hearing, touch, taste and smell
DESCRIPTION
Hearing, Touch, Taste and Smell. Hearing. Audition – the sense of hearing. Frequency of Sound Waves. frequency - the number of the waves gives us the pitch if the sound. Amplitude of Sound Waves. amplitude - the height of the wave of the sound. Absolute Threshold. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Hearing, Touch, Taste and Smell
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Hearing
Audition – the sense of hearing
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Frequency of Sound Waves
• frequency - the number of the waves gives us the pitch if the sound.
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Amplitude of Sound Waves
• amplitude - the height of the wave of the sound.
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Absolute Threshold• Absolute Threshold =
zero decibels• 10 decibels = 10X
increase in sound intensity
• Example:– A 30 decibel sound is
_____ times louder than a 10 decibel sound
– A 40 decibel sound is _____ times louder than a 10 decibel sound
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Parts of the Ear
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Transduction• Overview – Eardrum, Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup, Oval Window,
Cochlea, Auditory Nerve, Temporal Lobe, Auditory Cortex
1. Outer Ear Ear Drum – tight membrane that vibrates with sound waves. Transmits sound to the bones of the middle ear.
2. Middle Ear hammer, anvil, stirrup to cochlea’s oval window
3. Inner Ear Cochlea – coiled fluid filled tube where transduction
occurs– Oval window’s vibrations cause basilar
membrane’s hair cells to turn vibrations into neural impulses
4. Auditory Nerve – send neural messages via the thalamus to the auditory cortex in the brain.
5. Thalamus to Temporal lobes Auditory cortex
It is all about the vibrations!!!
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The structure of the ear
Bones of the middle ear = the hammer, anvil, stirrup which vibrate with the eardrum.
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The structure of the ear
Mechanical vibrations triggered by sound waves are transduced into neural impulses by _____________?
_____________ do the same job for vision as __________ do for audition
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Neural impulse to the brain
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Perceiving Loudness• Damage to Basilar membrane’s hair
cells = hearing loss (lose sensation of soft sounds)– # of activated hair cells allows us to
perceive loudness– Compression – harder to hear sounds are more
amplified than loud sound
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Pitch Theories
Place Theory and Frequency Theory
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Place Theory or Herman von Helmholtz Theory
• Brain determines pitch by recognizing the place on the membrane that is generating the neural impulse
• Best explains how we sense high pitches
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Frequency Theory• Brain knows pitch by the
frequency of the neural impulse– Frequency (speed) of sound wave
matches the speed of the neural impulse.
• Theory limitations: Can’t explain high pitch sounds (neural impulses can only travel at 1000 impulses per sec.)
• Best explains how we hear low pitches
• Example:
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Volley Principle• Neural cells
alternate firing in rapid succession
• Can achieve a combined frequency of above 1000 waves/sec
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Locating Sound• Sound waves strike
one ear sooner and more intensely in the direction of the sound
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DeafnessConduction Deafness
• Damage to the mechanical system that conducts vibrations in the middle ear (hammer, anvil, stirrup).
• You can replace the bones or get a hearing aid to help.
• Example:
Nerve (sensorineural) Deafness
• The hair cells on the basilar membrain in the cochlea get damaged.
• Loud noises can cause this type of deafness.
• NO WAY to replace the hairs.
• Cochlea implant - converts sound waves to into electrical signals.
• Example:
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Touch
• Receptors located in our skin.• Types of touch
–Pressure*–Warmth–Cold–Pain
• Sensation of hot
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Kinesthetic Sense• Tells us where our
individual body parts are.
• Receptors located in our joints, tendons, bones and ears
• Example: Without the kinesthetic sense
you could not touch the button to make copies of your buttocks.
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Vestibular Sense• Enables you to
sense your body position and balance
• Located in our semicircular canals in our ears.
• Example:
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Pain• Biological Influences
– Noiceptors – sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure or chemicals
– Gate-control theory* – Endorphins– Phantom limb sensations– Tinnitus
• Psychological influences– Distraction– Memory of Pain – peak pain, end pain
• Socio Cultural Influences– More pain when others experience pain– Mirror neurons that empathize with others pain
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Gate Control Theory• Gate Control Theory – spinal cord
contains a “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass through to the brain
• Example:
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Taste
• Sweet, sour, salty and bitter–Umami
• Taste buds–Chemical sense
• Age and taste
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Taste• Bumps on our tongue
are called papillae.• Taste buds are
located on the papillae 200+ each containing a pore.
• Pore – 50-100 taste receptor cells that sense food molecules
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Sensory Interaction• Sensory interaction –
some senses influence others
• Examples:Jello in the shape of a brain looks so
unappetizing, it tastes terrible tooMcGurk Effect – seeing mouth
movements for ga, but hearing ha, we may perceive da
(saying one syllable, while hearing another, you perceive a third)
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Smell• Olfaction
– Chemical sense– Olfactory receptors - odor molecules
fit into receptors like a lock and key located in the olfactory bulb
– Olfactory bulb – transmits smell from the nose to the brain
– Olfactory nerve – sends neural messages to from the olfactory bulb directly to the olfactory cortex in the brain bypassing the thalamus
– Olfactory cortex – receives information from the olfactory bulb
• Conscious awareness of odors• Identification of odors
– Hotline between olfactory cortex and limbic system (memory and emotion)
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Smell (olfaction)
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Smell and age