heat stress in pig farms · 2020. 7. 1. · in pig farms • no functional sweating glands •...

1

PERFORMANCE

page 6-7

MORTALITY

page 8-9

FERTILITY AND OXIDATIVE STRESS

page 2-3

LACTATION PERFORMANCe

page 4-5

Heat stressin pig farms

• No functional sweating glands• Mainly through panting with increased

breathing rate

Adapted from Renaudeau et al., 2014

36,0°C

Radiation 10%

Inactivity, apathy

Contact with cooler surfaces 5%

Evaporationthroughpanting 70%

Convection to air 15%

Lallemand Animal Nutritionprogram during heat stress period

Associated feed intake reduction has been calculated from an equation based on the literature (Quiniou et al. 2000) for adult pigs fed ad-libitum.

Visible signsof heat stress

Heat stress is a reality

A limitedthermoregulation process

Increased panting, higher heart rate

Reducedfeed intake

Increased water consumption

Decreased reproductive performance

Mortality

Increased rectaltemperature

Dry skin, paleness

Decreasedgrowth

40,0°C

sows

GROWING ANDFATTENING PIGS

HEAT STRESSCHALLENGE

HEAT STRESS CHALLENGE

25kg

FATTENINGGROWING

slaughterweight

estrus/insemination farrowing

LACTATIONGESTATIONWEANING

ITALY2 farms

24/06/16 > 29/09/16

-1708g/d feedintake

15%

85%

FRANCECôte d'Or (21)

1 farm

08/07/16 > 31/08/16

FRANCEIndre-et Loire (37)

1 farm

30/06/16 > 23/08/16

-687g/d feedintake

51% 49%

SPAIN (Aragon)1 farm

08/06/17 > 30/09/17

-1249g/d feedintake68%

32%

-2149g/d feedintake

84%

16%

NETHERLANDS 3 farms

25/07/16 > 21/09/16

-1033g/d feedintake

26%

74%

UK 3 farms

03/07/19 > 30/09/19

AUSTRIA 1 farm

28/06/16 > 31/07/16

-655g/d feedintake

34%

66%

EUROPE ASIA

<25°C

>25°CGERMANY 2 farms

11/07/17 > 20/09/17

-723g/d feedintake

55%45%

EASTERN HUNGARY1 farm

03/08/17 > 30/09/17

-955g/d feedintake

37%

63%

SOUTHERN HUNGARY2 farms

03/07/17 > 31/08/17

-1417g/d feedintake63,5%

36,5%

NORTH EAST CHINA : Tongzhou district of Beijing 1 farm

01/06/17 > 31/07/17


19%

CENTRAL JAPAN

2 farms

01/07/17 > 20/09/17

-428g/d feedintake

23%

77%

SOUTH JAPAN1 farm

01/07/17 > 20/09/17

-1839g/d feedintake

10%

90%

SPAIN (Catalonia) 1 farm

08/06/17 > 26/07/17

-2010g/d feedintake

9%

91%

IRELAND2 farms

01/07/18 > 30/09/18

-508g/d feedintake 63%

37%


28%

ITALY2 farms

16/06/19 > 16/10/19

-1429g/d feedintake

53% 47%

FATTENINGPIGS

SOWS

Associated feed intake reduction has been calculated from an equation based on the literature (Quiniou et al. 2000) for pigs and sows fed ad-libitum.

europe asiA

+

2

IMPACT OF HIGH TEMPERATURES ON SOWS’ REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND OXIDATIVE STRESS

SEASONAL INFERTILITY High summer temperatures increase the chance that sow herds will be exposed to heat stress, which has consequences on their reproductive performance: Longer weaning to estrus intervals Decreased pregnancy rate (Fig. 1) and farrowing rate Failure to maintain pregnancy Lower conception rates

As compared to winter farrowing, summer farrowing is linked to:

Smaller litter sizes Lower average piglet weaning weights Increased abortion risks

�

Fig. 1. Mean pregnancy rate by breeding month in a commercial farm. Mellado et al., 2018, Austral Journal of Veterinary Sciences

HEAT STRESS & OXIDATIVE STRESS Pregnancy is a state of oxidative stress, characterized by the production of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (Fig. 2). Excessive free radical production may cause both lipid and protein oxidation and impair normal endothelial cell function (Serdar et al., 2003).

The elevated oxidative stress could alter placenta and fetal skeleton formation as well (Prater et al., 2008).

In addition, oxidative stress and a disrupted antioxidant system are reported to be involved in a variety of complications such as fetal growth restriction or infertility.

THE IMPACT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS ON EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT

High productivity and high mitochondrial activity increases

reactive oxygen species (ROS) production(Myatt et al., 2004)

Negative impact on ovocyte quality, fecundation

and nidation of the embryos

(Aurousseau et al., 2004)

Immature piglets, low farrowing rates,

increased return-to-estrus, etc.

Oxidative stress due to the overproductionof ROS leads to cellular

and tissue damages(Berchieri-Ronchi et al., 2011)

SOWS FERTILITY & OXIDATIVE STRESS

Fig. 2. Status of the oxidative balance during oxidative stress

Antioxidants

Pro-oxidantsAntioxidantsPro-oxidants

OXIDATIVESTRESS

Alteration of animal health and performance

Months

98

96

94

92

90

88

86

84J F M A M J J A S O N D

3

PIGLETS / LITTER CONTROL ANTIOX Deviation

TOTAL BORN (NB) 15.8A 16.5B +4.4%

BORN ALIVE (NB) 14.2a 15.0b +5.6%

STILLBORN (%) 10.0 8.7 -1.3 points

ACTING ON ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSES: A KEY TO OPTIMIZING SOWS’ PERFORMANCE

TRIAL RESULTS Example with a trial conducted in Germany during summer 2017. Total number of sows = 429. ANTIOX sows received a mix containing ALKOSEL, MELOFEED and specific vitamins during the weaning-to-estrus interval (5 days)

SOLU

TIO

N

estrus/instemination farrowing

LACTATIONGESTATION

LALLEMAND ANTIOXIDANT SOLUTIONS FOR SOWS

Dried melon juice naturally rich in Superoxide Dismutase (SOD). SOD is a primary antioxidant, responsible for the neutralization of reactive oxygen species.

Source of highly bioavailable organic selenium (Se). Supports antioxidant defenses by delivering Se, the cofactor of a group of antioxidant enzymes named glutathione peroxidase (GPx).

Antioxidants

Pro-oxidantsAntioxidantsPro-oxidants

BALANCED OXIDATIVE STATUS

Optimal performance

BETTER REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE

Less non-productive days

LITTER SIZE More born alive piglets per litter

(*p < 0.01) Barbé et al., JRP, 2019.

a,b : p < 0.05 A,B : 0.05 < p < 0.1 Barbé et al., JRP, 2019.

6

5

4

3

2

1

0Control Antiox

1.46

RETURN TO ESTRUS (%)

- 3.9

5.33

*

0,2 mg/kg of feed

25g/ton of feed200 mg/sow/day + other antioxidants and vitamins

option 2option 1

LALLEMAND ANIMAL NUTRITION PROGRAM DURING HEAT STRESS

During heat stress periods, it is important to ensure a good storage of antioxidant molecules in the muscle, that can be used when the sow requires them. This is why we recommend using ALKOSEL and MELOFEED in combination.

SOWS FERTILITY & OXIDATIVE STRESS

With antioxidants:

Farrowing rate improvement

Less return to estrus

Less insemination costs

Less non-productive days

1009590858075706560

Control Antiox

93.7

FARROWING RATE (%)

+ 8.6

85.1 *

WEANING

4

HEAT STRESS: A GLOBAL ISSUE THAT REDUCES MILK PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY

Sows’ comfort zone is between 18°C and 20°C: above this range, the sow starts suffering from heat stress. The impact of heat is exacerbated by the ambient humidity level. One of the consequences of heat stress is the decrease of feed intake and milk production (Fig. 1)

Maintaining good feed intake during lactation is critical for producers:

it is directly linked to milk production and, in turn, piglet performance;

sufficient energy intake helps sows save body reserves, which will reflect on their performance in the next cycle (Goodband et al., 2006), avoiding the “second litter syndrome”.

Although sows are generally kept in facilities with a controlled environment, it is not always possible to avoid high temperatures in the barns. Temperatures above 25º C can have a negative impact on sow performance and, in extreme cases, heat stress can lead to important health problems, even death.

Sows do not have functional sweating glands, and the only way to reduce body temperature is through panting. Under heat stress conditions, it is easy to observe important changes in animal behavior, and one of the most evident signals is a reduction of feed intake in lactating sows.

In many countries in the Northern hemisphere, we tend to think that heat stress is a problem of tropical countries. As we highlighted in a field survey (Fig. 2), heat stress inside the farrowing room is a global issue with a high impact on sows’ feed intake even in countries such as the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.

Fig. 1. Relationship between sow feed intake and ambient temperature. Quiniou, N. et al., 2000

Fig. 2. Heat stress recording inside barns in several locations and reduced feed intake calculation. Lallemand Animal Nutrition, 2019.

ITALY2 farms

24/06/16 > 29/09/16

-1708g/d feedintake

15%

85%

FRANCECôte d'Or (21)

1 farm

08/07/16 > 31/08/16

FRANCEIndre-et Loire (37)

1 farm

30/06/16 > 23/08/16

-687g/d feedintake

51% 49%

SPAIN (Aragon)1 farm

08/06/17 > 30/09/17


32%

-2149g/d feedintake

84%

16%

NETHERLANDS 3 farms

25/07/16 > 21/09/16

-1033g/d feedintake

26%

74%

UK 3 farms

03/07/19 > 30/09/19

AUSTRIA 1 farm

28/06/16 > 31/07/16

-655g/d feedintake

34%

66%

EUROPE ASIA

<25°C

>25°CGERMANY 2 farms

11/07/17 > 20/09/17

-723g/d feedintake

55%45%

EASTERN HUNGARY1 farm

03/08/17 > 30/09/17

-955g/d feedintake

37%

63%

SOUTHERN HUNGARY2 farms

03/07/17 > 31/08/17

-1417g/d feedintake63,5%

36,5%

NORTH EAST CHINA : Tongzhou district of Beijing 1 farm

01/06/17 > 31/07/17


19%

CENTRAL JAPAN

2 farms

01/07/17 > 20/09/17

-428g/d feedintake

23%

77%

SOUTH JAPAN1 farm

01/07/17 > 20/09/17

-1839g/d feedintake

10%

90%

SPAIN (Catalonia) 1 farm

08/06/17 > 26/07/17

-2010g/d feedintake

9%

91%

IRELAND2 farms

01/07/18 > 30/09/18


37%


28%

ITALY2 farms

16/06/19 > 16/10/19

-1429g/d feedintake

53% 47%

FATTENINGPIGS

SOWS

Associated feed intake reduction has been calculated from an equation based on the literature (Quiniou et al. 2000) for pigs and sows fed ad-libitum.

18 22 25 27 29

-154 g/°C

-385g/°C

-923g/°C

8.5

7.5

6.5

5.5

4.5

3.5

2.5

Temperature (°C)

Average intake D9 to D19 (kg)

Average daily intake farrowing-meaning (kg)

SOWS’ LACTATION PERFORMANCE

18°C/20°C

did you know?Sows’ comfort zone

Associated feed intake reduction has been calculated from an equation based on the literature (Quiniou et al. 2000) for adult pigs fed ad-libitum.

5

IMPROVED FEED INTAKE One of the benefits of LEVUCELL SB application is an increase in sows’ feed intake during lactation (Fig. 1). This effect has later been confirmed in several trials under heat stress conditions (Fig. 2).

Results from a commercial trial performed with lactating sowsat the Huazhong Agricultural University in China

PRESERVED SOW BODY CONDITION Sows supplemented with LEVUCELL SB are using less of their body reserves, which is important for the next reproductive cycle, as we can see in a trial performed under tropical conditions in Brazil (Fig. 3).

BENEFITS ON PIGLETS PERFORMANCE Positive effects of LEVUCELL SB application in sows are also reflected in piglet performance. Piglets growth increased by 12% in sows supplemented with the probiotic (Table 1).

Fig. 3. Gobira et al., 2017.

Table 1. Gobira et al., 2017.

SOLU

TIO

N

Control LEVUCELL SB pValue

Average daily gain (g/day) 218a 245b 0.021

Average weight at weaning (kg) 5.88a 6.46b 0.001

Fig.1. Meta-analysis including 10 farms. Chevaux et al., 2015

Fig.2. Tan, C.Q. et al., 2015.

Average daily feed intake during lactation (kg)

7

6

5

4

1st week

**

2nd week 3rd week Average

+530g/d

***p<= 0.05 / **p<= 0.01

*

*ControlLEVUCELL SB

FARROWING ROOMbetween 26ºC and 32ºC

FARROWING ROOMTemperature: 25°C - 34°CHumidity: 52% - 97%

6.1

6.0

5.9

5.8

5.7

5.6

5.5

5.4

Control LEVUCELL SB

5.997

5.714

+283g/d+5%

200g/ton of feed100g/ton of feed

Weight losses in lactation (kg)

0

-5

-10

-15

-20

Control LEVUCELL SB

-10.5

-17.9

LIVE YEAST: AN EFFICIENT TOOL TO HELP SOWS OVERCOME HEAT STRESS DURING LACTATION

LALLEMAND PROBIOTIC SOLUTION FOR SOWSSaccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii CNCM I-1079 (LEVUCELL SB) is a probiotic live yeast with proven positive effects on sows’ microbiota regulation, intestinal structure and natural defense.

SOWS’ LACTATION PERFORMANCE

Effect of LEVUCELL SB supplementation on sows feed intake (kg/g)

estrus/insemination farrowing

LACTATIONGESTATION


In addition to the application of LEVUCELL SB at 100 g/ton during gestation, which is always a good help, it is recommended to increase the dose in lactation up to 200 g/ton during the summer period to maintain performance levels.

p<0.05

feed

inta

ke (

kg/g

)

WEANING

6

HEAT STRESS EFFECTSON GROWTH AND FEED INTAKE OF FATTENING PIGS

Modern pig genotypes produce considerably more heat than their predecessors. The more productive an animal is, the more heat they produce and the less tolerant they are to external heat (Fig. 1)

Heat stress is not a main cause of pig mortality, however it causes a significant decrease in fattening pigs’ growth rate. This performance decrease is more pronounced in fattening pigs rather than lighter piglets.

Overall, pigs try to combat the excess of heat through 2 methods (García, L., 2015):

Increasing heat dissipation: Pigs lie on the ground trying to maximize their body surface in contact with it.

They also increase their breathing rate by panting, which increase water evaporation in the lungs.

Reducing heat production: All metabolic processes, including feed intake, digestion and nutrients absorption, generate heat. Thus, pigs will reduce their feed intake (Fig. 2) to decrease the amount of heat they need to dissipate. In pigs weighing more than 50 kg, this decrease in feed consumption starts when the effective temperature exceeds 20ºC (Fig. 3).

Fig 2. Effect of ambient temperature on metabolizable energy intake in growing-fattening pigs. Labussiere et al., 2016

Ambient temperature (°C) Ambient temperature (°C)

Ave

rage

dai

ly g

ain

(g/d

)

Fig 3. Effect of ambient temperature and pig body weight on average daily gain. Renaudeau et al., 2011

FATTENING PIGS PERFORMANCE

AN EXAMPLE OF A THERMONEUTRAL ZONE

Wean7 to 10 Kg

Lower critical temperature

Upper critical temperature

36

33

30

27

24

21

18

15

12

THERMONEUTRALZONE

Birth 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Fig. 1. Muirhead, Alexander and Carr, 2013. Managing pig health: a reference for the farm - 2nd Edition

• No functional sweating glands• Mainly through panting with increased breathing rateAdapted from Renaudeau et al., 2014

36,0°C

Radiation 10%

Contact with cooler surfaces 5%

Evaporationthroughpanting 70%

Convection to air 15%

A limited thermoregulation process

40,0°C

14°C/20°C

did you know?pigs’ comfort zone

7

TRIAL RESULTS Performed with fattening pigs introduced in metabolic chambers at INRA St. Gilles, France

LEVUCELL SB application had an impact on the eating behavior of the pigs, and mainly on the adaptation to the heat stress conditions:

In the control group, the high temperature had a significant

effect, decreasing the number of meals and the duration of eating per day, while increasing the speed of eating (feeding rate).

In the pigs supplemented with LEVUCELL SB, all those parameters were kept more stable during the heat stress period.

TRIAL RESULTS Performed in Australia (Brewster et al., 2017)

Pigs fed with a high energy diet, after an adaptation period of 3 weeks, and supplemented with LEVUCELL SB, improved their average daily gain and reduced their feed conversion ratio, showing again a positive adaptation to the heat stress conditions.

1.12

1.10

1.08

1.06

1.04

1.02

1.00

Control LEVUCELL SB

1.102

1.058

+4.2%

ADG (kg/d)2.75

2.65

2.55

2.45

2.35

Control LEVUCELL SB

2.54

2.72

-6.6%

FCR

HOUSING CONDITIONSAverage daily T°>25°C during the first 25 daysMaximum daily T°>30°C during 60% of the trial durationMaximum daily T°>35°C during 29% of the trial duration

HOUSING CONDITIONS

Week 1: 22°C, thermoneutralityWeek 2: Heat StressWeek 3: Heat Stress

p=0.029

8

6

4

2

0

Control LEVUCELL SB

Number of meals per dayDiet effect: p=0.02

80

60

40

20

0

Control LEVUCELL SB

Time spent eating per dayDiet effect: p<0.01

60

45

30

15

0

Control LEVUCELL SB

Feeding rate (g/min)Diet effect: p=0.02

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3

LEVUCELL SB: AN EFFICIENT TOOL TO HELP PIGS ADAPT THE EATING BEHAVIOUR AND GROWTH DURING HEAT STRESS PERIOD

SOLU

TIO

N

25kg

100g/ton of feed

LALLEMAND PROBIOTIC SOLUTION FOR FATTENING PIGSSaccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii CNCM I-1079 (LEVUCELL SB) is a probiotic live yeast with proven positive effects on pigs microbiota regulation, intestinal structure and natural defense.

FATTENINGGROWING

slaughter weight

FATTENING PIGS PERFORMANCE


We recommend to include LEVUCELL SB 10 ME TITAN at 100 g/ton in both growing and fattening stages.

8

Stagnation of fermentablefeed bolus

Growth of undesirable bacteria.Gasproduction

Global intestinalhypoxia

Colon dilatation Compression of the

mesenteric blood vessels

Bad quality exogenous microflora (feed)

Unusual feeding behavior and abnormal feed intake

Other development of the anaerobic microflora

Increase of the abdominal pressure

Bacterial translocation, toxin

release.

SUMMER MORTALITY: IMPACT OF HIGH TEMPERATURES ON PIDS

PIDS: A CHAIN REACTIONPorcine Intestinal Distension Syndrome (PIDS) is highly variable, although certain risk factors have been identified, as the use of liquid feed and high temperatures.

PIDS physiopathology is a cascade of reactions:

1 Unusual intestinal distension due to the production of gases, mainly in the colon. This can be linked to several factors: unusual eating behavior and abnormal feed intake (eating too quickly, too much or irregularly) or a physical effort, any event that can disturb the pig digestive transit and lead to dysfermentations in the colon.

Concomitant factors that can lead to an excessive gas production (and distension) in the colon are:

Poor microbiological quality of the feed Large quantity of highly fermentable feed ingredients Slow transit time.

2 Compression of the mesenteric blood vessels, causing intestinal hypoxia and allowing the proliferation and toxin release from some pathogens, while other undesirable bacteria continue producing gas.

PIDS is therefore caused by an irreversible cascade of events resulting in the animal’s abrupt death.

PIDS: A GREATER RISK UNDER HEAT STRESS?

There is a strong correlation between the season (summer) and the frequency of mortality in pigs. This might be explained by the aggravating effect of high temperatures on two factors related with PIDS:

Feed intake: Under hot temperatures, pig feeding behavior is affected

Undesirable microorganisms develop quicker, especially in the feed and the feeder.

PREVENTION IS THE KEY

There is no treatment or effective solution to treat PIDS. Prevention strategies should take into account various factors linked to nutrition, which could help prevent the fatal culmination of effects.

Especially during the risk period of summer death on a farm, extra care should be given to:

FATTENING PIGS MORTALITY

Control of the feed microbiological quality

Regulate eatingbehavior

Keep a good balance of pig intestinal microbiota

9

BACTOCELL has been specifically selected for its effects in the feed and gut, showing benefits on:

Pig’s feeding behavior: BACTOCELL produces large amounts of lactic acid in the feed, improving the smell and palatability of the liquid feed Less feed refusal and more consistent eating behaviors.

Liquid feed quality: BACTOCELL decreases the pH of the feed and helps control the microbial balance of the distribution system (biofilm) and the feed.

Pig’s intestinal balance: BACTOCELL metabolism contributes to balance the intestinal microbiota, favoring the development of lactic acid bacteria and competing with certain opportunistic and undesirable pathogenic bacteria.

TRIAL RESULTSThe figure below summarizes the evolution of the mortality rate in different farms following the implementation of BACTOCELL in liquid feed. Economical impact was evaluated for each farm considering 80 kg pigs, and taking into account standard data for piglet costs, feed prices, and zootechnical performance in the fattening phase.

FARM RESULTS: mortality rate evolution following BACTOCELL supplementation (%)

Before

%876543210

2.081.66

11 Pigs saved / year

= 798€

1/ Grower Finisher,

750-capacity room

2/ Grower Finisher,

550-capacity room

3/ Farrow to finish,

120 sows


300 sows


250 sows

7.5

3.2

78 Pigs saved / year

= 5997€

3.12.3

24 Pigs saved / year = 1494.8€

4.1

2.7


2.3

1


BACTOCELL: A PROBIOTIC BACTERIA TO HELP CONTROL LIQUID FEED MICROBIOTA

SOLU

TIO

N

100g/ton of feed dry matter

LALLEMAND PROBIOTIC SOLUTION FOR LIQUID FEEDING OF FATTENING PIGSPediococcus acidilactici CNCM I-4622 (MA 18/5 M) is an homofermentative lactic acid bacteria authorized in the European Union as a feed additive for fattening pigs. Feedback from producers, and its scientifically proven mode of action, indicate that BACTOCELL can help maintain a good health of fattening pigs.

FATTENING PIGS MORTALITY

25kg

FATTENINGGROWING

slaughter weight


We recommend to add 100g of pure BACTOCELL per ton of dry feed to the water in the liquid feed machine during both growing and fattening stages.

Contact us to learn more or visit lallemandanimalnutrition.com

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PRODUCTION OF LACTIC ACID= PH DECREASE

FEED AND SYSTEM HYGIENE

DIGESTIVESAFETY

PERFORMANCE MORTALITY

POSITIVE FLORA DIGESTIBILITY INTESTINAL HEALTH

https://lallemandanimalnutrition.com/en/europe/contact-us/contact-from/

heat stress in pig farms · 2020. 7. 1. · in pig farms • no functional sweating glands •...

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