healthy cities healthy communities dr michael goodyear, dept. medicine, dalhousie university what we...
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Healthy CitiesHealthy CitiesHealthy Healthy
CommunitiesCommunities
Dr Michael Goodyear, Dept. Medicine, Dalhousie University
What we Know – and What we Don’tWhat we Know – and What we Don’tHeritage Trust, October 2007Heritage Trust, October 2007
Healthy CommunitiesHealthy Communities
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.well-being.
Social, environmental and economic factors are important Social, environmental and economic factors are important determinantsdeterminants of human health and are inter-related.of human health and are inter-related.
People People cannot achieve theircannot achieve their fullest potentialfullest potential unlessunless they they are able to are able to taketake controlcontrol of those things which determine their of those things which determine their well-beingwell-being..
All sectorsAll sectors of the community are inter-related and of the community are inter-related and shareshare their their knowledge, expertise and perspectives, knowledge, expertise and perspectives, working togetherworking together to to create a create a healthy communityhealthy community
Ottawa Charter 1986, World Health OrganizationOttawa Charter 1986, World Health Organization
Determinants of HealthDeterminants of Health
PeacePeace ShelterShelter EducationEducation FoodFood IncomeIncome A stable eco-systemA stable eco-system Sustainable resourcesSustainable resources Social justice, and equitySocial justice, and equityOttawa CharterOttawa Charter
The prerequisites and prospects for health cannot be ensured by the health sector alone.
More importantly, health promotion demands coordinated action by all concerned: by governments, by health and other social and economic sectors, by nongovernmental and voluntary organization, by local authorities, by industry and by the media. Ottawa CharterOttawa Charter
Health Promotion (1)Health Promotion (1)
Health Promotion (2)Health Promotion (2)
People in all walks of life are involved as individuals, families and communities. Professional and social groups and health personnel have a major responsibility to mediate between differing interests in society for the pursuit of health.
Health promotion strategies and programmes should be adapted to the local needs and possibilities of individual countries and regions to take into account differing social, cultural and economic systems. Ottawa CharterOttawa Charter
Healthy Communities and the Healthy Communities and the Built EnvironmentBuilt Environment
1992 2001
Strategic Environment Assessment Health Impact Assessment
Population and Human Health
Health Impact AssessmentHealth Impact Assessment
A combination of procedures, methods and tools by which A combination of procedures, methods and tools by which a a policypolicy, programme or project may be judged as to its , programme or project may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a populationpotential effects on the health of a population, and the , and the distributiondistribution of those effects within a population. of those effects within a population.
WHO
European Centre for Health Policy (1999)
Gothenburg Consensus
Built EnvironmentBuilt EnvironmentThe built environment is part of the overall The built environment is part of the overall ecosystemecosystem of of our earth. It includes the land-use our earth. It includes the land-use planning and planning and policiespolicies that impact our communities in urban, rural, and that impact our communities in urban, rural, and suburban areas. It encompasses suburban areas. It encompasses all buildings, spaces,all buildings, spaces, and products that are created or modified by peopleand products that are created or modified by people.. It includes our homes, schools, workplaces, It includes our homes, schools, workplaces, parks/recreation areas, business areas and roads.parks/recreation areas, business areas and roads.
It extends It extends overheadoverhead in the form of electric transmission in the form of electric transmission lines, lines, undergroundunderground in the form of waste disposal sites in the form of waste disposal sites and subway trains, and across the country in the form of and subway trains, and across the country in the form of highwayshighwaysHealth Canada 1997Health Canada 1997
Built EnvironmentBuilt Environment
It impacts It impacts indoorindoor and and outdooroutdoor physical environments physical environments (e.g., climatic conditions and indoor/outdoor air quality), as (e.g., climatic conditions and indoor/outdoor air quality), as well as well as socialsocial environments (e.g., civic participation, environments (e.g., civic participation, community capacity and investment) and subsequently our community capacity and investment) and subsequently our health and quality of life.health and quality of life.
Health Canada 2002Health Canada 2002
Health and the Built EnvironmentHealth and the Built Environment
Rapidly increasing interestRapidly increasing interest Infectious diseases replaced by obesity, asthma, Infectious diseases replaced by obesity, asthma,
diabetesdiabetes Urban Sprawl and Walkability/CyclabilityUrban Sprawl and Walkability/Cyclability Climate ChangeClimate Change
First places – First places – HomesHomes Second places – Second places – WorkspaceWorkspace Third places – Third places – Meeting placesMeeting places
– Becoming scarceBecoming scarce
Built Environment and HealthBuilt Environment and Health
LightLight SpaceSpace NoiseNoise Air QualityAir Quality ViewsViews AppearanceAppearance AccessibilityAccessibility Social networksSocial networks SafetySafety
AmenitiesAmenities ServicesServices Sense of Sense of
NeighbourhoodNeighbourhood Public placesPublic places ConnectivityConnectivity Physical activityPhysical activity DensityDensity
Built EnvironmentBuilt Environment
Impact of Built EnvironmentImpact of Built Environment– Micro: Individual health Micro: Individual health – Macro: Population healthMacro: Population health
Environment and Climate ChangeEnvironment and Climate Change
Main Impact on disadvantaged – less controlMain Impact on disadvantaged – less control
- Children, Elderly, Minorities- Children, Elderly, Minorities
Built EnvironmentBuilt Environment
There is growing recognition that the There is growing recognition that the leading causes of illness and deathleading causes of illness and death, , including heart disease, cancer, including heart disease, cancer, cerebrovascular disease, chronic lower cerebrovascular disease, chronic lower respiratory diseases and injuries, may be respiratory diseases and injuries, may be exacerbated by elements within the built exacerbated by elements within the built environmentenvironment which contribute to sedentary which contribute to sedentary lifestyles and harmful environments.lifestyles and harmful environments.Institute of Public Health in Ireland 2006Institute of Public Health in Ireland 2006
The Cost of Physical Inactivity in Halifax Regional Municipality 2005
Well-planned cities contribute directly to the enhanced health of a population by making activity – whether for recreational or utilitarian purposes – a true possibility for residents.
Halifax’s 25-year planning process is a great opportunity to highlight the need to build communities with health in mind.
SummarySummary
The Built Environment is a major The Built Environment is a major determinant of Healthdeterminant of Health
Urban Design must assess the impact on Urban Design must assess the impact on Population and Human HealthPopulation and Human Health
Urban Design must seek to optimise Health Urban Design must seek to optimise Health