heat transmission in the hyporheic zone jennifer goshorn
TRANSCRIPT
Heat Transmission in the Hyporheic Zone
Jennifer Goshorn
Outline
Defining the hyporheic zone
Importance of the hyporheic zone
Heat transport mechanisms
Temporal fluctuations
Hydrology
Biogeochemistry
Ecology
Concluding remarks
Defining the Hyporheic Zone
Ecologist - active ecotone between surface and groundwater in which fauna characteristic of the hyporheos are distributed and live. (Boulton et al., 1998)
Hydrologist - part of the sub-surface in which both surface and groundwater are present, but surface water exceeds 10%of the total volume. (Triksa et al.,
1989)
Hydrogeologist - water beneath the surface of the ground in the saturation zone in direct contact with the subsoil. (Smith, 2005)
Conceptual models reflecting the aims of different disciplines
Buss et al., 2009
Importance of the Hyporheic Zone
controls the flux and location of water exchange between stream and subsurface
provides a habitat for benthic and interstitial organisms
provides a spawning ground and refuge for certain species of fish
provides a rooting zone for aquatic plants
provides an important zone for the cycling of carbon, energy and nutrients
provides a natural attenuation zone for pollutants by biodegradation, sorption and mixing
moderates river water temperature
provides a sink/source of sediment within a river channel.
Heat Transport in the Hyporheic Zone
Advection transports heat via fluid flow
Conduction transports heat between sediment and hyporheic water
Dispersion and conduction occur as groundwater/surface water and hyporheic water interact
Solar radiation indirectly warms water via conduction and transfer of latent and sensible heat
Conceptual diagram showing the different processes that influence hyporheic water
temperatures
Burkholder et al., 2008
Temporal Heat Fluctuations in the Hyporheic Zone
Temperature as a tracer for infiltration of stream water by interpreting time shifts in temperature signals as retarded travel times
Time-series profiles document changes in water flux into and out of a stream
Maximum and minimum temps during a complete cycle form a ‘temperature envelope’ within which all measured temperatures reside. Bounds of envelope (Jan & July, dawn & afternoon)
When groundwater is flowing into a gaining stream, the annual/daily envelope collapses toward the streambed surface. Upwelling groundwater is buffered from temperature fluctuations – constant temp
When the stream is losing water to underlying sediments, the envelope expands downward. Water is heated at the surface and carried down.
Temperature vs. Depth curve
(Constantz et al., 2003)
Thermal Effects on Hydrology in the Hyporheic Zone
Permeability depends of the hydraulic conductivity of the sediment layers
Viscosity and density of water are temperature dependent
Dramatic increases in stream temperature fluctuations reflect fluctuations in hydraulic gradients
Delayed response of subsurface temperatures earlier in the season
Stream and streambed temperatures and hydraulic gradients
from a stream piezometer in Indiana
Constantz, 2008
Thermal Effects on Biogeochemistry in the Hyporheic Zone
The hyporheic zone is characterized by steep physio-chemical gradients, which are controlled by heat and water flux between the GW/SW interface.
Temperature controls the rate of the chemical reactions
As temperature increases less oxygen is dissolved in water
Emission of nitrogen gases increases with temperature
Microbial activity and chemical transformations in the Hyporheic Zone
(Winter et. al, 1998)
Thermal Effects on Hydroecology in the Hyporheic Zone
During cold weather, up-welling groundwater prevents freezing of rivers and provides temperature moderation during the hot summer.
Predictive models have been developed to relate temperature to embryo development and timing of hatching and emergence under saturated dissolved oxygen conditions (Crisp, 1988 and 1990)
Smith, 2005
Conclusions
Temperature plays a vital role in the hyporheic zone and surrounding environments
Heat as a tracer to model the direction and velocity of flow
Controls chemical reactions
Biological dependency
New research due to advancements in modeling technology
Cooperative work between different fields
The full potential of thermal data within the hyporheic zone is still unrecognized
Questions?
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interactions of running waters and their floodplains: North American Benthological Society, v. 29, i. 1, p. 26-40 DOI: 10.1899/08-017.1
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