 Fish Street

City of

London

RB Burnham, B. C., Keppie, L. J. F., Cleary,

A. S., Hassall, M.W.C. and Tomlin,

R.S.O., 1996. Roman Britain in 1995.

Britannia, 27, 427.

London 43 London Wall

City of

London

MP





Britannia, 16, 297.

London 48-50 Cannon

Street

City of

London

MP Boddington, A., 1979. Excavations at 48-

50 Cannon Street, City of London.



London 5-12 Fenchurch

Street, 1 Philpot

Lane

City of

London

MP



Hammer, F., 1985. Early Roman buildings

in Fenchurch Street. Popular

Archaeology, 6, 7-13.

London 55-61 Moorgate,

75-79 Coleman

Street

City of

London

MP





Britannia, 19, 463.

107

London 60 London Wall

City of

London

MP





266.

London 7-10 Foster Lane,

5-6 Rose and

Crown Court

City of

London

MP





Britannia, 14, 312.

London 7-12 Aldersgate

Street

City of

London

MP





Britannia, 16, 296.

London 71-77 Leadenhall

Street, 32-40

Mitre Street

City of

London

MP



Riviere, S., 1985. The Excavation at Mitre

Street. Popular Archaeology, 6 (12), 37-

41.

London 76 Cannon Street

City of

London

RB





Britannia, 18, 336.

London 76-86

Bishopsgate,

Angel Inn

City of

London

MP






London 8 Telegraph

Street

City of

London

MP






London 9-19

Throgmorton

Avenue

City of

London

RB





Britannia, 18, 336.

108

London Abacus House,

33-39 Gutter

Lane, 5-6 Carey

Lane

City of

London

MP






London Africa House, 42-

49 Leadenhall

Street

City of

London



Woods, D., Rhodes, M. and Dyson, T.,

1975. Africa House Sections, London

1973. Transactions of the London and

Middlesex Archaeological Society, 26,

252-259.

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of Winchester.

* Period

LIA Late Iron Age (circa 150 BC-AD 43)

LIA/ERB Late Iron Age and Early Romano-British (circa 150 BC-AD 199)

LIA/RB Late Iron Age and Romano-British (circa 150 BC-AD 450)

ERB Early Romano-British (circa AD 43-199)

RB Romano-British (circa AD 43-450)

LRB Late Romano-British (circa AD 200-450)

MP Multi-period

120

Appendix 3

The Appearance of Health.

The Symbolic Construction of the Healthy Body through

Urban Cemetery Evidence from Late Iron Age and Early

Roman Britain.

Angela Turner-Wilson

Introduction

Health is of interest to those who study the past. Many have done so from a medical

perspective which has led to interesting and varied insights into ancient disease and illness.

This work however lies at the other end of the health spectrum, in the idea of „wellness‟.

This paper begins by exploring these themes, before examining evidence of good health in

the archaeological record for late Iron Age and Roman Britain. It then considers concepts

of the body and healthiness drawn from the biological and social fields. These suggest

good health can be understood through body parts such as the face in relation to perception

and the social gaze. Good health can then be seen as part of living and well-being, a

shared concept between self and other. This idea is extended with a discussion concerning

artefacts and agency.

The paper then focuses on toilet instruments and cosmetic items, which have

traditionally been associated with personal grooming. J D Hill (1997: 98–107) and others

have added to these ideas by proposing that during the late Iron Age and early Roman

period, there was a new concern with identity and appearance by the elite in southern

Britain. While these objects have been found in domestic locations, some are associated

with graves. This seems quite unusual given their function. The discussion is then

developed by considering toilet and cosmetic implements associated with cemetery sites,

located close to towns in south east Britain. These are then considered through a

theoretical lens, leading to the suggestion that this type of material may have contributed to

the symbolic reconstruction of healthiness in the dead.

Concepts of Health

There has been a large amount of work which has greatly contributed to understandings of

illness and disease in antiquity. In trying to summarize some of this the following topics

might be suggested. Biological processes, pathological changes and physical illnesses

have all been investigated (e.g. Molleson 1992: 43–67; Roberts and Cox 2003: 89–104,

107–163). The role of the healer as a professional, a skilled practitioner or as a family

member, has been discussed, as have the places of healing or medical practice, such as

hospitals, surgeries and temples (Nutton 2004: 249, 281; Carr 2002: 58–73; Jackson 2005:

97–98; Scarborough 1969: 76–80, 84; Selwyn 1991: 8–9; Allason–Jones 1999: 134–136;

Baker 2002: 69–79; Cruse 2004: 93–105; Barefoot 2005: 206–212). The curative elements

within religion and magic, such as the significance of the deposition of anatomical votive

objects, have received some attention (Henig 1984: 151–152; Jackson 1988: 157–166;

Cruse, 2004: 113–125, 130–131). Therapeutic practices, including the medicinal use of

121

plants and diet, as well as treatments such as those undertaken by specialist eye doctors or

surgeons are popular areas of investigation (e.g. Cruse 2004: 61–75; Ciaraldi 2002: 81–85;

King 2001: 44–51; Jackson 1996: 177–187). Surgical instruments from a burial at

Stanway near Colchester, for example, have been interpreted as the tools of a doctor or a

late Iron Age healing practitioner (Boon 1974: 137; Crummy 1997: 337–342; Jackson

1997: 1471–1473; Crummy 2002: 47–57; Carr 2003: 117–125; Cruse 2004: 160–162).

Other small items such as ligulae have been seen as having functional roles in both

medicine and cosmetics (Allason–Jones 2005: 126).

But is some of this work influenced by our modern medical models of health? Within

this framework medical professionals diagnose and treat illness. The body is seen through

Cartesian philosophy as a machine that can be repaired. It may feel right and comfortable,

but it has had its critics. Michel Foucault (1963: ix–xix) suggested the healthcare

establishment gained dominance by developing new terms to describe the body, and indeed

today‟s medical terminology can confuse and create anxiety for those outside specialist

circles. Ivan Illich (1976: 49–52) thought that normal parts of the human condition such as

childbirth were medicalised, and that the healthcare profession actually had a vested

interest in ensuring there was such a concept as disease. It is these criticisms that led to

authors such as the anthropologist Joseph Alter (1999: 43) to ask whether it was possible to

escape the ontology of health defined in terms of disease.

More recently the idea of health as healthiness has gained some popularity. Wellness is

usually seen as the absence of sickness, but it is of course possible to have a disease and be

healthy, and even if a person does not have any illness they can appear healthier at certain

times than at others (Caplan 1993: 238). A piece of modern research that considers the

question of health was carried out in the 1990s by Mildred Blaxter (1995: 26–32). She and

her team undertook a survey of over 9000 individuals in the UK to explore

lay (as opposed to professional) theories of health, and concluded that definitions of this

term could be divided into two fields, which she called positive and negative concepts.

Negative concepts used words associated with „illness‟ and „disease‟ so statements

included, “health is when you don‟t have a cold” or, “health is when you don‟t have to

think about pain”. The positive constructs, according to Blaxter, were related to phrases

like, “health is being carefree”, or “health is having loads of whumph”, (italics own

emphasis). It has also been suggested that health and disease are on a continuum.

Wellness, (however it is culturally expressed) sits at one end, whilst death is at the other

(Seedhouse 2001: 65; Sheridan and Radmacker 1992: 8). A person‟s position on this line

is not static. It can alter allowing for the transient nature of their state of being, making it a

continuously negotiable concept.

Healthiness in late Iron Age and Roman Britain

The study of healthiness is slowly becoming a subject in its own right in archaeology and

history (e.g. Helen King‟s 2005a: 1–11 insightful discussion). Good health has been

explored through the works of the ancient authors, although it is of course always difficult

to know how far the texts influenced every day health matters in late Iron Age and Roman

Britain (Wear 1993: 1283). Galenic writings did note that health and humeral balance

could be maintained by following an appropriate dietary plan, which was often dictated by

the season (Nutton 2004: 240). John Wilkins (2005: 136–149) discusses the work of

Athenaios, a Greek author who collected information about diet at the end of the second

century A.D. Certainly amongst the medical writers, fruit and vegetables were seen as

being reasonably helpful in sustaining health (Wilkins 2005: 143–144).

122

Interestingly, an investigation into the contents of a cesspit at Bearsden Roman fort,

Scotland revealed evidence of what may have been a vegetarian diet (Cruse 2004: 90).

Women‟s healthiness is another area that has received some attention. Helen King

(2005b: 154–160) has investigated the Hippocratic corpus for understandings in this topic.

She notes that women‟s reproductive functions were used to judge their states of

healthiness (King 2005b: 156–158). Evidence of a plea for the maintenance of health on

behalf of a pregnant lady comes from a spell found at West Deeping Roman Villa,

Lincolnshire. It asks for the womb to „stay in place‟ and not hurt an unborn child (Hassall

and Tomlin 1996: 443–445). This may be associated with the strange idea in antiquity that

the womb was mobile and moved around the body like an animal (Jackson 1988: 89).

Along with this magic, the gods were often called on to provide health protection.

Statuettes from the first or second century A.D. found in London, interpreted as dea nutrix,

divine protectors of the home, may have been associated with good health. An inscription

from Roman Britain found near Kirkby Lonsdale, Lancaster set up by Julius Saturninus

states, „To the holy god Asclepius and to Hygiaea, for the welfare of himself and his own‟

(Collingwood and Wright 1965: 204, RIB 609). Recent work suggests that Hygieia did

indeed represent „health‟ and that she was worshipped not only by those who were seeking

wellness, but by those already in „good‟ health (Stafford 2005: 134; Wilkins 2005: 136).

Religious centres such as Bath, had altars that were set up asking divinities for the health,

welfare or safety of an individual (Cunliffe 1969: 189). Some temples and civic buildings

had ambulatories, which not only provided shelter from inclement weather, but may also

have been seen as promoting health through the exposure to fresh air (Woodward, 1992:

37–38; Vitruvius V.9.5).

A number of letters from the Roman fort of Vindolanda contain references to positive

health. One says, „Sollemnis to Paris his brother, very many greetings. I want you to

know that I am in very good health, as I hope you are in turn, you neglectful man, who

have sent me not even one letter…‟ (Vindolanda Tablet: 311). Healthiness is also

mentioned on a wooden tablet from Roman London. Part of an inscription for a deed of

sale concerning a female slave states, „And that the girl in question is transferred in good

health, that she is warranted not to be liable to wander or run away,…(Tomlin 2003: 44–

45). So, even if the word „health‟ seen on many of these inscriptions was part of a

formulaic textual construction, the discussions illustrate that the concept existed.

Perhaps one of the most well known areas of investigation in this field is seen in Roman

hygiene (Jackson 1999: 107–116). Baths, latrines, aqueducts and drains have all been

studied. There are for instance at least 1000 known surviving remains of Roman baths.

Some of these have been excavated in Britain, in towns such as London, Wroxeter, and

Bath (e.g. Rowsome 1999: 263–277; White 1999: 279–291; Cunliffe 1969: 89–147).

Massages and exercise as well as general socialising were all part of the experience, and it

is thought that an urban suite of baths with hot, warm and cold rooms may have been used

by all levels of society including slaves (Fagan 1999: 29–34). Loosely associated with

bathing is the strigil an object probably used to scrape grime and sweat off the body. Oils

or perfumes stored in unguent bottles and flasks may have been applied to the skin at the

end of the bathing regime. A number of these vessels, (which may also have been used to

store cosmetics) have been found from sites throughout Britain. In the south east, there is

evidence of many types of glass flasks or bottles used for these purposes, including tubular,

indented, truncated conical and discoid unguent bottles, mercury and bath flasks from

settlements such as Colchester, Sheepen, Canterbury, London, Chichester and St Albans

(Cool and Price 1995: 148–165, 383–397; Price and Cottam 1998: 169–190). Mirrors

made of glass or polished metal could have been used to assist in the application of make-

up, although it has been noted that they would have created a flawed reflection (Allason–

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Jones 2005: 138). In addition to these objects, there are also toilet and cosmetic items,

often discussed in relation to the body, appearance and general well-being. Before

considering these types of small finds in more detail, it is worth taking a moment to

explore the themes of the body and healthiness.

Healthiness, the Body, Self and Other

One of the main methods used to understand the body is found in medical anthropology.

Palaeopathological work has moved from taking a purely clinical perspective, to the

adoption of the biocultural approach, which essentially uses an epidemiological

methodology (Roberts 2002: 10–11). Lifestyle evidence from the landscape, climate,

society, diet and economy is considered together with the physical remains of bones and

teeth to provide insights into the body. The Iron Age and Roman periods have been

explored in texts such as Roberts and Cox‟s (2003: 89–104, 107–163) book „Health and

Disease in Britain‟, Rebecca Gowland‟s (2004: 135–146) osteobiography of an individual

from Roman Britain, and Rebecca Redfern‟s (2003: 147–170) work on female health.

Redfern investigates the Romano-British urban environment and culture, and considers

how this is reflected in the remains of individuals buried in urban cemeteries. One of her

samples reveals that females had a lower prevalence of stress indicators, (investigated by

using a combination of three osseous changes) compared to men. This, she suggests, may

have been as a result of women‟s enhanced immune systems, meaning they were probably

better at tolerating environmental stress than their male counterparts (Redfern (2003: 156–

157).

In addition to these approaches, the body can be seen through the use of ethnographic

and social theory. It has been suggested that the body can be transformed through the use

of objects, and that they can be used to help create bodily identities and well-being (e.g.

Hill 1997: 100–101; Carr 2001: 116; Crummy and Eckardt 2004: 44–46). Bodies are

monitored by society and produced by the self or others through patterns of action and

interaction (Fowler 2004: 38). Specific bodily parts such as the face can be said to mirror

the self (Synnott 1993: 73–102, 103–127). It is a public presence that is defined by

perceptual experience. Indeed according to evolutionary theorists, human facial

attractiveness and health may be linked. Facial symmetry and facial attractiveness have

been found as markers for health and fitness, so the face may be advertising health

(Thornhill and Gangestad 1999: 452–459). Modifying the appearance may be undertaken

to create a more attractive, healthier image.

The sociologist Erving Goffman (1969: 28–82) considered self presentation as part of a

model that human social life was like a theatre. The self regulates and controls its image.

People play roles, tailor their performances depending on their audience, and change their

behaviour when the audience is absent. For Goffman, the body is a physical part of human

agency and is bound to the relationship between the body, the self and social identity

(Shilling 2003:77). Impression creating behaviours are produced as people try to enhance

and protect their public image. Yet, self and other are inextricably connected. The other

can be seen as the person or group that provides meaning on the subject (Cavallero 2001:

120–121).

To be „healthy‟ is defined in the Oxford Dictionary as having or „showing‟ good health,

and as biological and social beings we communicate in, with and through our senses

(Sykes 1989: 460; Synnott 1993: 128). Visual perception occurs when the eye receives

images which travel via the optic nerve to the occipital lobe of the brain, where meaning is

attached (Goldstein 1989: 64–107). Within the social construct, the gaze, „establishes the

union and interaction of individuals which constitute society‟, (Synnott 1993: 226). So

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these biological and social elements that form part of the experience of perception for self

and other, allows the body, and indeed the face, to communicate healthiness through

performance, display and image making.

Agency, Toilet and Cosmetic Items

Theoretical approaches in interpretative archaeologies and material cultural studies have

shown that it is possible to see artefacts as meaningful and symbolic, and multiple

meanings can be generated from an object (Hodder 1993: xvii; Buchli 2002: 12–19).

Christopher Tilley (2000: 421) notes that artefacts are situated in relation to the social, and

it is a relationship that is active. Indeed, our life continuously negotiates a relationship

with inanimate objects, and a link exists between agents, actions and artefacts (Wobst

2000: 41–42). As Andrew Gardner (2003: 2) says, agency allows for the consideration of

how actors are constructed by their meaningful relations with the material world around

them. There are intentional actions of agents, which can in turn produce conscious social

change (Dobres and Robb 2000: 10). Within this world, individuals draw on their cultural

resources for objectification and self-categorization (Swidler 1986: 273–286).

Having considered that artefacts can be used with intentionality by free acting

individuals, we now examine in more detail some material from the late Iron Age and early

Roman period that are closely associated with healthiness. Toilet and cosmetic items have

been found at sites in both Continental Europe and Britain. There are, for instance, a

number of tweezers identified as coming from the workshops of the presumed Gaul,

Agathangelus the bronzesmith. As well as Pompeii, tweezers were found in a tomb at

Tarquinia where they were associated with other grave goods, including the fragment of a

mirror and a strigil (Gostencnik 2002: 232). Agathangelus–type tweezers have been

discovered at Piddington villa, Northamptonshire, while several others have been found in

London (Friendship–Taylor 2004: 6; Gostencnik 2002: 232). Indeed, some of these toilet

and cosmetic items are associated with sites in south east Britain, an area thought to have

shared a number of cultural characteristics with the Continent (Frere 1987: 229; Cunliffe

2005:149).

Toilet implements, which include nail-cleaners, ear-scoops/cosmetic spoons and

tweezers, were sometimes kept together as a set (known as a chatelaine), on a suspension

loop. A nail cleaner, found with belt buckles and a strap end at the late Roman Lankhills

cemetery, Winchester, has led to the suggestion that these items were worn suspended

from a belt (Crummy and Eckardt 2004: 48). However it is worth noting, that some of

these things have been found separately.

Whilst the primary use for nail cleaners is self explanatory, tweezers could have been

used to remove unwanted facial hair, while wax was cleaned from the ear using an ear

scoop (Adkins and Adkins 1982: 138; Crummy 1983: 58; Hill 1997: 98). Other

implements like ligulae, (long handled toilet spoons usually made from bone or bronze),

may have been used to extract substances such as cosmetics from narrow bottles and

flasks. Cosmetic grinders (mainly found in Britain) were probably used to break up eye

and face paints (Jackson 1985: 172). There are a number of examples of these small

bronze crescent shaped mortars and pestles, many with zoomorphic terminals such as

bovid heads (Jackson 1985: 165–169). One has even been found at Worlington, Suffolk in

the form of a brooch, suggesting it served a dual purpose (Suffolk County Council

Archaeological Service 2003: 3). Less decorative are small pieces of stone with bevelled

edges, perhaps used as palettes on which to combine cosmetics. Make-up might have been

mixed or applied with a spatula (Crummy 1983: 57). Shears, if used to cut human hair,

125

could have contributed to a well trimmed, healthy appearance (Hill and Crummy 2005: 2–

4).

Although a number of toilet and cosmetic items are associated with domestic settings

such as houses and streets (e.g. Crummy 1983: 57–63), some have been found in graves.

This is a paradox given that these artefacts are about health, living and appearance. There

have been various suggestions as to the reasons and purposes of grave goods in

archaeology. They may have equipped the dead for the world of the after life, been

possessions of the deceased, or mourners‟ gifts to the departed (Parker Pearson 1999: 7).

In relation to small finds, Patricia Baker (2001: 58) proposes that the presence of medical

tools with a body could mean they were used in an unsuccessful operation or by a failed

doctor. This, she suggests, may have led to the objects to be seen as socially polluting

items, which was why they were placed in the grave (Baker 2001: 58). Howard Williams

(2003: 100) adds to this by wondering whether small items such as combs were placed in a

grave as they had served the deceased‟s body.

Healthiness through Bodily Practice

To explore this further let us consider some toilet and cosmetic items, associated with the

dead from comparable pre-Roman and early Roman urban cemeteries in the south east of

Britain. The burial sites in question lay on the periphery of towns, but they were not

separate. Their spatial setting in the landscape meant they had close links with the urban

settlements. The largest late Iron Age and Roman cemetery found at St Albans,

(Verulamium), Hertfordshire, the King Harry Lane site, contained mostly cremations and

was in use from about A.D. 1 to A.D. 60 (Stead and Rigby 1989: 398), while the St

Pancras cemetery at Chichester, (Noviomagus Regnentium), West Sussex (again the

majority of burials were cremations), was established in the first century A.D. (Down

1971: 55). The following list provides details of the graves that contained toilet and

cosmetic items from these sites.

Graves Containing Toilet and Cosmetic Items from King Harry Lane, St Albans,

Hertfordshire, and St Pancras, Chichester, West Sussex.

King Harry Lane, St Albans, Hertfordshire.

Grave 86, (SB 77), Sex unknown, Phase 3, A.D. 40–60. Tweezers and a

component of a toilet set, (brooches and pottery), (Stead and Rigby 1989: 84–85,

104, 294)

Grave 122, (AN 29), Sex unknown, Unphased. Two pairs of tweezers, (brooches

and a nail), (Stead and Rigby 1989: 104, 306)

Grave 203, (SB 40), Sex unknown, Phase 3, A.D. 40–60. Toilet set (comprises of

tweezers and a possible nail–cleaner), cosmetic grinder set, (brooch and pottery),

(Stead and Rigby 1989: 84–85, 104, 326)

Grave 242, (SB 33), Sex unknown, Phase 1, A.D. 1–40. Toilet set (comprising of

an ear scoop and nail cleaner), shears, (brooches and pottery), (Stead and Rigby

1989: 84–85, 104, 106, 334)

Grave 384, (SJ 17), Sex ?male, Phase 1, A.D. 1–40. Shears, (brooch, knife and

pottery), (Stead and Rigby 1989: 84–85, 104, 106, 370).

Grave 422 (SJ 20), Sex unknown, Phase 3, A.D. 40–60. Ear scoop (and pottery),

(Stead and Rigby 1989: 84–85, 104, 382)

126

St Pancras, Chichester, West Sussex.

Burial group 213, Sex unknown, Trench Z, Period 3, A.D 70–3rd

/4th

century.

Spatula and mixing palette, (iron object and pottery). (Down 1971: 55, 112)

Burial group 228, Sex unknown, Trench E, Period 3, A.D. 70–3rd

/4th

century.

Cosmetic grinder, ligula (brooches, jewellery, needles, pin, coin, bone toggle, glass

and pottery), (Down 1971: 55, 113)

Six graves at King Harry Lane contained toilet and cosmetic items; five had more than

one of these objects in the same grave. There were only two graves at St Pancras which

contained this type of material. Given that there were 472 burials at King Harry Lane and

326 at St Pancras, these items are rare. It has been suggested that some of these

individuals were part of a new social elite who were adopting a different life-style and

attitude towards the body (Hill 1997: 102). This may explain some of the other associated

items in the graves, such as jewellery. It is not known whether the toilet and cosmetic

items came from male or female graves. If we now consider some of the cultural practices

surrounding cremation rites, and apply these to the King Harry Lane and St Pancras

evidence, an interpretation is offered which sees these objects in light of theories

surrounding the body, healthiness and agency. Given Christopher Tilley‟s (2006: 62)

suggestion, that artefacts can act to convey information about a variety of symbolic

domains through the same media, what follows is one small contribution to our

understanding of this type of material in late Iron Age and Roman Britain.

We can see from the texts that the Romans, honoured the honourable in death (Hope

2000: 108). Providing you were not too poor, or seen as a criminal the corpse took centre

stage in a funeral. The body was prepared for the funeral by the family or, if they could

afford it, by morticians (pollinctores), (Plautus Peonulus 63). John Bodel (2000: 138)

notes that the undertakers took their name from the practice of covering the face of the

corpse with powder in order to conceal the discolouration of death. After death the corpse

was washed, perfumed and dressed. Indeed, funerary evidence from this period has

revealed fragments of foot wear suggesting the body was clothed. Having been laid out on

a funeral couch (lectus funebris) the corpse was taken by procession for incineration (or

inhumation) on a litter. A number of these couches have been identified from Italy, France

and Britain, including a possible example from Folly Lane, St Albans (Eckardt 1999: 77;

Niblett 1999: 99). Many parts of a funeral rite were public, and in ancient Rome display

(especially by the wealthy and elite) was important (Patterson 1992: 15). Livy (5.41) noted

that senators prepared for death by putting on their finery. Family members however

covered their hair with ashes, wore darkened mourning clothes and those who attended the

funeral refrained from bathing (Catullus 64.349–51; Virgil Aeneid 10.844, 12.611). On

their return they underwent a cleansing rite as death was seen as a social pollutant.

If it is accepted that cremation rites in south east Britain were similar to those reported

by the texts, it could perhaps then be proposed that the presence of small personal items

from the King Harry Lane and St Pancras cemeteries, may have been placed there because

they were used by the morticians or the family to create the appearance of the living person

for this public event. A carefully crafted presentation of the face would have

superimposed wellness on the dead, whether male or female. This would be contrasted

with the relatives who deliberately disfigured themselves with ashes in their hair. The

small personal items may have once belonged to the deceased person, but as they were

used on the body they were polluted, and therefore accompanied the corpse. While the

healthy self can be defined, modified and controlled in life, in death the body is reliant on

others (Hope 2000: 125). The funeral provided a ritual social frame which produced

embodied memories for significant others. These others acted as agents in the creation of

127

this memory by transforming the dead, and briefly reconstructing a form of the living

healthy person.

Conclusion

In this paper social and biological theory allows good health to be conceptualised as a

transient state of being that is seen and shared with others through perception and

performance. Since small items such as tweezers, cosmetic grinders and ligulae can be

seen as assisting in the active creation and manipulation of the body, it is perhaps possible

to see these objects as a set of resources that were utilised by other significant agents to

produce healthiness in the face of the deceased. These polluted items then formed part of

the death rites. Before the burning of the corpse, those present at the funeral would have

memories of a face that spoke of life, living and healthiness.

While this work has focused on the symbolic reconstruction of healthiness there are

different avenues that could advance this field. The work could be considered through the

comparison of other locations and geographical areas including the Continent, which may

yield more information relating to issues such as gender. Further work in the archaeology

of healthiness may be extended to consider different types of evidence such as art or

inscriptions. Indeed research into good health could include understandings of different

life stages, such as rites of passage, or insights into bodily experience.

Archaeology and the Historic Environment Group, School of Conservation Sciences,

Bournemouth University

Acknowledgements

This paper is based on my PhD research. I would like to thank my supervisors Mark

Maltby, Ellen Hambleton and Timothy Darvill. I would also like to thank Andrew Gardner

for his helpful advice and comments on the text. I would like to thank the many people

who have supported me throughout this work including, Ralph Jackson, Elisabeth Hsu and

Nicholas Saunders. Finally I am very grateful for all the support from my parents and

friends, especially Catherine Bullen, Christine Kelly and Louise Pearson. All mistakes are

the author‟s own.

128

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