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Heat Stress Lessons Learned and Reducing the Impact 134 Call Hall Manhattan, KS 66560-1600 785-532-1207 mbrouk@ksu.edu Dr. Micheal Brouk OABP Spring Meeting April 13 & 14, 2011 Guelph, Ontario

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Background and Experience Family farm in Missouri - Crop production 20 years service to feed industry and university Currently Associate Professor & Extension Dairy Specialist General nutritionist KSU Dairy 28.901 lb/cow rolling herd milk production 989 lb/fat per cow 861 lb/protein per cow

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15 to 20 pound drop each summer !!!! How long does it last?

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Average Daily Milk NY Holstein Herds

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Effective Temperature Air Temperature Relative Humidity Air Movement Solar Radiation Buffington, 1983

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Heat Stress Reduce Feed Intake Increased Water Intake Increased Respiration Rate Increased Evaporated Water Loss Increased Body Temperature Changes in Metabolic Rate & Hormones Reduced Milk and Reproduction Armstrong & Welchert, 1994

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Methods to Reduce Heat Stress Shade Fans Misting Evaporative Zone Air conditioning

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Cost Vs. Quality If you can see your shadow, spend more money!!!

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Absorption of Solar Radiation 5450 BTU/Hr 84 o F & 21% HumidityTHI = 73 (Armstrong and Hillman, 1998)

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Shade Design Orientation North-South Allows shade to travel 38 - 50 ft 2 /cow) 11.5 - 14.5 ft tall Material Cost Vs Shade Quality Useful Life

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Where to Shade? Holding Pen Resting Area Feed Area Order is important!!!!!!

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Nonevaporative Cooling Evaporative Cooling Respiratory Tract Evaporative Cooling Outer Body Surface

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Effect of Sprinkling Frequency and Supplemental Air Movement on Respiration Rate KSU Cow Comfort Consortium 2001 (Brouk, M.J., J.F. Smith and J.P. Harner, III)

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Effect of Sprinkling Frequency and Fan Cooling on Udder Skin Temperature KSU Cow Comfort Consortium 2001 (Brouk, M.J., J.F. Smith and J.P. Harner, III)

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Message for conventional barns Cooling is a combination of Soaking cycles u Temperature Dependent Increased Frequency of soaking with increased temperature Increased air movement

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Holding Pen Factors Duration 2x (1hr)3x (.75 hr)4x (.5 hr) Density Increase in Heat Load Rapid increase in body temperature Cooling effective u Decreased Body Temperature 3 o F u Increased Milk 1.75 lb/c/d (Wiersma & Armstrong, 1983)

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Holding Pen Cooling Fans 1000 ft 3 /min/cow 30-36 inch =10,000 - 12,000 cfm) 1 per 10 cows or 150 ft 2 Spacing Holding Pen Width 24 ft u Perpendicular to cows u 6-8 ft u Rows 20 ft (36 in) or 40 ft (48 in) Harner, 1999

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Sprinklers Wet the Cow Dry the Cow Prevent Excess Water Design 0.03 gal/ft 2 8 x 8 ft grid Water Hose Harner, 1999

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2000 Study 36 Fan over stalls & feedline 36 Fan over feedline

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Average Milk Production P