heat trater's guide

Heat Treater's GuidePractices and Procedures for Irons and Steels

Second Edition

Harry Chandler, Editor

Veronica Flint, Manager of Book AcquisitionsGrace M. Davidson, Manager of Book ProductionRandall L. Boring, Production Project CoordinatorCheryl L. Powers, Production Project Coordinator

The MaterialsInformation Society

Heat Treater's Guide: Practices and Procedures for Irons and Steels, 2nd Edition, 06400G Harry Chandler, editor

Copyright © 1995 ASM International ® All rights reserved. www.asminternational.org

Copyright 1995by

ASM International"All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by anymeans, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of thecopyright owner.

First printing, December 1995Second printing, June 1998

Third printing, November 2000Fourth printing, February 2006

Fifth printing, June 2007Sixth printing, January 2010

This book is a collective effort involving hundreds of technical specialists. It brings together a wealth ofinformation from worldwide sources to help scientists, engineers, and technicians solve current and long-rangeproblems.

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Library of Congress: 94-73645

SAN 204-7586

ISBN-13: 978-0-87170-520-4ISBN-10: 0-87170-520-6

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Printed in the United States of America



PREFACE

The success of the 1982 edition of the Heat Treater's Guide: Standard Practices and Procedures for Steel islargely a tribute to its editors who came up with a unique, easy-to-use format. They packaged practical, how-toinformation in brief articles (typically less than a page) on each of the 280 standard AISI grades of carbon, alloy,tool, and stainless steels available at the time.

Brevity was further promoted by standardizing the information presented in each article, namely: chemicalcomposition, alternative U.S. and foreign grades, characteristics related to heat treating, forging practice (whereapplicable), recommended heat treating practice, and recommended processing sequence.

The concept is carried forward in this new edition. In preparing for it, all existing articles were reviewed andupdated where necessary, Le., new AISI-UNS chemical compositions replace obsolete compositions, RH gradesof steel are identified, and aerospace practice for heat treating carbon and alloy steels is presented. Other changesinclude:

• Steels not covered in the prior edition are added to the mix, i.e., ultrahigh strength steels, cast irons (gray,ductile, and malleable types), and PIM steels (ferrous, stainless steel, and tool steel types).

• Topics not in the' 82 edition are addressed, such as the use of statistical process control in heat treating,and practical applications of the computer in heat treating.

• New information is also provided by a number of short articles that focus on major trends and currentdevelopments in heat treating practice. this information is in support of topics that are part of thestandard format, i.e., normalizing, annealing, surface hardening, quenchinglquenchants, tempering,cold/cryogenic treatments, and furnace atmospheres.

• The number of steels represented in standard format articles has been increased from 280 to around 350.• Also new to this edition are more than 50 short articles on timely topics ranging from back-to-the basics

look at causes of distortion and cracking in quenching to a survey of all available surface hardeningprocesses.

• Access to articles is improved by restyled contents pages.

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Heat Treating Processes andRelated Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1Heat Treating Processes. . . . . . . . . . . .. 2Causes of Distortion and Cracking

during Quenching . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3Stress Relief Heat Treating of Steel. . .. 5Furnace Atmospheres. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6Cold and Cryogenic Treatment

of Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12Representative Applications of

Heat Treating Furnaces . . . . . . . . .. 13Statistical Process Control of

Heat Treating Operations. . . . . . . .. 16How a Commercial Heat Treater Uses

SPC and the Computer . . . . . . . . .. 20Practical Applications of the

Computer in Heat Treating . . . . . .. 23

Guidelines for the Heat Treatmentof Steel 27

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27The Normalizing Process. . . . . . . . . .. 27Annealing of Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29Surface Hardening Treatments .... .. 36

Induction Hardening. . . . . . . . . . .. 37Flame Hardening . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 42Gas Carburizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 46Pack Carburizing . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50Liquid Carburizing

and Cyaniding . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51Vacuum Carburizing. . . . . . . . . . .. 54Plasma (Ion) Carburizing. . . . . . .. 55Carbonnitriding . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58Gas Nitriding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 60Liquid Nitriding . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 64Plasma (Ion) Nitriding . . . . . . . . .. 67Gaseous and Plasma

Nitrocarburizing . . . . . . . . . . . .. 69Fluidized Bed Hardening. . . . . . .. 71Boride (Boronizing) Process. . . .. 74Laser Surface Hardening. . . . . . .. 76Electron Beam Hardening 76

Steel Quenching Technology. . . . . . .. 77Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 77Air Quenching Process. . . . . . . . .. 77Water Quenching Process 78Oil Quenching Process , 79Polymer Quenchants 81Molten Salt Quenching Process. .. 83Brine Quenching Process. . . . . . .. 84Caustic Quenching Process . . . . .. 85Gas Quenching Process . . . . . . . .. 86

Other QuenchantslProcesses . . . . . . .. 88Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 88Vacuum Quenching 88

Table of Contents

Self-Quenching Processes. . . . . . . . 89Fluidized Bed Quenching 91Ultrasonic Quenching . . . . . . . . . . . 92HIP Quenching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Spray Quenching Process 93Fog Quenching Process. . . . . . . . . . 94Cold Die Quenching . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Quenching in an Electric or

Magnetic Field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Quenching Flame and Induction

Hardened Parts 95Tempering ProcessesfI'echnology 96

Conventional Processes 96Martempering of Steel. 101Austempering of Steel. 106

Carbon & Alloy Steels Introduction . . . .. III

Carbon Steels (1000, 1100, 1200,and 1500 Series) 121

Introduction 121Nonresu1furized (1000 Series) 139

1005 1391006 " 1391008 1391010 ]411012 , 1431013 1431015 1431016 .. '" 1451017 1451018 1461019 1501020 1511021 1601022 .. '" 1611023 1641025 .. '" 1651026 1661029 , 1671030 1681035 '" 169]037 1721038, 1038H 1721039 , " 1761040 1771042 18]1043 ]82]044 1831045, 1045H 1841046 1911049 1921050 .. '" 1921053 1951055 ]961059 ]971060 197

v

1064 2001065 2001069 , " 2011070 2011075 2021078 2021080 2041084 .. '" , 2071085 , " 2081086 2081090 .. '" , 2081095 210

Resulfurized Carbon Steels(1100 Series) 2151l08 215lllO 2151113 215lll7 2161118 219ll37 220ll39 2211140 2221]4] 222ll44 2231146 .. '" 224ll5!. 225

Rephosphorized and ResulfurizedCarbon Steels (1200 Series) 22612]1 2261212 2261213 22612Ll4 2271215 227

High Manganese Carbon Steels(1500 Series) 2281513 .. '" 228]5B21H, 15B2]RH. 2281522, ]522H 23]1524, 1524H , 2341526, ]526H 2381527 .. '" 24015B28H 241]5B30H 24215B35H, 15B35RH 2441536 24715B37H 2471541, 1541H 249]5B41H 252]548 25515B48H 2561551 2581552 .. '" 2591561. , 25915B62H 260]566 262



Alloy Steels (1300 through9700 Series) 2651330, 1330H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2651335, 1335H 2681340, 1340H 2711345,1345H , 27433lORH 2774023 , .. 2784024 2794027, 4027H, 4027RH 2804028, 4028H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2854032,4032H 2864037,4037H 2894042, 4042H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2934047,4047H " 2974118, 4118H, 4118RH 3034120H, 4120RH 3074130, 4130H " 3094135,4135H 3144137,4137H 3164140, 4140H 3194142,4142H 3264145, 4145H, 4145RH 3294147,4147H " 3324150, 4150H 3344161, 4161H, 4161RH 3374320, 4320H, 4320RH 3414330V 3474335V 3474340, 4340H 347E4340, E4340H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3534615 3554620, 4620H, 4620RH. . . . . . . . . . . .. 3564626, 4626H . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3624718H 3644720, 4720H 3664815,4815H 3684817,4817H " 3734820, 4820H, 4820RH 37850B40, 50B40H, 50B40RH. . . . . . . .. 38350B44, 50B44H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3865046, 5046H 38850B46, 50B46H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39050B50, 50B50H 39250B60, 50B60H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3945117 3965120, 5120H 3965130, 5130H, 5130RH 3995132,5132H 4035135, 5135H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4055140, 5140H, 5140RH , .. 4075147H 4125150, 5150H 4145155,5155H 4175160, 5160H, 5160RH 41951B60, 51B60H 425E51100 428E52100 4286118, 6118H 4336150, 6150H 43481B45, 81B45H 4378615 4388617,8617H 4398620, 8620H 4418622, 8622H, 8622RH 4498625, 8625H 4528627,8627H 454

8630, 8630H . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 45686B30H 4608637,8637H 4628640, 8640H ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4648642, 8642H . . . . . . .. 4678645, 8645H .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47086B45, 86B45H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4738650, 8650H ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4758655, 8655H . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4788660, 8660H 4818720, 8720H, 8720RH. . . . . . . . . . .. 4848740, 8740H ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4878822, 8822H, 8822RH. . . . . . . . . . .. 4909260, 9260H 495931OH,931ORH 49894B15, 94B15H 50394B17, 94B17H 50594B30, 94B30H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 507No.5-317 51OCRB-7 510

Tool Steels .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 513Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 513Water-Hardening Tool Steels

(W Series) 516Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 516WI 518W2 522W5 523

Shock-Resisting Tool Steel(S Series) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 524Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 524SI 524S2 527S5 '" 528S6 530S7 531

Oil-Hardening Cold Work ToolSteels (0 Series). . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 533Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 53301 53302 53706 53907 542

Medium-Alloy, Air-Hardening ColdWork Tool Steels (A Series). . . . .. 544Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 544A2 544A3 549A4 549A6 550A7 553A8 555A9 556AI0 557

High-Carbon, High-Chromium ColdWork Tool Steels (D Series) ..... 560Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 560D2 560D3 566D4 568D5 570D7 572

Low-Alloy Special-Purpose ToolSteels (L Series). . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 574Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 574L2 574L6 576

vi

Mold Steels (P Series) 580Introduction 580P2 580P3 581P4 581P5 583P6 584P20 " 585P21 587

Hot Work Tool Steels (H Series) 589Introduction 589HIO 589HIt. 591H12 597HI3 600HI4 605HI9 607H21. , 609H22 612H23 614H24 616H25 617H26 619H42 621

Tungsten High-Speed Tool Steels(T Series) 622Introduction 622Tl 622TI 627T4 629T5 631T6 632T8 634T15 635

Molybdenum High-Speed Tool Steels(M Series) 639Introduction 639Ml 639M2 642M3 Class 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648M3 Class 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649M4 650M7 652MIO 654M30 657M33 658M34 659M35 661M36 661M41 661M42 662M43 664M44 665M46 666M47 667M48 667M50 (Carpenter VIM-VAR

M-50 H5S) 669

Ultrahigh-Strength Steels 671Introduction 6714130, 4130H, 4130RH '" 6724140, 4140H, 4140RH 6804340, 4340H 690300M 700D-6a, D-6ac 7026150, 6150H 7038640, 8640H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708



Hll Modified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 710H13 712AF141O 714HP-9-4-30 716

Stainless Steels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 719Introduction 719Austenitic Stainless Steels. . . . . . . .. 724

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 724201 725202 726205 727301 728302 729302B 730303 731303Se 732304 " 733304H 735304L 735S30430. '" 736304LN 737304N 738305 '" 739308 740309 741309S 742310 '" 743310S 744314 745316 746316F 747316H 748316L 748316N 749316LN 750317 751317L 751321 75232tH 753329 '" 753

330 754347 " 755347H 756348 756348H 757384 '" 757

Ferritic Stainless Steels 759Introduction 759405 760409 760429 760430 760430F 761430FSe 761434 '" 761436 '" 762439 762442 762446 762

Martensitic Stainless Steels 763Introduction 763403 '" 763410 765414 770416, 416Se 772420, 420F 775422 777Carpenter 636 (Type 422) 778431 779440A 781440B 782440C 783

Cast Stainless Steels 786Introduction 786CA-6NM 792CA-15 793CA-40 794CB-30 794CC-50 794CE-30 794

vii

CF-3 " 795CF-8C 795CF-8M 795CF-12M '" 795CF-16F 795CF-20 796CH-20 796CK-20 " 796CN-7M 796

Cast PH Stainless Steels " 797Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79717-4PH '" 79717-7PH 799PHI5-7Mo 801AM-350 '" 80215-5PH 804A-286 805AM-355 806Custom 450 (XM-25) . . . . . . . . .. 808Custom 455 (XM-16) 808PH13-8Mo 809

Heat Treating Iron Castings andPIM Steels " 811

Heat Treating Cast Irons 813

Heat Treating of Gray Iron " 816

Heat Treating Ductile Iron " 824

Heat Treating Malleable Irons 835

Heat Treating PIM Tool Steels . . . . . . . .. 844

Heat Treating PIM Stainless Steel. . . . . .. 848

Heat Treating of PIM Steel Parts " 852

Glossary of Terms Related toHeat Treating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 867

General DataCommon units for converting

from the English " 885Cross Reference to steels. . . . . . . . .. 887



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