heart failure therapy and the general internist: what’s new? · learning objectives. 1. to review...
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Heart Failure Therapy and the General Internist:
What’s New?• Finlay A. McAlister
• Division of General Internal Medicine• University of Alberta and the Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute
CSIM Annual Meeting 2017
Speaker: McAlister – November 3, 2017
The following presentation represents the views of the speakerat the time of the presentation. This information is meant foreducational purposes, and should not replace other sources
of information or your medical judgment
Conflict Disclosures
I have no conflicts to declare
Learning Objectives1. To review recent evidence on new therapies for heart
failure that are relevant for general internists
2. To compare the pros and cons of these new therapies.
3. To review the current Canadian Cardiovascular Society Heart Failure Guidelines from the perspective of a general
internist
Case- Mr. Willie Maykit
• 62 year old male• multiple CV risk factors (obese, HTN, dyslipid)• MI 6 years ago, cath’d, DES stent x 1 in LAD• Now referred with ankle swelling, SOBOE (NYHA III),
PND, but no angina, palps, or syncope
Question 1 and 1a
• How soon would you see him?
• Would you measure BNP?
When to see
CCS guidelines
for the diagnosis of
HFEzekowitz, Can J Cardiol 2017.
Canadian Journal of Cardiology DOI: (10.1016/j.cjca.2017.08.022) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions
Now:
TroponinHemoglobinCreatininePotassium
SodiumBNP/NT-proBNP
Newer:
ST2MR-proANPProcalcitonin
Galectin-3N-GAL
MR-proADM
Not yet known:
WS4Apelin
Urinary cGMP?panels
Key blood biomarkers in HF
BNP Guided Therapy MA/SR: Mortality(12 RCTs, 2686 pts)
Savarese G, et al. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e58287.Troughton RW, et al. Eur Heart J. 2013.
Meta analysis of published data Pooled patient data from all available trials
Objectives of the GUIDE-IT Trial
To compare the efficacy of a strategy of NT-proBNP-guided therapy vs. usual care on the composite endpoint of time to cardiovascular death or first heart failure (HF) hospitalization in high risk patients HF patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction.
Screening
Randomization
Follow-up
Endpoints
High-Risk Heart Failure with Reduced EFLVEF ≤ 40 within 12 months
HF event (hospitalization, ED visit, outpatient IV diuretics) within prior 12 mosNT-proBNP > 2000 pg/mL within prior 30 days
Usual Care
N=550
Primary endpoint: Time to CV death or first HF hospitalizationSecondary endpoints: • All-cause mortality
• Total days alive and out of hospital during follow-up• CV mortality or CV hospitalization• Safety• Health-related quality of life• Resource utilization, costs, cost effectiveness
Biomarker-GuidedNT-proBNP < 1000 pg/mL
N=550
Follow up: 2 wks, 6 wks, 3 months, then Q3 month for 12–24 mos
Additional 2-week follow-up after changes in therapy
Baseline CharacteristicsNT-proBNP-Guided
N = 446Usual Care
N = 448
Age (median) 62 64Gender (female) 31% 33%Race (% AA) 39% 35%
Ethnicity (% Hisp) 7% 6%
EF (median) 24% 25%
Etiology (% IHD) 46% 55%
Diabetes (%) 44% 47%
Afib (at enrollment) 36% 44%
SBP (median) 114 mmHg 114 mmHg
Serum Cr (median) 1.3 mg/dL 1.3 mg/dL
NT-proBNP (median) 2632 pg/mL 2668 pg/mL
Primary Endpoint(HF hospor CV death)
Secondary Endpoints
NT-proBNP-Guided
Usual Care
HR(95% CI) P value
Mortality, No (%) 66 (15) 77 (17) 0.86 (0.62-1.20) 0.37
CV mortality, No (%) 53 (12) 57 (13) 0.94 (0.65-1.37) 0.75
Non-CV mortality, No (%) 13 (3) 20 (5) 0.66 (0.33-1.32) 0.24
First HF hosp., No, (%) 147 (33) 141 (32) 1.04 (0.82-1.31) 0.08
Total HF hosps, No. 350 277 1.29 (0.97-1.72) 0.08
Days alive and not hosp. for CV reasons, Mean (SD) 581 (14) 562 (15) Mean difference
19 (-22 to 60) 0.36
Quality of Life: KCCQ Overall Summary Score
57.5
68.8 70.4 68.4 70.2
57.7
69.2 70.1 70.3 71.6
0
20
40
60
80
100
Baseline 3 month 6 month 12 month 24 month
KCCQ BG KCCQ UC
0 to 100 scale, with higher scores reflecting better quality of lifeDifference in KCCQ scores. Biomarker strategy minus usual care. 95% CI.
NT-proBNP Over Time
12
6
10
4
0
5
10
Clinic Visits (median) Adjustments to HFtherapy (median)
Process of CareP=0.002
P<0.001
NT-proBNP-GuidedUsual Care
Conclusions
in high-risk patients with HFrEF, a strategy of guiding therapy based on NT-proBNP levels was not more effective than a usual care strategy in reducing the composite endpoint of time-to-first HF hospitalization or cardiovascular death
Defining strategies to optimize evidence-based Rx in high risk heart failure patients remains a pressing medical need
“Optimal” GDMT: BB, RAAS, MRA at ≥ 50% Target Dose
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Biomarker-Guided Usual Care
P<0.001 P<0.01 Baseline12 months
Case- Mr. Willie Maykit
• 62 year old male• multiple CV risk factors (obese, HTN, dyslipid)• MI 6 years ago, cath’d, DES stent x 1 in LAD• Now referred with ankle swelling, SOBOE (NYHA III),
PND, but no angina, palps, or syncope• HR 92, reg BP 120/70 RR 16• bibasilar creps, JVP 5 cm ASA (+HJR), bipedal edema,
S3, mitral regurg murmur
Question 2
• Would you send him for repeat cath?– Mark Hansen’s workshop Saturday November 4
• What would you send him for?
Case- Mr. Willie Maykit• 62 year old male• multiple CV risk factors• MI 6 years ago, cath’d, DES stent x 1 in LAD• Now referred with ankle swelling, SOBOE, PND, but no
angina, palps, or syncope• HR 92, reg BP 120/70 RR 16• bibasilar creps, JVP 5 cm ASA (+HJR), bipedal edema, S3,
mitral regurg• Echo: LVEF 25-30%, ECG: NSR, LBBB
Question 3
• What would you treat him with?
a) Daily hot bath and prn leeches b) Digoxin + loop diureticc) Double therapy (ACEi/ARB, BB, and MRA) +/- loop diureticd) Triple therapy (ACEi/ARB, BB, and MRA) +/- loop diuretic
Patients with HFrEF
Ezekowitz, Can J Cardiol 2017.
Treatment Strategies in HF
ACEi/(ARB)
Titrated use of BBs/(ARB)
Spironolactone
Digoxin/Nitrates
No addedsalt
2 gm NaHF clinicsfollow-up
Customizedlifestyle program
CRT (LBBB), CPAP
Asymptomatic Mild/Mod Severe Refractory
Risk of SD — AICD
ACE InhibitorsGarg R, et al. JAMA 1995;273:1450-6.Flather et al. Lancet 2000;355:1575-81.
• 32 RCTs in CHF, 7105 pts; 12 763 pts in 5 large RCTs• Clinical Outcomes:
– Total mortality: 0.77 (0.67-0.88) and 0.74 (0.66-0.83)– Mortality or hosp: 0.65 (0.57-0.74) and -------------------– HF hospitalizations: -------------------- and 0.67 (0.61-0.74)
• Which ACEI? – Likely class effect, but definite evidence for captopril, enalapril, ramipril,
lisinopril, trandolapril
ACE InhibitorsGarg R, et al. JAMA 1995;273:1450-6.
• Same OR: men/women; young/old; ischemic/non-ischemic• Other subgroups:
– NYHA I 0.69 (0.44-1.09)– NYHA II 0.68 (0.57-0.81)– NYHA III 0.58 (0.46-0.73)– NYHA IV 0.69 (0.43-1.10)– EF < 0.25 0.53 (0.43-0.65)– EF > 0.25 0.85 (0.69-1.04)
CHARM-Alternative: Primary outcome (CV death or CHF hospitalisation)
0 1 2 3 years0
10
20
30
40
50
Placebo
Candesartan
%
HR 0.77 (95% CI 0.67-0.89), p=0.0004Adjusted HR 0.70, p<0.0001
3.5
406 (40.0%)
334 (33.0%)
RRR=23%
Date of download: 10/24/2017
From: Meta-Analysis: Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers in Chronic Heart Failure and High-Risk Acute Myocardial Infarction Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(9):693-704. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-9-200411020-00011
Copyright © American College of Physicians. All rights reserved.
Versus Placebo:
Mortality: 0.83 (0.69-1.00)
HF hosp: 0.64 (0.53-0.78)
24 RCTs, 38 080 pts
Date of download: 10/24/2017
From: Meta-Analysis: Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers in Chronic Heart Failure and High-Risk Acute Myocardial Infarction Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(9):693-704. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-9-200411020-00011
Copyright © American College of Physicians. All rights reserved.
Versus ACEi:
Mortality: 1.06 (0.90-1.26)
HF hosp: 0.95 (0.80-1.13)
Hydralazine and Nitrates (V-HeFT I&II)
RRR: 28.2%: ARR 5.4% vs. H/NRRR: 34%: ARR 8.7% vs. placebo
HR and Outcomes in HF
Date of download: 10/24/2017
From: Meta-analysis: β-Blocker Dose, Heart Rate Reduction, and Death in Patients With Heart FailureAnn Intern Med. 2009;150(11):784-794. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-150-11-200906020-00006
Copyright © American College of Physicians. All rights reserved.
Death RR: 0.76 (0.68-0.84)Hosp RR: 0.64 (0.57-0.71)
23 RCTs, 19 209 pts
From: Beta-blockers for heart failure with reduced, mid-range, and preserved ejection fraction: an individual patient-level analysis of double-blind randomized trialsEur Heart J. Published online October 10, 2017. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx564Eur Heart J | Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author 2017. For permissions,please email: [email protected].
LVEF:
From: Beta-blockers for heart failure with reduced, mid-range, and preserved ejection fraction: an individual patient-level analysis of double-blind randomized trialsEur Heart J. Published online October 10, 2017. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx564Eur Heart J | Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author 2017. For permissions, please email: [email protected].
From: Beta-blockers for heart failure with reduced, mid-range, and preserved ejection fraction: an individual patient-level analysis of double-blind randomized trialsEur Heart J. Published online October 10, 2017. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx564Eur Heart J | Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author 2017. For permissions, please email: [email protected].
Date of download: 10/24/2017
From: Meta-analysis: β-Blocker Dose, Heart Rate Reduction, and Death in Patients With Heart Failure
Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(11):784-794. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-150-11-200906020-00006
Meta-regression line for magnitude of heart rate reduction and risk ratio of all-cause mortality.The mortality logarithm of relative risk is plotted against the reduction in heart rate. Circles are the observed estimates; size is based on the inverse of the SE of each trial. The 3 lines are the fitted and the upper and lower bounds of the 95% CIs.
Figure Legend:
Copyright © American College of Physicians. All rights reserved.
From: Aldosterone blockade and left ventricular dysfunction: a systematic review of randomized clinical trialsEur Heart J. 2008;30(4):469-477. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn543Eur Heart J | Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author 2008. For permissions please email: [email protected]
Aldosterone blockers (14 RCTs, 10 807 pts)
Death RR: 0.80 (0.74-0.87)
Hosp RR: 0.77 (0.68-0.87)
Case- Mr. Willie Maykit – 6 months later• 63 year old male• no reversible ischemia• Stable, euvolemic, NYHA Class II • HR 64, reg BP 116/70• Echo: LVEF 25-30% ECG: NSR, LBBB
• On ramipril 5 mg bid, bisoprolol 5 mg daily, spiro 25 mg daily, lasix 40 mg daily
Question 4
• What next?
a) Continue to follow – if so, how frequently?b) Return to GPc) Refer to EP cardiology
Canadian Journal of Cardiology DOI: (10.1016/j.cjca.2017.08.022) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions
Device referral
Case- Mr. Willie Maykit – one year later• 64 year old male• multiple CV risk factors; CAD but no reversible ischemia• NYHA Class II• euvolemic HR 64, reg BP 126/70• Echo: LVEF 35% after CRT-ICD and one year of Rx
• On ramipril 5 mg bid, bisoprolol 5 mg daily, spiro 25 mg daily, lasix 40 mg daily, with CRT-ICD in situ
Question 5
• He’s stable, but what now?
a) Continue to followb) Return to GPc) Switch ramipril to ARNId) Ivabradine
A common perspective– My patient is “stable” on current therapy– Why should I change anything?
• McMurray et al. N Eng J Med 2014;371:993-1004; Desai As et al Eur Heart J. 2015;36:1990-7.
763 of 2309 of first primary endpoints (intensification of medical therapy, ED visit, HF hospitalization or CV deaths) were CV deaths
33%467 of these 763 deaths were sudden
61%
PARADIGM-HF: Eligibility criteriaInclusion: • NYHA II-IV HF• LVEF ≤40 % [≤35% amend]• Elevated NPs
– BNP ≥150 pg/mL– NT-proBNP ≥600 pg/mL
• Guideline-recommended use of beta-blockers and MRA
Inclusion (cont)• Any ACEi or ARB, but able to
tolerate stable dose equivalent to at least enalapril 10 mg daily for at least 4 weeks
• Major Exclusions: • SBP < 95 mmHg• eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m2• K > 5.4 mEq/L
McMurray NEJM 2014
0
16
32
40
24
8
Enalapril(n=4212)
360 720 10800 180 540 900 1260Days After Randomization
41874212
39223883
36633579
30182922
22572123
15441488
896853
249236
LCZ696Enalapril
Patients at Risk
1117
Kapl
an-M
eier
Est
imat
e of
Cum
ulat
ive
Rate
s (%
)
914
LCZ696(n=4187)
HR = 0.80 (0.73-0.87)P = 0.0000002
PARADIGM-HF: Primary endpoint
McMurray NEJM 2014
Primary = CV death or HF Hospitalization
ARR 4.7% NNT 21
Kaplan–Meier Curves for Key Study Outcomes, According to Study Group.
McMurray JJV et al. N Engl J Med 2014;371:993-1004
Prespecified Subgroup Analyses.
McMurray JJV et al. N Engl J Med 2014;371:993-1004
PARADIGM: Recurrent HF hospitalizations
Packer, Circulation 2014
ARR 2.8% per year NNT 36
Adverse Events during Randomized Treatment.
McMurray JJV et al. N Engl J Med 2014;371:993-1004
Health Canada and CCS 2017 guidelines
Sac/Val: “heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), NYHA class II‐III despite GDMT, in combination with other heart failure therapies in place of an ACEI or ARB”
Date of download: 10/31/2017 Copyright © 2016 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
From: Potential Mortality Reduction With Optimal Implementation of Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitor Therapy in Heart Failure
JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1(6):714-717. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2016.1724
Date of download: 10/31/2017 Copyright © 2016 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
From: Potential Mortality Reduction With Optimal Implementation of Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitor Therapy in Heart Failure
JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1(6):714-717. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2016.1724
Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin Inhibition (ARNI) Eligibility Flow DiagramDerivation of the population of patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction eligible for ARNI. ACEI indicates angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; and SBP, systolic blood pressure.
Figure Legend:
That would be 84% of HF-rEF pts
and 40% of all HF pts
Health Canada and CCS 2017 guidelinesSac/Val: “heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), NYHA class II‐III despite GDMT, in combination with other heart failure therapies in place of an ACEI or ARB”
FM opinion: PLUS deterioration (LVEF, BNP, hospitalizations/ED visits)
Edmonton HFC approach
Edmonton HFC approach
• ACEi washout (at least 36 hours):– Last dose of ACEi Friday– Write STOP ACE on Rx– 1st dose of Sacubitril/Valsartan Monday
• Same f/u labs/phone as ACE/ARB• Consider reducing furosemide dose
Patients who shouldn’t be switched
• Low risk: NYHA 1, stable without exacerbations, low BNP • De novo HF• Acute instability (in hospital)• EF recovered >40% • HF-PEF• Patients who have s/e on every medication• Patients who are difficult to contact/risky
Question 5
• He’s stable, but what now?
a) Continue to followb) Return to GPc) Switch ramipril to ARNId) Ivabradine
Health Canada
Ivabradine: “heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (≤ 35%) in …NYHA Class II or III who are in sinus rhythm with a resting heart rate ≥ 77 bpm, to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular mortality and hospitalizations for worsening heart failure.“
CCS Recommendation We recommend that ivabradine be considered in patients with HFrEF, who remain symptomatic despite treatment with appropriate doses of GDMT, with a resting heart rate > 70 beats per minute (bpm), in sinus rhythm, and a previous HF hospitalization within 12 months, for the prevention of cardiovascular death and HF hospitalization(Strong Recommendation; Moderate-Quality Evidence).
• =about 10% of pts in the UAH HFC
IvabradineActivation of three major neurohormonal systems
Decline in systolicfunction
↓ HR
Improves cardiacfunction
Ivabradine acts directly on cardiac function via lowering HR
Natriuretic peptide system
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system
Sympathetic nervous system
Ivabradine: pure heart rate reduction
If inhibition reduces the diastolic depolarization slope, thereby lowering heart rate
RR
Pureheart ratereduction
0 mV
-40 mV
-70 mV
closedopen
closed
Ivabradine
Thollon C, et al. Brit J Pharmacol. 1994;112:37‐42.
Swedberg K, et al. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010;12:75-81.
SHIFT: inclusion• Class II to IV NYHA heart failure• Ischemic/non-ischemic etiology• LV systolic dysfunction (EF <35%)• Heart rate >70 bpm• Sinus rhythm• Documented hospital admission for worsening
heart failure <12 months
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
BB at randomization
At least 50% target daily dose
Target daily dose
89
56
26
Ivabradine
Placebo89
56
26
Patients (%)
SHIFT-HF: Background Beta-blocker Rx
Swedberg K, et al. Lancet. 2010.
SHIFT
SHIFT: Primary endpoint
Swedberg, Lancet 2010
Primary endpoint: CVD/HFHHR 0.82 (0.75‐0.90)NNT 26
EF<35%HR>70 bpmSinus
89% on BB56% on >50% BB target dose
>77 bpm: CVD reduction
Standard Rx
Standard Rx + Ivabradine
Absolute effect (NNT) for prevention of recurrent hospitalizations in HF patients
Rogers et al. Curr Med Res Opin 2015; 31 (10): 1903–9.
Estimated treatment effect* 95% CI P value NNT
Primary endpoint 0.82 0.75-0.90 < 0.0001 26
Heart failure hospitalizations
First hospitalizationRecurrent
hospitalizations
0.750.71
0.66-0.840.62-0.82
< 0.0001< 0.0001
2714
All-cause hospitalizations
First hospitalizationRecurrent
hospitalizations
0.890.83
0.83-0.960.72-0.95
0.0036< 0.0001
3710
Table 2. Estimated treatment effects and associated numbers to treat for SHIFT outcomes
CV death or hospitalization for HF Age Test for interaction
< 65 years≥ 65 years
SexMaleFemale
Beta-blockersNoYes
Etiology of heart failureNon-ischemic Ischemic
NYHA classNYHA class II NYHA class III or IV
DiabetesNoYes
HypertensionNoYes
Baseline heart rate< 77 bpm≥ 77 bpm
1.51.00.5Hazard ratio
p=0.029
Reduction of the primary endpoints with ivabradine was consistent in all prespecified subgroups except for HR
Favours ivabradine Favours placeboSwedberg et al. Lancet 2010; 376: 875-85.
Significant reduction
≥ 70 bpm ≥ 77 bpm
Primary endpoints
CV death or hospital admission for worsening HF 18% (p<0.0001) 25% (p<0.0001)
Mortality endpoints
All-cause mortality - 19% (p=0.0074)
Cardiovascular mortality - 19% (p=0.0137)
Death from HF 26% (p=0.014) 39% (p=0.0017)
Other endpoints
All-cause hospital admission 11% (p=0.003) 18% (p=0.0002)
The higher the HR at baseline, the greater the benefits
Ivabradine significantly reduced mortality
Swedberg et al. Lancet 2010; 376: 875-85;Krum & Sindone. Heart Lung Circ 2013; 22: s87-8.
Patients with baseline HR ≥ 70 and ≥ 77 bpm
p=< 0.001
Standard therapy & ivabradine
Standard therapyB
ette
rQoL
Ivabradine in addition to recommended therapy led to clinical benefits while preserving QoL
• Improvement was associated with the magnitude of HR reduction
0
11
10
7
4
2
9
8
6
3
1
5
-35 -30 5 10-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 15
Ekman et al. Eur Heart J 2011; 32(19): 2395-404.
9.6
8.6
6.4 6.2
5.15.6
5.0
4.13.7
2.1
Chan
ge in
KCC
Q O
SS a
t 12
mon
ths
Change in heart rate at 12 months(bpm)
-18%
-16%
-18%-…
-14%-13%
-15%
-17%-16% -16%
-20%
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
Renaldysfunction
(eGFR < 60mL/
min/1.73m2)Overall
populationLow BP
(< 115 mmHg) Diabetes COPDIschemicetiology Angina NYHA III/IV
Severe HF (LVEF
< 20% and NYHA IV)
Elderly(≥ 75 years
old)
Ivabradine reduces CV death and HF hospitalizations regardless of the associated conditions
Borer et al. Cardiology 2017; 136: 138-44; Voors et al. Eur J Heart Fail 2014;16:426-34; Borer et al. Am J Cardiol 2014;113(3):497-503;Komajda et al. Eur J Heart Fail 2014;16(7):810-6’; Tavazzi et al. Int J Cardiol 2013;170(2):182-8; Tavazzi et al. Eur J Heart Fail 2013;15(11):1296-1303; Reil et al. Eur J Heart Fail 2013;15(9):1044-52.
Ivabradine is safe to use and well tolerated by HF patients
Safety• Less serious adverse events in the ivabradine group vs. the placebo group
– Explained by fewer cardiac events
• 1% of the patients withdrew from the trial because of bradycardia
• 3% of the patients had transient phosphenes, but this did not lead to more withdrawal
Tolerability• Ivabradine dosage: 7.5 mg twice daily
• Mean dosage: – 6.4 mg twice daily (28 days)– 6.5 mg twice daily (1 year)
• 70% of patients are taking the 7.5 mg twice daily dosage after 1 year
Phosphenes: experience of seeing light without light.Swedberg et al. Lancet 2010; 376: 875-85.
≈ 60-65 bpm
80-86 bpm*75-79 bpm*
72-74 bpm*70-71 bpm*
-16 bpm -14 bpm -13 bpm
* Baseline HR at rest
-11 bpm
> 87 bpm*
-23 bpm
No excessive bradycardia: the higher the HR at baseline, the greater the reduction
• On top of guidelines-recommended therapy, including BB
Böhm et al. Lancet 2010; 376: 886-94.
Disease Study Treatment Conclusion
HF with LVSD SHIFT vs. placebo on top
of standard therapy
In HF patients with HR ≥ 70 bpm, ivabradine reduces the composite of CV death andHF hospitalizations
Stable CAD and angina
Initiative vs. atenolol(non-inferiority trial)
Ivabradine is at least as effective and safe asatenolol in reducing symptoms of patients with stable CAD and angina
Ruzyllo vs. amlodipine(non-inferiority trial)
Ivabradine is at least as effective and safe asamlodipine in reducing symptoms of patients with stable CAD and angina
Associate vs. placebo, on top of BB
Ivabradine further decreases symptoms inpatients with stable CAD and angina, on top of BB treatment
Stable CAD with LVSD BEAUTIFUL vs.placebo, on top
of standard treatment
Lowering heart rate with ivabradine in CAD patients with HR ≥ 60 bpm does not reduce the risk of CV death or nonfatal MI but, in patients with HR ≥ 70 bpm, ivabradine reduces the composite of fatal and non-fatal MI and the need for revascularization
Stable CAD without LVSD SIGNIFY vs. placebo, on top
of standard treatment
Lowering heart rate with ivabradine in CAD patients without clinical HF does not reduce the risk of CV death or nonfatal MI
Main trials in the clinical development of ivabradine
• In Canada, ivabradine isonly indicatedfor HF patients
Tools for practice
MED-HF• Free Medical app for the iphone / android
– Helps walk through the big 4 medications initiation, titration and problem management
– https://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/med-hf
**Ezekowitz/Koshman co-own copyright and patent
Advanced HF: Management Despite optimal treatment, NYHA III or IV HF symptoms AND accompanied by >1 of:• LVEF < 25% • peak exercise oxygen consumption < 14 mL/kg/min (or less than 50% predicted).• Evidence of progressive end organ dysfunction• Recurrent HF hospitalizations (≥ 2 in 12 months) not due to a clearly reversible cause.• Need to progressively reduce or eliminate evidence-based HF therapies • Diuretic refractoriness associated with worsening renal function.• Requirement for inotropic support for symptomatic relief or to maintain end-organ function.• Worsening right heart failure and secondary pulmonary hypertension.• 6 minute walk distance less than 300 m.• Increased 1-year mortality (e.g., > 20%–25%) predicted by heart failure risk scores• Persistent hyponatremia (serum sodium < 134 mEq/L).• Cardiac cachexia.• Inability to perform activities of daily living.
What’s coming next: Ongoing studies• VICTORIA (vericiguat)• HEART‐FID (IV iron)• SODIUM (dietary Na+)• EMPA-Ref (e’gliflozin)• DAPA-Ref (d’gliflozin)• COMMANDER (rivaroxaban)• GALACTIC (omecamtiv)
• EMPA-Pef (e’gliflozin)• SPIRRIT (spiro)• PARAGON (sac/val)• SODIUM (dietary Na+)
Apelin analogues, finerenone, resveratrol, chymase inh, gut microbiome, etc etc
Summary• Diagnosis important: get it right• Work-up the etiology• Initiate and titrate therapies as needed• Stop drugs with limited or no benefit • Monitor appropriate labs and symptoms• Refer onwards when help is needed