Healthy Families, Hopeful Futures

The 2012 Report of the Vermont Parent Child Center Network

Addison County Parent Child Center

126 Monroe St., PO Box 646Middlebury 05753

388-3171addisonpcc.org

Early Education Services of Windham County130 Birge Street

Brattleboro 05301254-3742 or 800-427-3730

Family Center of Northwestern Vermont130 Fisher Pond Road

St. Albans 05478393-6580

VNA/Maternal and Child Health

The Janet S. Munt Family Room20 Allen Street

Burlington 05401862-2121

NEKCA/Parent Child Center South115 Lincoln StreetSt Johnsbury 05819748-6040

NEKCA/Parent Child Center North32 Central StreetNewport 05855

334-4072 or 800-639-4065or 334-7316

Family Center of Washington County383 Sherwood DriveMontpelier 05602262-3292www.fcwcvt.org

Rutland County Parent Child Center61 Pleasant Street

Rutland 05701775-9711

www.rcpcc.org

Orange County Parent Child Center361 VT Route 110Chelsea 05038685-2264 or 888-685-2264

The Family Place319 US Route 5 SouthNorwich 05055649-3268 familyplace.org

Parent Child Centers• Serve as clearinghouses for information about child development and family support;

• Provide home-based visits to families with young children;

• Offer playgroups;

• Provide opportunities for parent education; and

• Advocate for family-centered services in the community.

Lund 76 Glen Road, PO Box 4009

Burlington 05406-4009 864-7467

Lamoille Family Center480 Cady’s Falls Road Morrisville 05661 888-5229 www.lamoillefamilycenter.org

Milton Family Community Center 23 Villemaire Lane, PO Box 619

Milton 05468-0619 893-1457

www.miltonfamilycenter.org

Sunrise Family Resource Center238 Union Street, PO Box 1517

Bennington 05201 442-6934

sunrisefamilyresourcecenter.com

Spring!eld Area Parent Child Center6 Main Street North Springfield05150 886-5242 800-808-4442 www.sapcc-vt.org

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Across the nation, teenage pregnancy tends to repeat itself: teen parents are usually the children of teen parents. The same generational

cycling is very often true of poverty, lack of success in school and employment, substance abuse, domestic violence, and child abuse. These are struggles that many teen parents know all too well.

If we can break the cycle of teen pregnancy — and, beyond that, if we can empower young parents who have grown up in poverty to build the skills, attitudes, and self-esteem they need to be good parents and succeed in careers — then we can create positive impacts that can widen, deepen, and keep growing through new generations.

It’s for these reasons that, 12 years ago, an outcome indicator reported by the Addison County Parent Child Center in Middlebury, Vermont won national attention. Then 20 years old, the center said that among more than 200 children it had served in its first five years, most of them born to teen parents, only nine had returned as teen parents themselves. That rate of 0.45 percent compared to a national average of 50 percent.

The Addison center was Vermont’s first parent child center — and between 1979, just before its doors opened, and 2002, Addison County’s teen pregnancy rate dropped by 85 percent to become the state’s lowest. The county’s rates of child abuse and neglect, and of teenagers involved in the judicial system, were also among

Introduction

Healthy Families, Hopeful FuturesVermont’s lowest.

Something positive was happening. Its main cause was clear.

“It’s really profound, the difference”The Addison center had early on created a program

it called Learning Together. The idea was that young parents, nearly all of them mothers and most from chaotic, troubled backgrounds, would build positive parenting skills while also doing meaningful work at the parent child center: providing child care, answering phones, and/or working in the kitchen or office for about 20 hours each week.

The mothers earned a modest stipend while developing both job experience and the vital “soft” skills — dependability, presentation, collaboration with others — that they would need for future employment. They also, with careful and patient help from center staff, built crucial self-esteem, the sense that they deserved and could create a better life for themselves and their children.

The young moms joined in workshops and presentations that built parenting and life skills. They received child care, counseling, and other needed services. At home, visits from outreach workers supported their parenting and their families. At the center they supported each other, and they worked with licensed educators to set and achieve personal educational goals,

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such as finishing high school and going on to higher education.

The program was working. “It’s really profound, the difference you can see — quicker than you could ever imagine,” noted Sue Harding, then the center’s co-director.

“The program is structured to give each participant a variety of experiences and contact with a variety of staff members,” explains the center’s Learning Together manual. “There are many opportunities each day to succeed, and many ways in which those successes are recognized.”

Overall, Learning Together had such a striking impact in Addison County that, beginning in 2003, the Vermont Parent Child Center Network (VPCCN), the association of the state’s 15 centers, began an effort to replicate the innovative program statewide. Supported by a grant from the U.S. Office of Adolescent Pregnancy Programs, parent child centers around the state began developing their own versions of Learning Together, each adapting the model to its local needs, ideas, and resources.

Vital components & protective factorsEach parent child center offers eight Core Services: • home visiting• parent education• parent support• early childhood services • on-site services• playgroups • information and referral • community development.

To help guide centers in the implementation of Learning Together, the Vermont Parent Child Center Network set out a series of five phases, from startup to full operation.

Also, while encouraging local adaptations, it set out these 10 components that each program must include:• Onsite child care• Onsite work experience• Academics leading to a high school diploma or

equivalent

• Access to counseling • Many support-group opportunities• Availability of crisis intervention• Incentives that are positive motivators• Transportation• Professional staff, along with interns and volunteers• Communal nutritious meals.

Over the past 12 years, this process of building local versions of Learning Together (centers sometimes give it new or modified names, such as Families Learning Together) has continued. As a research-based, best practice model, this initiative across Vermont has both helped inform and been influenced by Strengthening Families, a framework developed by the nonprofit Center for the Study of Social Policy (CSSP).

Strengthening Families focuses on building five vital “protective factors”:

• Parental resilience• Social connections• Concrete support in times of need• Knowledge of parenting and child development• Social and emotional competence of children.

Measuring impacts across VermontIt’s now possible to begin measuring the broad,

statewide impacts of Learning Together. This report

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presents the first results of an effort to do just that.In 2011, with funding from a three-year grant

provided by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Office of Adolescent Health, the Vermont Department for Children and Families (DCF) began providing funds to parent child centers to support their Learning Together programs. The federal grant calls for the measurement of impacts; as a result, DCF contracted with Flint Springs Associates, of Hinesburg and Stowe, Vermont, to carry out semi-annual evaluations of program performance and the outcomes achieved by participants.

In the pages that follow, personal stories of Learning Together participants around Vermont are combined with simple presentations of key findings from the first year’s assessment report by Flint Springs, to demonstrate program outcomes at centers statewide.

The July 2012 assessment includes these findings:

• Repeat pregnancies: Among 170 participating parents on whom we have followup data, only two became pregnant again while enrolled in a Learning Together program.

• Academic achievement: While 62 percent of participants had no high school diploma or equivalent when they joined the program, 17 percent had earned their diplomas and 78 percent were working toward their diplomas at the time of the assesssment.

• Work readiness: “Significant improvements occured from Intake to Update in commitment to quality, work habits, communication and interpersonal effectiveness for the 108 participants,” says the assessment report.

• Positive parenting: “Participants’ comfort with their ability to provide positive parenting” also improved significantly, the report says.

• Use of birth control: When they joined the program, about one in five participants were

sexually active but not using birth control. At the time of the assessment, 44 percent of those who had not used birth control at the start of the program were now using it consistently.

Preventing problems, achieving dreamsWhen young parents set and achieve positive goals

— when they discover the rewards of parenting in skillful ways without violence, when they learn how they can succeed in the workplace, and when they find they can make a positive impact on their communities — it’s clear that some costly problems, from chronic unemployment to domestic violence and child abuse, are far less likely to occur.

Not every parent who enrolls in Learning Together succeeds. Some leave and come back, even several times; some drop out and don’t return. But across the state, the central impact of these programs is clear: Learning Together is helping participants to build healthy families, to become and to raise confident, productive citizens.

Our parent child centers are making it possible for young parents — mothers and, increasingly, fathers as well — to achieve their dreams of a better life.

“I wanted to get my diploma. I didn’t want to be a statistic,” said Felisha Williams, whose involvement with the Rutland Area Parent Child Center helped her work through homelessness to complete high school and enroll in higher education.

Felisha’s story, with her husband Jonathan and their young son, is among those profiled in these pages. So is that of Olivia Couture, a young mother in Colchester

who has struggled up from the depths of opiate addiction in partnership with the Lund center of Burlington.

“I don’t think I’d be where I am without this place,” Olivia says. “They’ve helped me connect with the supports I have — and they’ve held my hand every step of the way.”

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When Rosa Bensley got pregnant during her 10th

grade year in high school, she felt like an outcast.

“Everyone just stares at you — teachers and parents,” she says. “My friends’ parents thought I was a bad influence. I felt like I didn’t belong there any more.”

Rosa left school, but soon got involved with Learning Together at the Springfield Area Parent Child Center. Participants spend weekdays at the center; they place their children in child care as needed, rotate among worksite jobs in the morning, and do high school classes, or other educational projects, each afternoon.

Here, Rosa felt she belonged.“The thing that really helped me the most was the

other students, who were going through the same thing,” she says. “I could see what to expect, and we had a lot in common. We had the same struggles.”

She made good friendships. She took healthy-baby classes, and she worked at each of the center’s worksites: child care, the kitchen, reception/clerical, and the thrift store.

“I’ve learned a lot,” Rosa says — “how to present myself well, stay calm when five calls are coming in, work on my own at the thrift store. I’m a really independent woman.”

Spring!eld

“I Would Like to Keep Moving Up and Up”

She took high school classes from Bruce Parks, a retired high school teacher who is the Springfield center’s education coordinator. It took three years, but last June, Rosa accepted her high school diploma. This fall, she began taking classes toward certification as a licensed nursing assistant.

“If I hadn’t come here, I would be struggling a lot more,” she reflects. “I know I wouldn’t have gone back to high school. I’d probably be working at a part-time job, struggling with child care.”

Today, Rosa has confidence, a ready smile, and an apartment in Springfield with her two

boys. Educationally, she says, “I would like to keep moving up and up.”

She is especially grateful to Bruce Parks. “He pushed me. He said, ‘You can do this.’ That’s

what I needed.”

High School Diploma or Equivalent

When they joined Learning Together, 62% of those surveyed had not earned a high school

diploma. Among those, by the time of the survey, 95% had either earned their diploma (17%) or were

working toward it (78%).

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Last June, Richard Notestine was in Arkansas,

staying with relatives and working at a manufacturing job, when he learned that his two-year-old son’s mother had been killed in a car accident in northeastern Vermont. He got on a Greyhound bus that day.

Two days later, Richard was in St. Johnsbury with his son, Scotty. With no job, no car, and no money, he turned to Northeast Kingdom Community Action.

NEKCA’s St. Johnsbury center houses outreach and crisis services along with Reach Up, a food shelf, and the Learning Together program. Richard needed help, and he knew it. Scotty’s grandmother, on his mom’s side, wanted the little boy with her — but Richard was determined to step up and be a dad.

NEKCA worked with Richard to help him and Scotty get into a small shelter, with access to healthy food, and to get Richard signed up with Reach Up, for which Learning Together is a worksite. Each weekday, a NEKCA van brought father and son to the center.

Before long, the two were living in a small apartment they’d found with NEKCA’s help. Scotty was in child care at the center, while Richard, who is hearing-impaired and has a degenerative hip disorder, did all kinds of odd jobs here.

“Everything they needed done, I jumped up and did it,” he says.

But when the Department for Children and Families became concerned about a scratch on Scotty’s face

St. Johnsbury

“We’d Probably Be on the Street”

— he’d got it, DCF determined, falling off his bike — Richard became the focus of a sustained effort by the grandmother to take the boy away.

“I’ve got to constantly keep proving myself, that I’m not an unfit father,” Richard says.

“Of course, we’re a mandated reporter,” notes Deanna Lyford, Learning Together coordinator at NEKCA South in St. J. “But through all that’s going

on, we’ve been able to back up Scotty doing well here, and that he looks great when he comes here.”

Scotty is in a preschool program for four-year-olds now, and Richard has built a stable relationship with another young parent in Learning Together. With help from NEKCA’s van, the couple and their children recently moved into a larger apartment together. After he receives a needed hip replacement, Richard hopes to get married and get his high school diploma.

“I’ve seen big changes in Scotty,” says Deanna — “but actually, I’ve seen the biggest changes in Richard. He always wants to do what’s best for Scott.

“We had a staff meeting a couple of weeks ago, and we were all talking about our highlights. And I kid you not,” she says to Richard, “your name came up with about half the staff members, because we have seen such a change in you.”

“All the services I’ve been getting are pretty much through here,” says Richard. Without NEKCA’s help, he reflects, “We’d probably be living on the street. Scotty would be away from me, and I’d ... I’d be gone.”

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Positive Parenting Skills

Parents completed a self-assessment on their positive parenting skills, comparing these skills

when they started in Learning Together to the time of the update. To 28 statements — for example, “I enjoy spending time with my

children” — each gave a response, from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree.”

Between intake and update, on this assessment of positive parenting skills,

participants’ scores increased by a statistically signi!cant average of 35%.

Satisfaction with the Program

132 program participants were asked if they agreed, disagreed, or were neutral about three

statements indicating satisfaction with the Learning Together program:

1. “My family and I were treated with respect” — 95% agreed or strongly agreed, 1% disagreed.

2. “My calls & questions were responded to in a timely manner” — 88% agreed, 3% disagreed.

3. “The services I and my family received made a difference” — 92% agreed, 1% disagreed. (Neutral responses not included in this summary.)

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Readiness for Work

Through a “Learning and Employability Profile,” parent child center staff members assessed, at intake and then at update, each participant’s readiness for work.

In each of five categories, staff assigned each participant’s progress a score. Among 108 participants surveyed on this, the following percentages made measurable progress between intake and update:

Every Center’s Eight Core ServicesAcross Vermont, each parent child center offers eight core services:

• home visiting

• parent education

• parent support

• early childhood services

• on-site services

• playgroups

• information and referral

• community development

Commitment to quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35%

Work habits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38%

Communication: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44%

Interpersonal Effectiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35%

Attendance and punctuality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28%

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Ayear ago, when young mother Britney Bowers got involved with the Family Center of

Washington County, Jessie Casavant, the center’s Learning Together coordinator, wasn’t sure how much progress Britney would make.

“She presented as someone who would take some time to get motivated and invested in the goals of the program,” Jessie recalls.

Britney had no job and no driver’s license — and her parents, concerned about the welfare of their grandson, were trying to gain custody of her son Bryson.

“I was being selfish. I wasn’t ready to be a mom,” Britney agrees. “Bryson’s father went away to jail a month after he was born, and I didn’t know how to do this by myself. But after a while, I realized I was going to lose my son if I didn’t smarten up.”

At first, she wasn’t reliably showing up for her worksite duties at the Montpelier center. “Jessie would tell me, ‘You can’t do that if you want to get a regular job,’” she says. “I did want to get a regular job. When I started working here, I started getting it back together. Having Bryson in child care here full-time really helped.”

“I knew it was going to take a bit of work to get her to really buy into the program,” Jessie adds. “But when she started coming a lot, she began to figure out her expectations of herself. I started to see that growth come through.”

Last spring, Britney told Jessie she had landed a full-time job, working with people who’ve had traumatic brain injuries. She needed to know if the Family Center would still provide Bryson with child care. “Absolutely,” Jessie said. Britney could even bring Bryson in a little early, to have their transition time

Montpelier

“I Can Rely on Myself Now”

before Britney left for work. Today, Britney and Jessie reflect on how much can

change in a year.“When I came here, I had nothing,” Britney says.

“Now I have my license, I have my own car payment and insurance, I have my own place, I’m working every day — and my parents are really proud of me. I’m proud that I’ve got Bryson all the time, and I can give him all he needs without relying on someone else. I can rely on myself now.”

“Somehow,” Jessie says, “through all that, she grew up. She accepted all these responsibilities. Now, even when she’s really tired, she comes in here with a smile.”

Use of Birth Control

At intake, 19% of participants said they were not using birth control or

were using it inconsistently. Within that group at update,

44% said they were now using birth control.

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Talk about a low point. When Lyza Rogers

got involved with the Family Place in Norwich, she was in an abusive marriage. She and her husband were both unemployed; they were living in a camper, and she had lost custody of her two sons to the state.

The Vt. Department for Children and Families had become involved after Lyza’s husband smashed her car window with a crowbar while she and her sons were nearby. At DCF’s urging, she moved with the boys into the Upper Valley Haven, a homeless shelter in White River Junction.

But she later lost custody of her boys after she had allowed them to spend time with their father. For her, that was very much a low point.

“I needed to do something, other than sitting home,” she says. “So I came here.”

Through Families Learning Together at the Family Place, Lyza gained experience in the various worksites. She’d had experience with child care, and that was the natural fit. The younger moms were drawn to her.

“She was a kind of quiet haven,” says Families Learning Together coordinator Heléne Meloche.

Lyza’s boys had seen a lot, and the parenting classes here “gave me different ways to deal with my sons’ behaviors,” she says. “The counseling gave me support when I needed it. Not having to keep it all inside.”

“There’s definitely been a big change in Lyza,” Heléne observes. “Coming here exposed her to a good

Norwich

“Coming Here ... Helped Her to Rise Up”

model of women. That helped her to rise up.”

Family Place staff worked closely with Lyza as she sought to regain custody of her boys. She found a subsidized apartment, and began divorce proceedings. Following up on regular visits to her new home, outreach workers attested that she was providing a safe, caring environment.

Working with the center staff, Lyza adds, “I was seeing what I needed to set up for the boys — what services I could get that will wrap around them and help them.”

She did regain custody. Today, Lyza and the boys continue to receive counseling at the center. She is looking for a larger apartment, and she recently started a part-time job in the center’s child care program.

“Becoming employed by The Family Place has allowed Lyza to come full circle,” says Heléne. “We are glad to welcome her as part of the staff.”

Repeat Pregnancies

Of 170 participants surveyed, 92% had at least one child, or were pregnant, when they began

with Learning Together.

By the time of the update — in nearly all cases, at least 10 months later — only two participants

had become pregnant again.

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Igrew up in a supportive, happy, loving family — but I just had a really tough time. I was diagnosed with depression and other mental health issues,” recalls

Olivia Couture, 25, whose son Noah is four months old. “I just felt like I wasn’t part of things.”

At 16, Olivia fractured her tailbone in a swimming accident. “That’s what started my addiction to opiates,” she says. “I started out small-time, with Percoset. I thought I could handle it; but as time went on, it got worse and worse.”

Olivia graduated from Colchester High School, and became a licensed nursing assistant. She had an apartment, a car, and a job. But she had also graduated to oxycodone and heroin, and progressed from pills to needles. Drawn to controlling relationships with other drug users, she tended to do whatever her boyfriend wanted.

“I didn’t really have an identity outside the relationship,” she says. “It was always about him.”

In time that led to Olivia using credit cards that a boyfriend had stolen. “I kind of followed his lead,” she says. When the law caught up to them, she had stolen property and credit cards in her car. And she was pregnant.

The court suggested that she contact Lund.A parent child center in Burlington, Lund offers

wraparound services for parents in need, operates Learning Together, and has a residential treatment program for single mothers with mental health or addiction issues. Olivia moved into the facility in October 2011.

She had, by then, stopped using drugs.“I always told myself I’d get clean if I got pregnant,”

Olivia says. She had crossed every other line she had set — but this promise, she was determined to keep.

At Lund, she worked with a case manager and a counselor. She joined in support groups and took parenting classes. She did her onsite work experience, and mentored a younger mother.

Burlington

“I’ve Come a Long Way”

At first, Olivia was “anxious and angry,” says Hope Love, her therapeutic case manager. “Over time, I saw that completely shift. She transformed into this confident young woman — very independent and intelligent, very motivated. She’s taken what Lund offers and applied it to her life.”

A year after starting the program, Olivia is still drug-free. She’s living at her parents’ home, having gradually regained and rebuilt their trust. She has a deferred sentence on her criminal conviction, with the opportunity to expunge her record. She’s doing community service, paying restitution, and rebuilding her credit.

“I don’t think I’d be where I am without this place,” she says. “They’ve helped me connect with the supports I have, and held my hand every step of the way.

“I think the biggest thing was learning to stick up for myself — getting my identity back, and creating boundaries. I’ve come a long way.

“My mom has told me she will always be grateful to Lund,” Olivia adds. “I have an amazing relationship with my family now. She never thought I’d be this way again.”

“

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Jonathan and Felisha Williams are a married couple who spent their childhoods in and out of homelessness. Today, the red mortarboard cap

from Jonathan’s 2011 Rutland High School graduation hangs from the ceiling in the Learning Together classroom at the Rutland County Parent Child Center.

He and Felisha, who was awarded her diploma in 2008, both earned their credits in this room. Jonathan now works full-time in the center’s toddler room while their son Jonathan Eno, who is five, attends kindergarten at a city primary school. Felisha is enrolled in a training program, at Porter Medical Center in Middlebury, to become a licensed nursing assistant.

“I want to get into an RN program,” she says. “This is my foot in the door.”

“Hopefully, she’ll be the first to get a high school diploma and a college degree,” says Jonathan, who’s now thinking about college as well.

It’s a dramatic turnaround for a couple whose background seemingly equipped them for little more than survival. Just before they got involved with Learning Together, they were working at a dunk tank at the Tunbridge Fair, and sleeping behind the tank with their three-year-old son.

“It was freezing,” Jonathan recalls.“I got introduced to Learning Together when we

came down here to Rutland,” Felisha recalls. “I was 16, Jonathan was 15. I wanted to get my diploma. I didn’t want to be a statistic.”

“I think one of the things about the program that really works is all the services that get wrapped around guys like these,” notes Tammy Cabezola, who teaches in the program alongside retired educator John Dunlap.

“John and I do the teaching,” she says — “but you have to have everybody. And we’re all like a big family.”

When Felicia started studying here, Jonathan came too. At first he just did odd jobs, and never dreamed he could return to school, too.

Rutland

“We’re All Like a Big Family”

“I couldn’t keep my attention on somebody for five minutes,” he says. “But I sat down and listened to this lady,” he says of Tammy. “She said, ‘Get back to school.’ So I did.”

Jonathan was the first dad to graduate from Learning Together at Rutland in the program’s history — but after he enrolled, other fathers grew interested. The most recent class of 11 students included three dads.

Meanwhile, Felisha and Jonathan got married last spring. He’s been working weekends on John Dunlap’s farm, helping build a barn and refusing pay.

“These guys can do anything they set their minds to,” notes Tammy. “They’re survivors.”

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Personal and Parenting Impacts

Participants were asked if they agreed or disagreed that Learning Together had helped them:

1. “Improve my parenting skills” — 75% agreed, 5% disagreed.

2. “Reach my goals for myself and my family” — 81% agreed, 6% disagreed.

3. “Become more ready for work” — 83% agreed, 9% disagreed.

4. “Go further in my education” — 74% agreed, 8% disagreed. (Neutral responses not included.)

Federal: 3,598,895

State: 10,330,413

Local: 1,034,200

Medicaid: 3,450,591

Foundations: 392,711

Tuition Private: 662,521

Fundraising: 834,988

Other: 394,806

PCC Network Revenue FY12

Above: The sources of revenue for Vermont Parent Child Center Network members statewide.

Left: Jewelry made in a Learning Together job-skills program at The Family Place, Norwich.

“I Am the One”A poem by Christina Frost, a wife, mother, and participant in

Learning Together at the Addison County Parent Child Center.

I am the one who … puts everything before me.

I am the one who … gets up at 6:30 every morning.

I am the one who … cleans a two story house every day.

I am the one who … listens to the stories my kids tell. “Mommy my tooth falled out.”

I am the one who … plays wacky games with my kids even when people look at me funny. “Simon says touch your head and your belly.”

I am the one who … takes the kids to the doctor when they need to go. Hailey fights with me the whole time.

I am the one who … goes to school four days a week.

I am the one who … is always listening to music, country, hip hop and rap.

I am the one who ... would like to be dancing in the rain.

I am the one who … is pursuing her dreams of completing high school.

I am the one who … dreams about being a marine biologist.

I am the one who … seems normal on the outside.

I am the one who … is screaming for help on the inside.

I am the one who … sits in a quiet corner in a room full of people.

I am the one who … lets everyone vent to me about their problems.

I am the one who … looks at the sky thinking about the limits it can set and lets it guide my mind to the rest of my life.

I am the one who … is dreaming of being happy.

Credits: Text by Doug Wilhelm, Weybridge, with the Vermont Parent Child Center Network. Photographs on the front cover and on pages 1-3 and 6-7 by Bob Eddy, Randolph. Other photos by Doug Wilhelm. Page design and graphics by Newcomb Studios, Montpelier.

Vermont Parent Child Center Network1-800-639-1577