hearing, touch, taste, etc.. water is 83x denser than air sound travels 4.5x faster in water - not...
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Hearing, touch, taste, etc.
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water is 83x denser than air sound travels 4.5x faster in water
- not rapidly attenuated; difficult to localizelow frequencies propagate better, faster
Sound transmission in water
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water is 100x denser than air sound travels 4.5x faster in water
- not rapidly attenuated; difficult to localizelow frequencies propagate better, faster
sound: small vibrations with particle displacement near source- “near field” (a few meters)sound pressure component – “far field”
Sound transmission in water
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Hearing and lateral line (acoustico-lateralis system)
Ears - sound reception in near field - acceleration, equilibriumdetects pressure waves
Lateral line – sound reception in far field - "distant touch"detects particle displacement
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Lateral line system
superficial (free) neuromasts on body surface, or in shallow pits or grooves
canal neuromasts in lateral line
Perciformes, Centrarchidae: black crappie
Perciformes, Moronidae: white perch
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superficial neuromast
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superficial neuromast
canal neuromasts
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Lateral line system
location and type of neuromasts optimized for particular prey, environment, etc.
Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae: golden shiner
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Science, 27 July 2012, p. 409
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Ears
equilibrium and balance:three semicircular canals detect roll, yaw, pitchalso acceleration
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Ears
equilibrium and balance:three semicircular canals detect roll, yaw, pitchalso acceleration
semicircular canals
utriculus(lapillus)
pars superior(balance, acceleration)
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Ears
sound receptionfish vibrates with sounds in water otoliths vibrate slower, impinge on sensory cilia
semicircular canals
utriculus(lapillus) lagena
(astericus)
sacculus(sagitta)
pars superior(balance, acceleration)
pars inferior(hearing)
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Left and right ears of a deep-sea cod. Xiaohong Deng, Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland. http://www.life.umd.edu/biology/popperlab/research/deepsea.htm.
Sagittal otolith
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Ears
Otoliths
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Fish hearing is limited to lower frequency range, limited sensitivity to high frequencies
How can hearing sensitivity be improved?
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Ears
hearing sensitivity improved with1. Weberian apparatus – derived from vertebral bones
connects air bladder with ear labyrinthpresent in ostariophysan fishes
(Cypriniformes, Characiformes, Siluriformes)
gives wide range of hearing (20-7000 Hz)
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Ears
hearing sensitivity improved with1. Weberian apparatus
connects air bladder with ear labyrinthpresent in ostariophysan fishesgives wide range of hearing (20-7000 Hz)
2. direct connection of swim bladder and ear squirrelfishes (Holocentridae)herrings etc. (Clupeidae)
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Ears
hearing sensitivity improved with1. Weberian apparatus
connects air bladder with ear labyrinthpresent in ostariophysan fishesgives wide range of hearing (20-7000 Hz)
2. direct connection of swim bladder and ear 3. airbreathers maintain bubble in superbranchial cavity,
near to ear
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Sound production
homepage.univie.ac.at/friedrich.ladich/Topics.htm
http://www.fishecology.org/soniferous/waquoitposter.htm
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Sound production
stridulation due to friction- grinding of teeth- movement of fin spine in socket, etc.
(catfish, triggerfish, filefish, sticklebacks)
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Sound production
stridulation due to friction- grinding of teeth- movement of fin spine in socket, etc.
(catfish, triggerfish, filefish, sticklebacks)
via gas bladder- release of air
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Sound production
stridulation due to friction- grinding of teeth- movement of fin spine in socket, etc.
(catfish, triggerfish, filefish, sticklebacks)
via gas bladder- release of air - vibration of muscles (toadfishes, Batrachoididae; searobins, Triglidae; drum, Sciaenidae)
Perciformes, Sciaenidae – freshwater drum)
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Sound production
stridulation due to friction- grinding of teeth- movement of fin spine in socket, etc.
(catfish, triggerfish, filefish, sticklebacks)
via gas bladder- release of air - vibration of muscles
incidental to other behaviors- swimming and muscular motion- breaking surface and splashing- feeding, e.g., coral and crustacean-feeders- production of bubbles
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Sound production
Problems associated with human sound productionboat motorssonardredging, constructionnaval activities
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Graham A L, Cooke S J. 2008 The effects of noise disturbance from various recreational boating activities common to inland waters on the cardiac physiology of a freshwater fish, the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) Aquatic Conservation - Marine And Freshwater Ecosystems 18: 1315-1324
heart rate and stroke volume responded to canoe paddling, trolling motor, and outboard motor: canoe < trolling motor < outboard time to recover:
canoe ~15 min, trolling motor ~ 25 min, outboard ~ 40 min
concluded that boating activities can have ecological and environmental consequences
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Taste and smell:•communication
•individual recognition, especially of mates
•species recognition, esp. schooling species
•offspring recognition (cichlids)
•scent mark territories (gobies)
•dominant-subordinate relationships
•aggression-inhibiting pheromone produced by bullheads
living in groups
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Olfaction (= chemoreception at "long" range/gradients)
more sensitive than tasteused for:
food findingmigration, e.g., salmonintra, interspecific communication
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Olfaction (= chemoreception at "long" range/gradients)
more sensitive than tasteused for:
food findingmigration, e.g., salmonintra, interspecific communication
semiochemical – chemical used for communicationpheromone – elicits social response in same specieskairomone – benefits receiver, not emitter – between species
e.g., food, scent, necromone
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Olfaction (= chemoreception at "long" range/gradients)
“Schreckstoff” alarm pheromones (Ostariophysi)
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Olfaction (= chemoreception at "long" range/gradients)
“Schreckstoff” alarm pheromones (Ostariophysi)originate in specialized ‘club’ cells in skin,
released when fish is damagedeffect is to alert other conspecifics
potenthighly specific (generally species-specific)pass through gut of northern pike
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Taste (= chemoreception at close range)
taste organs can reside on exterior surfaces:barbels of bottom-dwelling fisheslips of suckersover much of body of ictalurids
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Other cutaneous senses
touchfew detectors – shark fins; head, barbels of bullheadsmating behaviors (use of breeding tubercules)parent-young communication in catfish, cichlids,
damselfishes
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Other cutaneous senses
temperatureteleost cutaneous temp. sensitivity to 0.03C changecan distinguish rise from a fall in temperatureelasmobranchs detect temperature change with
ampullae of Lorenzini
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Electrogeneration and electroreception
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Production of electricity
muscular contractions generate electrical signal‘stack’ specialized cells (electrocytes) to amplify signal(in series) with insulating material around them
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Production of electricity
Types of electricity produced:strong current - for stunning prey or escaping predators10 to several hundred voltsin ‘volleys’ of discharges
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Production of electricity
Types of electricity produced:strong current - for stunning prey or escaping predatorsweak current - for electrolocation
- conspecifics in school, - preyemit continuous signal; objects entering field are
detected by distortion of fielddischarge 200 - 1600 cycles/sec
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Production of electricity
used by most elasmobranches, some teleosts
Osteoglossiformes (Mormyridae) - African electric fishes
Rajiiformes (Rajiidae) – electric skates
Gymnotiformes (Gymnotidae) – electric eels
Siluriformes (Malapteruridae) - electric catfish
Perciformes (Uranoscopidae) - stargazers
Torpediniformes (4 families) – electric rays
(Gymnarchidae)
strong-electric fishes weak-electric fishes
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Production of electricity
electricity-producing fishes tend to beslow-moving, sedentaryactive at night, or in murky water w. low visibilityhave thick skin: good insulatoremhance signal-to-noise ratio with stiffened body
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Electroreception
types of signals receivedmovement through earth’s magnetic fieldcurrent from muscular activity of other fish (prey)signals produced by conspecifics
frequency shifts identify individuals
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Electroreception
detection via external pit organs ampullae of Lorenzini in elasmobranchesopen to surrounding water via canals, filled w. conductive gelsensitive to
temperature changemechanical and weak electrical stimulichanges in salinity